C++ vs C Differences Guide
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in C++ including: - Similarities and differences between C and C++ and how that impacts language selection - Common C++ concepts like namespaces, functions, variables, statements, and data types - Object-oriented programming principles in C++ like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism - Additional C++ features like templates, the standard template library (STL), streams, and exceptions handling The document is intended as a high-level introduction and reference for C++ concepts.
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C++ vs C Differences Guide
- 1. Sayed Ahmed Just E.T.C Technologies Inc. Just E.T.C. Education Inc.
- 2. ο C++ is based on and an extension to C ο Knowing similarities and dissimilarities between C and C++ will help ο to select the right language for your application development
- 3. ο Comments: ο Header File: #include <iostream> ο Namespace: A defined collection of symbols and variable names within an application ο The main () function: must have in a program ο Parentheses: A function/code block name is followed by Parentheses () ο Braces: Boundary of code blocks
- 4. ο Variables: Used to contain values. Think about variables in Mathematics ο Statements: An instruction to the computer hardware to perform specific action. ο Statement Terminator: a semicolon ο Function calls: ο One function can call another function. ο It's just a transfer of control from one code block to another code block. ο However, the control comes back to the caller again.
- 5. ο #include <iostream> ο using namespace std; ο int main() { ο int studentId; ο count << "what is your student ID" << endl; ο cin>> studentId; ο count << "Student Id " << studentId << endl; ο }
- 6. ο A C++ program must have a namespace; ο C program ends with .c ο where C++ program ends with .cpp ο Information communication to and from c program is treated as stream. ο cout and cin are used for the purpose ο cout and cin are practically objects
- 7. ο To store values ο case sensitive ο must start with letter ο Supportted datatypes: char, int, float, double, boolean, wchar_t ο float: usually 32 bits - 6 digit after decimam, ο double: 64 bits - 10 digit after decimal,
- 8. ο Can be declared anywhere ο Local: ο inside functions ο Static: ο Inside functions but do not get destroyed after ο Global: ο Declared outside the functions ο can be accessed from anywhere in the program ο Formal/Parameter ο Hidden variable: ο if a local variable use the same name of a global variable the local variable = hidden variable ο use scope operator :: to access the global variable inside that function
- 9. ο Group of variable ο A group of variables of the same type ο in c strings are null terminated arrays ο C++ also supports a predefined string class/data type; ο include <string>
- 10. ο in c, define XYZ 100 ο in c++, const int val=1000
- 11. ο Enables Code Resuse ο Enables Data Security from Unauthorized Access ο Object: ο Attribute + behaviors ο Primary OOP Concepts ο Encapsulation: ο Inheritance: ο - reduce development time ο - reuse ο -increase maintainability of the code ο Polymorphism: ο assign different uses to an entity based onthe context ο Abstraction: ο simple representation of an objet. ο hide not essential attributes and behaviors
- 12. ο Object Oriented Paradigm: ο Define objects - toughest ο define messages ο define properties ο --define attributes ο --define behaviors ο Object behavior analysis: ο Understand the application ο Derive Objects ο Categorize Objects ο Model process flow
- 13. ο C++ Compliers Must Support: ANSI Standard ο Internationalization ο Template ο Locales ο Namespaces
- 14. ο Friend Class ο Friend functions and inline functions provide faster, and efficient application ο A function can be friend to any number of functions ο Use function declaration to declare friend functions ο Static Data Members and Static Members ο Function - create the common members of classes (across objects)
- 15. ο Constructor ο no return types ο called at object creation ο Destructor ο no return type
- 16. ο Operator Overloading ο Compile time polymorphism ο runtime poly ο - inheritance ο virtual functions ο Operator Overloading: ο -unary ο -binary ο -arithmetic ο -assignment ο Note: C++ does not support overloading based on return type
- 17. ο Early Binding/Late Binding ο Access Modifiers absent = protected
- 18. ο inheritance and destructors ο Diamond Problem: Virtual Base Class ο Overriding ο Pure Virtual Function
- 19. ο manipulators ο COUT, setw, right, setfill, flush, endl ο fstreambase ο fstream ο ifstream ο ofstream
- 20. ο Mode of file opening ο ios::in ο ios::out ο Sscanf ο Read formatted file data ο ifstream ο fin.getLine() ο Random File Reading ο seekg ο seekp
- 21. ο I/O System ο Buffered file system ο Stream classes ο stream ο istream--_IO_istream_withassign ο ostream ο Iostream ο Cin is an instance of _IO_istream_withassign ο Instance of _IO_ostream_withassign ο cout ο cerr
- 22. ο Stream formatting flags ο Can be used with setf(), unsetf() ο ios::left ο ios::dec ο ios::fixed ο ios::oct ο ios::right ο ios::scientific ο ios::showbase ο ios::showpoint ο ios::showpos ο ios::uppercase
- 23. ο Unformatted input/output ο character ο character array ο strings ο use text buffer ο Can provide abstraction of the I/O device ο functions for unformatted input and output ο cin.read() ο cin.gcount() ο cout.write()
- 24. ο Files ο fstreambase ο opening, manipulating, closing ο fstream, ifstream, ofstream ο mode ios::app, ios::ate, ios::binary, ios::in, ios::out, ios::trunc ο fin.getline() ο Get pointers ο Random Operation Put pointers ο pointers ο Seekg() ο Seekp() ο Tellg() ο Tellp()
- 25. ο Handling Exceptions ο runtime errors ο Exceptions ο try and catch block ο throw statement ο Uncaught Exceptions ο Multiple Catch ο ---------- ο identified by operating systems ο if not handled passed to op system exception as int, char ,class strings ο how it passes through functions ο Derived Class Exceptions ο catch block hierarchy ο place derived classes catch up
- 26. ο runtime with virtual functions ο shape ο -draw ο rect ο tri ο define overriding by placing function in each ο Show why virtual function needed? ο virtual base ο pointer runtime polymorphism ο pure virtual function ο Late binding ο base point to base - call derive function - runtime-dynamic
- 27. ο Templates create reusable code ο STL provides some foundational items ο --templatized functions and ο --classes ο These can be used to solve a variety of problems ο Some STL Elements ο Containers ο Algorithms ο Iterators ο STLs are compatible across operating systems
- 28. ο Containers ο Vectors ο Lists ο Maps ο Containers ο Sequence ο Associative
- 29. ο Algorithms ο function templates work with container templates of any type ο algorithm header file ο Iterators are objects to cycle through the containers ο iterator header file needs to be included if iterators are used ο Iterator type: ο Random Access ο Bidirectional ο Forward ο Input ο Output
- 30. ο Vector and Array Comparison ο container - behave the same way - infinite
- 31. ο Lists: class ο Bidirectional linear sequentially ο Functions ο begin() ο end() ο erase() ο insert(); (template) ο push_back(); ο push_front(); ο remove(); ο splice();
- 32. ο Associative Container ο Map templates take two parameters ο Functions: ο begin(); ο clear(); ο count(); ο empty(); ο end(); ο erase(); ο insert(); ο size()
- 33. ο Working with Templates ο Imagine a situation - complex + many data type ο Overload may help but time consuming ο template can help ο object creation define data type ο template overloading