The document provides an introduction to automobile engineering. It discusses that the automobile evolved over time through contributions from many inventors and over 100,000 patents. It then classifies automobiles based on criteria like capacity, power source, use, wheels, make, drive type and transmission. It also describes different types of automobile chassis layouts including conventional, semi-forward, and full-forward configurations based on engine location. Finally, it discusses different motorcycle frame designs like single cradle, double cradle, backbone, perimeter, monocoque, and trellis frames.
Four-wheel steering (or all-wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.
EFFI-CYCLE is a national level intercollegiate design competition held annually by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for undergraduate students for simulating real world engineering design projects and their related challenges. It gives a wide platform for the students to work in teams and to come up with innovative design in addition to designing and fabrication of an energy efficient hybrid human powered three wheeled electric vehicle. This year’s theme of the competition is ‘Light Weight Season’, in which teams are required to keep the weight of the vehicle below 160 kgs. Team GARUD is one such group of highly motivated individuals who are recklessly working towards the realization of this goal since its very inception. To achieve this, Team GARUD has adopted various Light Weight approaches.
The designing of the vehicle have been done on SOLIDWORKS 2014 while the design analysis has been done on ANSYS 2014. Various light weight approaches like Light weight wheels, seats and steering have also been adopted. The innovations include use of rear wheel steering instead of conventional front wheel steering and use of universal joints in front axle. This way along with lot other ways, we have succeeded to bring our vehicle weight up to 140 kgs. Team GARUD aims to design a cost effective, aerodynamically stable, comfortable and ergonomically suitable tricycle that meets the need of the market and can be produced by a fictitious firm effectively.
Four-wheel steering (or all-wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.
EFFI-CYCLE is a national level intercollegiate design competition held annually by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for undergraduate students for simulating real world engineering design projects and their related challenges. It gives a wide platform for the students to work in teams and to come up with innovative design in addition to designing and fabrication of an energy efficient hybrid human powered three wheeled electric vehicle. This year’s theme of the competition is ‘Light Weight Season’, in which teams are required to keep the weight of the vehicle below 160 kgs. Team GARUD is one such group of highly motivated individuals who are recklessly working towards the realization of this goal since its very inception. To achieve this, Team GARUD has adopted various Light Weight approaches.
The designing of the vehicle have been done on SOLIDWORKS 2014 while the design analysis has been done on ANSYS 2014. Various light weight approaches like Light weight wheels, seats and steering have also been adopted. The innovations include use of rear wheel steering instead of conventional front wheel steering and use of universal joints in front axle. This way along with lot other ways, we have succeeded to bring our vehicle weight up to 140 kgs. Team GARUD aims to design a cost effective, aerodynamically stable, comfortable and ergonomically suitable tricycle that meets the need of the market and can be produced by a fictitious firm effectively.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
SELECTION OF GEAR BOX FOR VARIOUS MECHANICAL SYSTEMSANDIP THORAT
Automotive gearboxes are used to reduce load on the engine by manipulating torque and speed. They have the option to select one of several different gear ratios.
Once the engine has reached a number of revolutions per minute, it is advisable to increase the gear to reduce the engine rpm to reduce wear on the engine, allow more control, and greater speeds, better acceleration, and better fuel economy.
Automotive gearbox also have the provision to do the opposite ie provide an increase in output shaft speed with a reduction of torque.
Most gearboxes are used to increase torque & reduce the speed of a output shaft. This produces a mechanical advantage .
Automotive gearboxes are used to reduce load on the engine by manipulating torque and speed. They have the option to select one of several different gear ratios.
Once the engine has reached a number of revolutions per minute, it is advisable to increase the gear to reduce the engine rpm to reduce wear on the engine, allow more control, and greater speeds, better acceleration, and better fuel economy.
Automotive gearbox also have the provision to do the opposite ie provide an increase in output shaft speed with a reduction of torque.
Most gearboxes are used to increase torque & reduce the speed of a output shaft. This produces a mechanical advantage .
Automotive gearboxes are used to reduce load on the engine by manipulating torque and speed. They have the option to select one of several different gear ratios.
Once the engine has reached a number of revolutions per minute, it is advisable to increase the gear to reduce the engine rpm to reduce wear on the engine, allow more control, and greater speeds, better acceleration, and better fuel economy.
Automotive gearbox also have the provision to do the opposite ie provide an increase in output shaft speed with a reduction of torque.
Most gearboxes are used to increase torque & reduce the speed of a output shaft. This produces a mechanical advantage .
A preliminary design review slideshow for the electric endurance car, Mila. This was put together by the entire team and presented in the spring of 2019.
