Intro to Functional Programming @ Scala Montreal
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This document introduces functional programming and its motivations. It discusses how functional programming uses immutable values, pure functions with no side effects, and precise types. This eliminates state which makes the code simpler to reason about, enables free concurrency and parallelism, and makes the code more reusable. The benefits of functional programming are simple code that is easy to reason about.
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Intro to Functional Programming @ Scala Montreal
- 2. Le Plan - Motivations - Definitions and Examples
- 3. Motivations
- 4. What makes programming so hard?
- 5. “Controlling complexity is the essence of computer programming.” - Brian Kernighan
- 6. Complexity comes from input and state. Possible Inputs Possible States Possible X = Outcomes
- 7. We should aim at reducing the input and state space. Possible Inputs Possible States Possible X = Outcomes
- 8. In Object-Oriented programming, everything* is an object.
- 9. Objects combine data and behavior.
- 10. Objects are state machines. A = x B = y A = x’ B = y A = x’ B = y’ A = x B = y’
- 11. Most objects are badly designed state machines. A = x B = y A = x’ B = y A = x’ B = y’ A = x B = y’
- 12. Large state space are hard to reason about.
- 13. Concurrency adds new visible states. A = x B = y A = x’ B = y A = x’ B = y’ A = x B = y’
- 14. How can we write correct code if we can’t reason about it?
- 15. Let’s add more unit tests!
- 16. Let’s add more unit tests!
- 18. Functional Programming imposes constraints that eliminate states and ease reasoning.
- 19. Functional Programming is about values, functions and types*.
- 20. Values
- 23. What about data structures? Can they be values?
- 24. Persistent data structures create a new updated version. They are immutable. v v Nil
- 26. Immutability eliminates state and means you can safely share the reference.
- 27. Functions
- 28. A function takes arguments and produces a result. (Pure) Functions have no side-effects.
- 29. Side-effects examples: - write to disk - read from stdin - throw an exception - change a state
- 31. Having no side-effect helps reasoning about code.
- 32. Having no side-effect simplifies testing.
- 33. Errors are handled by returning them as results.
- 35. Updating a state is done by creating a new instance with the updated state.
- 37. For other necessary side-effects, push them on the boundaries.
- 38. Looping can be implemented with recursion*.
- 39. A high-order functions takes functions as parameters and/or produces a function.
- 42. Types
- 43. Types define classifications of values.
- 44. With types, the compiler can verify some aspects of correctness.
- 46. Meta
- 47. Object-Oriented is about semantic. Functional Programming is about shape.
- 51. Reuse by shape is more powerful than reuse by semantic.
- 52. BUT understanding shape is harder than understanding semantic.
- 53. Summary
- 54. Summary - Functional programing: immutable values, pure functions and precise types*. - Benefits are: - Simple code - Concurrency and Parallelism for free - Easy to reason about - Reusable