This document discusses mixed methods research and data collection methods. It defines mixed methods research as combining qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Qualitative research aims to understand people and contexts through methods like interviews, while quantitative research tests hypotheses and looks at cause and effect through collected statistics. The document also outlines various primary data collection methods like surveys, case studies, questionnaires, and interviews. It describes data coding, cleaning, and analysis as important processes for organizing and summarizing collected information.

1. PRESENTED BY |
Advanced Quantitative Research in the Designed and Built Environment
INTRODUCTION TO MIXED-METHOD RESEARCH AND
DATA COLLECTION
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – DILIMAN | INTEGRATED GRADUATE PROGRAM (IGP) | URBAN DESIGN STUDIO LAB
BRYLL EDISON C. PAR
A. MIXED METHODS RESEARCH (QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE PERSPECTIVES)
B. DATA COLLECTION

2. ARCHI 203
ADVANCED QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN THE DESIGNED AND BUILT-
ENVIRONMENT
Mixed method research is the combination and integration of qualitative and quantitative
methods in the same study according to Molina-Azorin (2016)
Quantitative research method deals with quantifying and analyzing variables in order to
get results as mentioned by Apuke (2017) in the Arabian Journal of Business and Management
Review.
KEYWORDS: Numerical Data, Statistics, Mathematical Methods
Qualitative research method is an interpretative approach, which attempts to gain insight
into the specific meaning and behaviors experienced in a certain social phenomena through the
subjective experiences of the participants. Palmer & Bolderston (2006)
KEYWORDS: Understand People, Socio-Cultural Context , Narrative
A. MIXED METHOD RESEARCH
DATA COLLECTION | RESEARCH NEXUS

3. A. MIXED METHOD RESEARCH
DATA COLLECTION | RESEARCH NEXUS
CRITERIA QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Purpose To understand & interpret social interactions To test hypotheses, look at cause and effect, &
make predictions
Group Studied Smaller & not randomly selected Larger and randomly selected
Variables Study of the whole & not variables Specific variables studied
Type of data collected Words, images, or objects Numbers & statistics
Form of data collected Qualitative data such as open-ended
responses, interviews, participant observations,
field notes, and reflections
Quantitative data based on precise
measurements using structured & validated
data-collection instruments
Type of Data Analysis Identify Patterns, features, themes Identify statistical relationships
Objectivity and Subjectivity Subjectivity is expected Objectivity is critical
Role of Researcher Researcher and their biases may be known to
participants in the study, & participant
characteristics may be known to the researcher
Researcher and their biases is not known to
participants in the study, & participant
characteristics are deliberately hidden from the
researcher
Results Particular or specialized findings that is less
generalizable
Generalizable findings that can be applied to
other populations
Scientific Method Exploratory or bottom-up: the researcher
generates a new hypothesis & theory from the
data collected
Confirmatory or top-down: the researcher tests
the hypothesis and theory with the data
LIFTED FROM: Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (p. 34). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications

4. A. MIXED METHOD RESEARCH
DATA COLLECTION | RESEARCH NEXUS
CRITERIA QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
View of human behavior Dynamic, situational, social, & personal Regular & predictable
Most common research objectives Explore, discover, & construct Describe, explain, and predict
Focus Wide-angle lens: Examines the breadth &
depth of phenomena
Narrow-angle lens: Tests a specific hypotheses
Nature of Observation Study behavior in a natural environment Study behavior under controlled conditions;
isolate causal effects
Nature of Reality Multiple realities; Subjective Single reality: Objective
Final Report Narrative report with contextual description &
direct quotations from research participants
Statistical reports with correlations,
comparisons of means, & statistical
significance of findings
LIFTED FROM: Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (p. 34). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications

5. ARCHI 203
ADVANCED QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN THE DESIGNED AND BUILT-
ENVIRONMENT
Data Collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of
interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research
questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. Kabir (2016)
Typologies of Data - Data can be organized into two broad categories which are qualitative
and quantitative. Kabir (2016)
B. DATA COLLECTION:
MIXED METHOD RESEARCH | RESEARCH NEXUS
Data Coding – The goal of data coding is to code collected data so that they can be
summarized and analyzed. Jones & Hidiroglou (2013)
Coding of data refers to the process of transforming collected information or observations to a set
of meaningful, cohesive categories. It is a process of summarizing and re-presenting data in
order to provide a systematic account of the recorded or observed phenomenon. Sun & Allen
(2018)

6. Data Cleaning is the process of improving the quality of data by correcting inaccurate records
from a record set. The term specifically refers to detecting and modifying, replacing, or detecting
incomplete, incorrect, improperly formatted, duplicated, or irrelevant records, otherwise referred
to as “dirty data” within a database. Willes & Allen (2018)
Methods of Primary Data Collection, Kabir (2016)
B. DATA COLLECTION:
MIXED METHOD RESEARCH | RESEARCH NEXUS
METHOD DESCRIPTION
Survey Often used to assess thoughts, opinions, and feelings. Can be specific and limited, or it can have a more
global, widespread goals.
Case Study In-dept investigation of a single person, group, event or community. Data are gathered from a variety of sources
and by using several different methods (e.g., observation and interviews). Involves observing what happens to
or reconstructing the “case history” of a single participant or group of individuals.
Questionnaire Consists of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents
Interviews Method Involves asking questions and getting answers from participants.
Focus Group Discussion An in-depth field method that brings together a small homogeneous group (usually six to twelve persons) to
discuss topics on a study agenda.
Activity Sampling Activity sampling is a technique whereby a number of successive observations are made over a period of time
on one or a group of workers, machines, or processes. Each observation records what is happening at that
instant, with a rating if necessary. And the percentage of observations recorded for a particular activity or delay
is a measure of the percentage of time during which that activity occurs.

7. ARCHI 203
ADVANCED QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN THE DESIGNED AND BUILT-
ENVIRONMENT
Apuke, O. (2017). Quantitative research methods: A synopsis approach. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review - Kuwait Chapter, 6(11),
40-47. https://doi.org/10.12816/0040336
Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (p. 34). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications
Jones, J., & Hidiroglou, M. (2013). Capturing, coding, and cleaning survey data. In B. Snijkers, Haraldsen, Jones, & Willimack (Eds.), Designing and
Conducting Business Surveys (459-504). John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Kabir, S. (2016). Methods of data collection. In B. Kabir (Ed.), Basic guidelines for research: An introductory approach for all disciplines (201-276).
Book Zone Publication
Molina-Azorin, J. (2016). Mixed methods research: An opportunity to improve our studies and our research skills. European Journal of Management
and Business Economics, 25(2), 37-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redeen.2016.05.001
Palmer, C., & Bolderston, A. (2006). A brief introduction to qualitative research. The Canadian Journal of Medical Radiation Technology / CAMRT, 37(1),
16-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0820-5930(09)60112-2
Sun, Y., & Allen, M. (2018). Coding of data. In B. Sun & Allen (Eds.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods (149-151). SAGE
Publications Inc
Willes, K., & Allen, M. (2018). Data Cleaning. In B. Willes & Allen (Eds.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods (338-339). SAGE
Publications Inc
REFERENCES
MIXED METHODS RESEARCH | DATA COLLECTION | RESEARCH NEXUS