Different Modes in Four Wheel Steered Multi-Utility Vehiclesresearchinventy
Four wheel steering is the innovative technology in which research is going on. The front-to-rear wheel alignment plays a significant role in the directional stability of a vehicle in a good manner. Four wheel steering is the system that allows the rear wheels to turn for maneuvering, rather than just follow the front wheels. The system is employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed. In Four Wheel Steering System, the rear wheels do play an active role for steering, which can be guided at high as well as in low speeds. In this paper we made a four wheel steered vehicle for the analysis of four wheel steering systems (4WS). Apart from normal front wheel steered vehicle our designed model can work in all four modes of four wheel steering. The four modes include front wheel steering, 360 degree rotation of vehicle with in the position, parallel parking mode and shorter radius mode. 4WS is one of the devices which are used for the improvement of vehicle maneuverability and stability. Another significant finding is the effect of vehicle add-ons which showed how a multi utility vehicle can be made by giving a floor cleaning machine with it. We introduced Neodymium magnets to attract metal scraps, which helps us to clean the floor. It is expected that our different modes will be very beneficial to everyone who involved or interested in the automotive design, steering modes, analysis, performance assessment and applications of various types of four wheel steering systems.
Four steering system is about the maneuvering of the wheel using all four wheel. Which allows the vehicle to take sharp turn at slow speed and decrease the rollover accident danger at higher speed.
automobile drives systems
types of drive systems
front engine front wheel drive
front engine rear wheel drive
rear engine rear wheel drive
four wheel drive
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
SELECTION OF GEAR BOX FOR VARIOUS MECHANICAL SYSTEMSANDIP THORAT
Automotive gearboxes are used to reduce load on the engine by manipulating torque and speed. They have the option to select one of several different gear ratios.
Once the engine has reached a number of revolutions per minute, it is advisable to increase the gear to reduce the engine rpm to reduce wear on the engine, allow more control, and greater speeds, better acceleration, and better fuel economy.
Automotive gearbox also have the provision to do the opposite ie provide an increase in output shaft speed with a reduction of torque.
Most gearboxes are used to increase torque & reduce the speed of a output shaft. This produces a mechanical advantage .
Automotive gearboxes are used to reduce load on the engine by manipulating torque and speed. They have the option to select one of several different gear ratios.
Once the engine has reached a number of revolutions per minute, it is advisable to increase the gear to reduce the engine rpm to reduce wear on the engine, allow more control, and greater speeds, better acceleration, and better fuel economy.
Automotive gearbox also have the provision to do the opposite ie provide an increase in output shaft speed with a reduction of torque.
Most gearboxes are used to increase torque & reduce the speed of a output shaft. This produces a mechanical advantage .
Automotive gearboxes are used to reduce load on the engine by manipulating torque and speed. They have the option to select one of several different gear ratios.
Once the engine has reached a number of revolutions per minute, it is advisable to increase the gear to reduce the engine rpm to reduce wear on the engine, allow more control, and greater speeds, better acceleration, and better fuel economy.
Automotive gearbox also have the provision to do the opposite ie provide an increase in output shaft speed with a reduction of torque.
Most gearboxes are used to increase torque & reduce the speed of a output shaft. This produces a mechanical advantage .
A preliminary design review slideshow for the electric endurance car, Mila. This was put together by the entire team and presented in the spring of 2019.
Different Modes in Four Wheel Steered Multi-Utility Vehiclesresearchinventy
Four wheel steering is the innovative technology in which research is going on. The front-to-rear wheel alignment plays a significant role in the directional stability of a vehicle in a good manner. Four wheel steering is the system that allows the rear wheels to turn for maneuvering, rather than just follow the front wheels. The system is employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed. In Four Wheel Steering System, the rear wheels do play an active role for steering, which can be guided at high as well as in low speeds. In this paper we made a four wheel steered vehicle for the analysis of four wheel steering systems (4WS). Apart from normal front wheel steered vehicle our designed model can work in all four modes of four wheel steering. The four modes include front wheel steering, 360 degree rotation of vehicle with in the position, parallel parking mode and shorter radius mode. 4WS is one of the devices which are used for the improvement of vehicle maneuverability and stability. Another significant finding is the effect of vehicle add-ons which showed how a multi utility vehicle can be made by giving a floor cleaning machine with it. We introduced Neodymium magnets to attract metal scraps, which helps us to clean the floor. It is expected that our different modes will be very beneficial to everyone who involved or interested in the automotive design, steering modes, analysis, performance assessment and applications of various types of four wheel steering systems.
