Android is an open-source, Linux-based operating system for mobile devices. It was developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. The document provides details on the history, features, versions and architecture of the Android operating system. It traces the origins of Android back to 2003 when Andy Rubin founded Android Inc, which was later acquired by Google. The key components of the Android architecture are also outlined.

1. Introduction to Android

2. Introduction to Android
• Android is a software package and Linux based operating system for
mobile devices such as tablet computers and smartphones.
• It is developed by Google and later the OHA (Open Handset Alliance).
Java language is mainly used to write the android code even though
other languages can be used.

3. Features of Android
• It is open-source.
• Anyone can customize the Android Platform.
• There are a lot of mobile applications that can be chosen by the
consumer.
• It provides many interesting features like weather details, opening
screen, live RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feeds etc.
• It provides support for messaging services(SMS and MMS),
web browser, storage (SQLite), connectivity (GSM, CDMA, Blue
Tooth, Wi-Fi etc.), media, handset layout etc.

4. History of Android
• Initially, Andy Rubin founded Android Incorporation in Palo Alto, California,
United States in October, 2003.
• In 17th August 2005, Google acquired android Incorporation. Since then, it
is in the subsidiary of Google Incorporation.
• The key employees of Android Incorporation are Andy Rubin, Rich Miner,
Chris White and Nick Sears.
• Originally intended for camera but shifted to smart phones later because of
low market for camera only.
• Android is the nick name of Andy Rubin given by coworkers because of his
love to robots.
• In 2007, Google announces the development of android OS.
• In 2008, HTC launched the first android mobile.

5. Android Versions, Codename and API
Codename Version API level/NDK release
(no codename) 1.0 API level 1
(no codename) 1.1 API level 2
Cupcake 1.5 API level 3, NDK 1
Donut 1.6 API level 4, NDK 2
Eclair 2.0 API level 5
Eclair 2.0.1 API level 6
Eclair 2.1 API level 7, NDK 3
Froyo 2.2.x API level 8, NDK 4
Gingerbread 2.3 - 2.3.2 API level 9, NDK 5
Gingerbread 2.3.3 - 2.3.7 API level 10

6. Android Versions, Codename and API
Codename Version API level/NDK release
Honeycomb 3.0 API level 11
Honeycomb 3.1 API level 12, NDK 6
Honeycomb 3.2.x API level 13
Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0.1 - 4.0.2 API level 14, NDK 7
Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0.3 - 4.0.4 API level 15, NDK 8
Jelly Bean 4.1.x API level 16
Jelly Bean 4.2.x API level 17
Jelly Bean 4.3.x API level 18
KitKat 4.4 - 4.4.4 API level 19
Lollipop 5.0 API level 21
Lollipop 5.1 API level 22

7. Android Versions, Codename and API
Codename Version API level/NDK release
Marshmallow 6.0 API level 23
Nougat 7.0 API level 24
Nougat 7.1 API level 25
Oreo 8.0.0 API level 26
Oreo 8.1.0 API level 27
Pie 9 API level 28
Android10 10 API level 29
Android11 11 API level 30
Android12 12 API level 31
Android12L 12 API level 32
Android13 13 API level 33

8. Android Architecture

9. Android Core Building Blocks
• Activity
• View
• Intent
• Service
• Content Provider
• Fragment
• AndroidManifest.xml
• Android Virtual Device (AVD)

10. Android Emulator
• an Android Virtual Device (AVD), which represents a specific Android
device
• We can use the Android emulator as a target device to execute and
test our Android application on our PC