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intro to literature aaas dasdad edadfawdafa
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- 2. Why do we Whydo we read? read?
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- 4. But is allfiction But is all fiction literature? literature?
- 6. Literature is concernedwith the content and the form, in other words not only the story but the way it is written.
- 7. What is literature? Whatis literature?
- 8. Literature: A bodyof written works. The name is often applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the excellence of their execution. (Encyclopedia Britannica, Micropedia)
- 9. • Literature: Thecollective writings proper to any language or nations. The term literature is site of ideological conflict; it may refer to those canonical works in the genres, ie., traditional works considered to be artistic or it may also refer to the total sum of writings, including letters, memoirs, comics, historical writings, etc. (adapted from the Cambridge Encyclopedia)
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- 11. • Literature: Anintimate experience of an author carefully expressed in concrete images through the use of structure, imaginative style and luxurious metaphors. It is not practical or logical communication, but an aesthetic experience. Anderson Imbert, Enrique (1992) Teoría y técnica del cuento, Barcelona, Editorial Ariel
- 12. •Literature: A collectionof writings, which reflect the experience of class struggle in a society. The history of literature is, therefore, a reflection on changing material, economic and social conditions in that society. See: Marx, Karl and Engels, Freidrich, Communism: The production of the form of intercourse itself, in Rice, Philip and Waugh Patricia (2001) Modern literary theory: A reader (4th Ed), London, Arnold
- 13. “Thus is revealedthe total existence of writing: a text is made up of multiple writings, drawn from many cultures and entering into mutual relations of dialogue, parody, contestation, but there is one place where this multiplicity is focussed and that place is the reader, not ......... the author.” From Barthes, Roland, The death of the author, in Rice, Philip and Waugh Patricia (2001) Modern literary theory: A reader (4th Ed), London, Arnold
- 14. LITERATURE LITERATURE • All writingin prose and poetry having permanent value, excellent format, an imaginative or critical characteristic, and heightened emotional effect.
- 15. Literature Literature • Literature isreferred to as the entirety of written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in the more exact sense of the word. (Klarer p.1)
- 16. LITERATURE LITERATURE • Etymologically: theLatin word “litteratura” is derived from “littera” (letter), which is the smallest element of alphabetical writing. • The word text is related to “textile” and can be translated as “fabric”: just as single threads form a fabric, so words and sentences form a meaningful and coherent text.
- 17. LITERATURE LITERATURE • Literature ortext as cultural and historical phenomena and to investigate the conditions of their production and reception.
- 18. Pre historic paintingin the cave Pre historic painting in the cave wall wall
- 19. The Beginning ofLiterature The Beginning of Literature • Not only pictorial but Acoustic • Spoken words Signs • Oral traditions • Integral Parts of Literature
- 20. • Before writingdeveloped as a system of signs, whether pictographs or alphabets, “texts” were passed on orally. • The predecessor of literary expression, called “oral poetry,” • In 21st century, Audio-literature and the lyrics of songs display the acoustic features of literary phenomena through the medium of radio and other sound carriers.
- 21. • In theMiddle Ages the visual component of writing was highly privileged in such forms as richly decorated handwritten manuscripts, the arrival of the modern age - along with the invention of the printing press- made the visual element disappear or reduced it to a few illustrations in the text.
- 22. • Only inDRAMA union between the spoken word and visual expression • DRAMA, which is viewed as literature, combines the acoustic and the visual elements. • The symbiosis of word and image culminates in FILM.
- 23. • FILM isinteresting for textual studies, since word and picture are recorded and, as in a book, can be looked up at any time. • Methods of literary and textual criticism are, therefore, frequently applied to the cinema and acoustic media.
- 24. • Computer hypertextsand networks/ the Internet are the latest hybrids of the textual and various media writing is linked to sounds, pictures or even video clips within an interdependent network. • The written medium is obviously the main concern in the study of literature or texts the stage, painting, film, music or even computer networks.
- 25. GENRE GENRE • A Genreis a French word meaning “type” or “kind” of literature.
- 26. Genre Genre • The genresof literature we will study are poetry, drama, fiction (short story, non-fiction, and novel) and film.
- 27. Prose and Poetry Proseand Poetry • Prose and poetry are two kinds of writing formats in standard American English.
- 28. Prose Prose • Prose isstraight writing in paragraph form (e.g. newspaper, novels, magazines).
- 29. Poetry Poetry • Poetry isa particular arrangement of words on a page for heightened emotional effect.
- 30. Fiction and Nonfiction Fictionand Nonfiction • All writing falls into one of these two categories: –Fiction –Nonfiction
- 31. Fiction Fiction Fiction is nottrue. It is drawn from the imagination of the author.
- 32. Nonfiction Nonfiction • Nonfiction istrue. It is based on real events or facts.
- 33. LITERARY GENRES LITERARY GENRES Fiction • Ancient: Fables, Tales • Modern: Novels & Short Stories • Poetry • Drama • Biography and Autobiography • The Essay • Film
- 34. A Fable A Fable •The Oak and the Reeds A VERY LARGE OAK was uprooted by the wind and thrown across a stream. It fell among some Reeds, which it thus addressed: "I wonder how you, who are so light and weak, are not entirely crushed by these strong winds." They replied, "You fight and contend with the wind, and consequently you are destroyed; while we on the contrary bend before the least breath of air, and therefore remain unbroken, and escape." Stoop to conquer.