Four steering system is about the maneuvering of the wheel using all four wheel. Which allows the vehicle to take sharp turn at slow speed and decrease the rollover accident danger at higher speed.
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four wheel drive
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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1. Unit I-
Introduction to Automobile
Engineering
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
By,
Mrs. S.S.Tarawade
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
ICEEM Aurangabad
ICEEM Aurangabad
2. Introduction:
The automobile as we know, it was not invented in a
single day by a single inventor. The history of the
automobile reflects an evolution that took place
worldwide.
It is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the
modern automobile.
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
28. Chassis:
Chassis is a French term which denotes the whole
vehicle except body in case of heavy vehicles.
In case of light vehicles of mono construction it denotes
the whole body except additional fitting in the body.
Chassis consists of engine, brakes, steering system &
wheel mounted on the frame, differential, suspension.
Propel and control a automobile.
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
29. ITS PRINCIPALFUNCTION:
To safely carry the maximum load.
Holding all components together while driving.
Accommodate twisting on even road surface.
Endure shock loading.
It must absorb engine & driveline torque.
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
30. CLASSIFICATION OF CHASSIS
According to control:
Conventional-forward chassis
Semi-forward chassis
Full-forward chassis
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
31. Conventional chassis:
Engine is fitted in front of the driver cabin or driver seat
such as in cars.
Chassi portion can not be utilized for carrying passengers
and goods
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
33. Semi-forward chassis
• Half portion of the engine is in the driver cabin and
remaining half is outside the cabin such as in Tata trucks
• In this arrangement a part of the chassis is utilized for
carrying extra passengers
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
35. Full-forward chassis
Complete engine is mounted inside the driver cabin
Driver seat is just above the front wheel
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
40. Chassis Classification Based on engine location
Engine fitted at front
Engine fitted at Back
Engine fitted at centre
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
41. Engine fitted at front:
1. Power is given to Rear Wheels (Rear Wheel Drive)
Advantages:
1. Enough space is available for luggage behind the rear seat
2. The weight of vehicles is well balance
3. Increased efficiency of cooling system
4. Steering mechanism is simple in design
5. The weight of vehicle is shifted to rear driving wheels during
acceleration and on steeps resulting in better road grip,
hence, there are less chances of wheel slipping .
6. Accessibility to various components like engine , gear box
and rear axle is better in comparison to other layout
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
42. Disadvantages:
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
1. During the braking, weight of vehicle is shifted to front
wheels and weight on rear wheels decreased, results in
decreased braking effort developed
2. It requires long propeller shaft and differential at rear,
therefore height of floor area is increased. Also, due to
long propeller shaft transmission problems and weight is
increased.
3. Due to less weight on driving rear wheels, there is less
adhesion on road and result in less holding capacity.
Therefore there is chance of slipping on slippery surface.
ICEEM Aurangabad
45. Engine fitted at front:
2. Power is given to Front Wheels (Front Wheel Drive)
1. Longitudinally fitted engine
2. Transversely fitted engine
Advantages:
1. Low floor is available.
2. clutch, gear box & differential are usually made as one
unit, thereby cost is reduced.
3. Due to more weight placed on driving front wheel, the
vehicle has more adhesion on road. Hence good road
holding capacity even on the curves and slippery roads .
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
46. Disadvantages:
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
1. The weight on the driving front wheels is reduced during
acceleration and climbing of steep gradient due to weight of the
vehicle shifting to the rear wheels. Hence, result in decreased
tractive effort.
2. This disadvantage become more serious on slippery gradient.
3. The steering mechanism become more complicated due to
accommodation of engine, clutch, gearbox & final drive all at
front of vehicle.
ICEEM Aurangabad
49. Engine fitted at Back:
1. Flat floor is available since long propeller shafts are eliminated
2. With elimination of propeller shaft the centre of gravity lowered
giving stable driving
3. Better adhesion on road specially when climbing hill.
4. While Climbing hills proper adhesion may be affected since the
weight of vehicles moves to the rear, thereby reducing the weight
on the front wheel.
5. As a result of grouping of the engine with clutch, gear box and
differential, the repair and adjustment become difficult due to
congestion at the rear.
6. Long linkages are required to connect the control panel and
engine, gear box, accelerator and clutch.
7. Efficient cooling becomes very difficult to obtain due to air
passes through side part of the body
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
51. Engine fitted at centre
Drive is given to the rear
As in royal tiger world master buses
This arrangement provide full space of floor for use
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
53. AWD or 4WD
• All wheel drive (AWD) is a drivetrain configuration engineered to direct
power to all four wheels of a car simultaneously.
• All wheel drive (AWD) train system includes a differential between the
front and rear drive shafts.
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
55. WHY 4WDARE USED?
• To get enough “TRACTION” between wheels and road
surfaces.
• To move vehicle on slick surfaces, dirt, slippery roads,
sand roads and snowy, muddy roads etc.
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
56. ADVANTAGES
• Increased Traction is obtained in slippery surfaces.
• More balanced axle load distribution.
• Even tire wear.
DISADVANTAGES
• Weight of vehicle is increased.
• Cost vehicle is increased.
• Maximum speed of vehicle is reduced.
• Less fuel economy than 2WD.
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
57. Most Widely Used Drive Train Layouts
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
59. Motor-cycle Frames
• The purpose of a motorcycles frame is to act as a base
onto which all the various components can be bolted to.
• The engine generally sits inside the frame, the rear
swing arm is attached by a pivot bolt (allowing the
suspension to move) and the front forks are attached to
the front of the frame.
• The frame can also help to protect the more sensitive
parts of a motorcycle in a crash.
• Motorcycle frames are usually made from welded
aluminum, steel, magnesium or metal alloy. Carbon-
fibre is sometimes used in expensive or custom frames.
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
60. A motorcycle frame is the backbone of the design and
overall aesthetics of the motorcycle. The frame can
either make or break a motorcycle’s form and function.
TYPES OF FRAME
Single Cradle frame
Double cradle frame
Backbone frame
Perimeter frame
Monocoque frame
Trellis frame
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
62. • The single cradle is the simplest type of
motorcycle frame, and looks similar to
the first ever motorcycle frames.
• It is made from steel tubes that surround
the engine with a main tube above and
other, smaller diameter tubes beneath.
• If a single cradle becomes double at the
exhaust, as frequently occurs, it is
referred to as a split single cradle frame.
• Single cradle frames are usually found
in off-road motorcycles.
Yamaha SR500E
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
65. • Double cradle frames are descended from
single cradle frames.
• They consist of two cradles that support the
engine one either side.
• Double cradle frames are commonly used in
custom motorcycles and simpler road bikes.
• They offer a good compromise between
rigidity, strength and lightness, though they
have now been technically surpassed by
perimeter frames.
• Bajaj: Platina 100, Discover 100/125/150,
Pulsar 150/180/220,Avenger 220
• Hero: CD Dawn/Deluxe, Splendor, Splendor
NXG, Passion, Super Splendor, Glamour
Suzuki GSX600R
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
67. • The most desirable frame around.
• Comprises a single, wide main beam from which the
engine is suspended.
• Allows for great flexibility in design, since it is
concealed inside the finished motorcycle.
• The engine just seems to hang in mid air.
• It is simple and cheap to make.
• Used mainly on naked and off‐road motorcycles.
• Hero Honda CD100
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
68. ineering and Research, Avsari (Kd)
4.Perimeter frame
BBR Perimeter CRF
ssis and Transmission
MECH Automotive Cha SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
69. • Research has shown that major advantages are to be gained
in terms of rigidity by joining the steering head to the swing
arm in as short a distance as possible.
• Flexure and torsion are dramatically reduced.
• This is the concept behind the perimeter frame.
• Two robust beams descend in the most direct way possible
from the steering head to the swing arm, passing around the
engine
• These frames originated on racing motorcycles.
• They were originally made from steel but most are made
from aluminum nowadays to save weight.
• Once the advantages of this frame were seen, they were
adopted by most motorcycle manufacturers.
• Bajaj Pulsar 200NS,Yamaha R15
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
71. • Used nearly exclusively on competition bikes and is
very rarely found on road‐going bikes.
• Act as a single piece unit that functions as seat
mounting, tank and tail section.
• Though they offer certain advantages in terms of
rigidity, monocoque frames are heavy and generally not
worth the effort.
• They are used almost exclusively on specialized
competition bikes and are not a good choice for street
bikes.
• Ducati Panigale 1199.
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
73. • The trellis frame rivals the aluminum perimeter frame
for rigidity and weight.
• A favorite of Italian and European manufacturers it has
proved a great success in racing and competition.
• The Trellis frame uses the same principles as the
perimeter frame, and connects the steering head and
swing arm as directly as possible.
• The frame is made up of a large number of short steel
(or aluminum) tubes welded together to form a trellis.
• The trellis frame is not only easy to manufacture but
extremely strong as well. The frame pictures is from
the Suzuki SV650S.
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
74. Custom Built Frames
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad
75. Three Wheeler Frames
MECH Automobile Engineering SS Tarwade
ICEEM Aurangabad