- 35. Fiction Fiction •Ancient: Fables, Tales –NotRealistic –No details –Quick and simple plots –Nonhuman characters –They aim at a quick and simple moral (lesson)
- 36. Modern Fiction ( ModernFiction (Men in The Sun Men in The Sun) ) • It was not too uncomfortable riding on the back of the huge lorry. Although the sun was pouring its inferno down on them without any respite, the breeze that they felt because of the lorry’s speed lessened the intensity of the heat. Abu Qais had climbed up on top with Marwan, and they sat side by side on the edge of the tank. They had drawn lots, and it was Assad’s turn to sit beside the driver-----------
- 37. Modern Fiction Modern Fiction •Novels & Short Stories – Verisimilitude: Realistic (life-like) presentation of events – Real (human characters) – Minute details – Not reality but an illusion of reality – Modern fiction is the genre of the Middle Class. The Industrial Revolution created the Middle Class and the novel became the new form of literature which represented the difficulties encountering Middle Class people.
- 38. History, Biography/Autobiography History, Biography/Autobiography &Fiction & Fiction • History: an objective presentation of reality • Biography/Autobiography: a subjective presentation of reality. • Fiction: An illusion of reality.
- 39. Elements of Fiction Elementsof Fiction • Plot • Characters • Narrator’s Point of view • Symbolism • Atmosphere • Language • Style • Irony • Time and Place • Themes
- 40. Plot Plot • Plot: A plotin fiction is the arrangement of events in a story. It has an exposition, a conflict (complication of events and a conclusion), and a resolution. Plots differ with reference to the above arrangements. For example: there are stories which do not have a climax or a resolution. The arrangement of the parts of the plot is the writer’s choice
- 41. Characters Characters • There areFlat and Round characters. • A Round character: a major character (usually the protagonist) who experiences change. • A Flat character: a minor character
- 42. Narrator Narrator Narrator’s point ofview: First Person Third Person: A Narrator can also be: Omniscient Partially omniscient Objective Dramatic
- 43. POINT OF VIEW POINTOF VIEW SECTION SECTION
- 44. Point of View Pointof View • a term used to describe the way in which the reader is presented with the story; also defined as the vantage point from which the author presents the story.
- 45. Point of View Pointof View • I. First Person point of view (Uses personal pronouns: I, me, mine, we, us, our) - the narrator is the main character who tells his/her own story.
- 46. Point of View Pointof View • II. Third Person point of view (Uses personal pronouns: he, she, it, they, them, etc.) - This narrator is an outside narrator.
- 47. Third Person Pointof View Third Person Point of View • A. Third Person: Objective –This narrator is like a news reporter. He tells us the facts only. He cannot enter into the thoughts of the characters.
- 48. Third Person Pointof View Third Person Point of View • B. Third Person: Limited –This narrator can see into the mind of only one character.
- 49. Third Person Pointof View Third Person Point of View • C. Third Person: Omniscient –This narrator can relate the thoughts of all the characters.
- 50. Objective Point ofView Objective Point of View • The objective point of view is the point of view from a distanced, informational perspective, as in a news report.
- 51. Subjective Point ofView Subjective Point of View • The subjective point of view involves a personal perspective.
- 52. The Stream ofConsciousness The Stream of Consciousness Technique Technique One modern and sophisticated technique of narration is the Stream of Consciousness Technique. In the S of C techniques the writer introduces to us a narrator who oscillates between past, present and future in a haphazard manner; without attention to the chronological sequence of events Some critics describe the S of C techniques as “human mind at work”; human mind is not rhythmic in its perception of things
- 53. Aesthetic Distance Aesthetic Distance •We need to be aware of the difference between the author/writer and the narrator: they are not the same. • The aesthetic distance is the distance that the writer maintains between himself and the narrator. • Students usually confuse the narrator with the writer. In fiction the author does not appear in the story or the novel. It is the narrator who tells the story.
- 54. Narrator/Author Narrator/Author • What ifthe narrator is the same as the Author? • The work then becomes an autobiography and not fiction.
- 55. Symbolism Symbolism • There areconventional symbols: symbols that are used by many writers and that are known to almost all people. The Dove: a symbol of Peace • There are private symbols that are used by one writer in one work of literature • Symbols are naturally known to allow for different interpretations.
- 56. Atmosphere Atmosphere • The atmosphereof the story is generally created by the author and it contributes to the meaning of the story. An atmosphere can be described as dark, sunny, gloomy, rainy, silent, boisterous ---etc. • A protagonist who initiates a journey at night may be seen as a fearless adventurer or a gloomy ignorant mishap
- 57. Language Language The language ofa story or a novel may be one of the concerns of the critic. The language of a story may be described as slang, standard, difficult, poetic, prosaic ---etc. The language of a story may not be described as difficult if we, as foreign readers, find very many new words. This reality may be attributed to our language proficiency and not the difficulty of the language of the story
- 58. Style Style • Style isthe way the writer presents his/her story • The style of a story can be described as lucid, boring, tense, complicated, sophisticated --- etc. • A writer may choose at certain episodes to use long sentences; short sentences at other episodes.
- 59. Time and Place Timeand Place • Writers usually locate their stories within a specific time and place • Awareness of the time and place of a story illuminates our perception • A story located in London during the post World War era may inform our reading of that story.
- 60. Irony Irony • The simpledefinition of irony entails saying something and meaning just the opposite of what is said. • The whole story or parts of it can be ironic. • If one says “I love having four exams in one day), s/he certainly means the opposite of what s/he says.
- 61. Themes Themes The theme ofthe story is the message that the writer aims at conveying to us. The message that the writer intends to convey to us may not be the same message that we find. This reality is referred to as the intentional fallacy. A writer may intend to present to us the negative consequences of prejudice and we as readers may find the same work a terrible source of prejudice.