The document discusses functional programming concepts like purity, laziness, immutability, and concurrency. It provides examples using Clojure to illustrate higher order functions like map and filter, immutable data structures, and concurrency in a functional paradigm. The key benefits highlighted are readability, maintainability, avoiding side effects, and easing concurrency through sharing immutable data across threads.

1. FUNCTIONAL
PROGRAMMING
Hugo Firth
@hugo_firth
1

2. WHAT I’LL BE TALKING ABOUT
2
▫︎Comparison of different paradigms
▫︎What is functional programming?
▫︎Purity
▫︎Laziness
▫︎Concurrency

3. WHAT I WON’T BE TALKING ABOUT
3
▫︎Functors
▫︎Monads
▫︎Category theory
▫︎Type theory

4. Clojure

5. CLOJURE
5
▫︎Lisp (funny syntax)
▫︎Runs on the JVM
▫︎No classes, just functions
▫︎Supports the functional paradigm

6. DIFFERENT PARADIGMS
6
▫︎Machine code
▫︎Procedural
▫︎Object Oriented
▫︎Functional
▫︎Multi-paradigm
Many others such as logic and symbolic
programming

7. DIFFERENT PARADIGMS
7
▫︎Machine code
▫︎Procedural
▫︎Object Oriented
▫︎Functional
▫︎Multi-paradigm
Many others such as logic and symbolic
programming

8. PROCEDURAL
BASIC and C are the most notable
languages here
Gave us basic looping constructs and
subroutines
Why?
To abstract away from GOTO
statements
8

9. OBJECT
ORIENTED
Many languages here Java, C#, C++,
etc.
Gave us Classes and Objects
Why?
To abstract away from global state
9

10. FUNCTIONAL
Increasingly large number of
languages including Clojure, Scala and
Haskell
Gave us Functions
Why?
Remove all state
10

11. What is FP

12. DEFINITION
A style of building the structure and
elements of computer programs, that treats
computation as the evaluation of
mathematical functions and avoids state
and mutable data
12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming

13. PURITY

14. PURITY?
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Same arguments in == same result
No side effects!
Ever!

15. WHY?
15
Easier to design, test and understand
Referential transparency
-> optimisations
-> laziness

16. WHAT DOESN’T
THIS LOOK LIKE

17. IMPURE
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function calculateTax(amount) {
var taxRate = db.getTaxRate();
return taxRate / amount * 100;
}

18. IMPURE
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function calculateTax(amount, taxRate) {
db.saveTaxRate(taxRate);
return taxRate / amount * 100;
}

19. PURE
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function calculateTax(amount, taxRate) {
return taxRate / amount * 100;
}

20. PURE
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var tax = calculateTax(100, 10);
// tax = 10

21. WHAT DOESN’T THIS LOOK LIKE?
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for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
//do something
}

22. WHAT DOESN’T THIS LOOK LIKE?
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while(someCondition) {
//do something
}

23. WHAT DOESN’T THIS LOOK LIKE?
23
foreach(var something in somethings) {
//do something
}

24. HOW DO YOU DO
ANYTHING?

25. HIGHER ORDER FUNCTIONS
A higher order function is one that takes one
or more functions as input, or returns a
function.
25

26. IMPURE
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var numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
for(var i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
numbers[i] = numbers[i] * 2;
}
//numbers => [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

27. IMPURE
27
var numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
var destination = [];
for(var i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
var result = numbers[i] * 2;
destination.push(result);
}
//destination => [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

28. MAP (HIGHER ORDER FUNCTION)
Map is the name of a higher-order function
that applies a given function to each
element of a list, returning a list of results
28

29. FILTER (HIGHER ORDER FUNCTION)
Filter is a higher-order function that
processes a collection to produce a new
collection containing exactly those elements
of the original collection for which a given
predicate returns true
29

30. FOLD / REDUCE / AGGREGATE
A family of higher-order functions that
analyse a recursive data structure and
recombine through use of a given combining
operation the results of recursively
processing its constituent parts, building up
a return value
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31. HIGHER ORDER FUNCTIONS
31
Recursion and higher order functions are
the two constructs that allow us to do
anything in a functional language

32. DECLARATIVE
PROGRAMMING

33. WHAT IS THIS DOING!?!
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var n = 1;
var num_elements = 0;
var sum_of_first_10 = 0;
while (num_elements < 10) {
if (n^2 % 5 == 0) {
sum_of_first_10 += n;
num_elements += 1;
}
n += 1;
}
//sum_of_first_10 => 225

34. Clojure example
34

35. WHY?
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Readability - describe what you want! Not
how to get it

36. WHY?
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Abstract away concepts of iteration,
transformation, filtering, and accumulation.
Write functions to deal with elements not a
sequence.

37. WHY?
37
Maintainability - Small independently
testable functions

38. LAZINESS

39. RANGE
Return infinite sequence of numbers
39

40. REPEAT
Returns a lazy infinite sequence of supplied
items
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41. CYCLE
Returns a lazy infinite sequence of items in a
collection
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42. Clojure example
42

43. WHY?
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Code is not evaluated until you need it.
Code that doesn’t need to be evaluated
won’t be.

44. IMMUTABILITY

45. IMMUTABLE CLASS
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public class Dollars {
private double value;
public Dollars(double value) {
this.value = value;
}
public double getValue() {
return this.value;
}
}

46. 46
public class Dollars {
private double value;
public Dollars(double value) {
this.value = value;
}
public double getValue() {
return this.value;
}
public void add(double value) {
this.value += value;
}
}
MUTABLE CLASS

47. 47
IMMUTABLE CLASS
public class Dollars {
private double value;
public Dollars(double value) {
this.value = value;
}
public double getValue() {
return this.value;
}
public Dollars add(double value) {
return new
Dollars(this.value + value);
}
}

48. 48
IMMUTABLE COLLECTIONS
(THEY’RE HARD)

49. 49
IMMUTABLE COLLECTIONS
Empty collection:
[ ]
//or
null

50. 50
IMMUTABLE COLLECTIONS
1 element collection:
var element = x;
//and
var restOfCollection =
EMPTY_COLLECTION;

51. 51
IMMUTABLE COLLECTIONS
2 element collection:
var element = y;
//and
var restOfCollection =
collectionX;

52. 52
IMMUTABLE COLLECTIONS
3 element collection:
var element = z;
//and
var restOfCollection =
collectionY;

53. 53
IMMUTABLE COLLECTIONS
IN PICTURES

54. 54
IMMUTABLE COLLECTIONS
EMPTY
COLLECTION
[ ]

55. 55
IMMUTABLE COLLECTIONS
EMPTY
COLLECTION
X
[ X ]

56. 56
IMMUTABLE COLLECTIONS
EMPTY
COLLECTION
X Y
[ X, Y ]

57. 57
IMMUTABLE COLLECTIONS
EMPTY
COLLECTION
X Y Z
[ X, Y, Z ]

58. 58
IMMUTABLE COLLECTIONS
LOOKS FAMILIAR RIGHT?

59. 59
IMMUTABLE COLLECTIONS
EMPTY
COLLECTION
X Y Z
Z2
[ X, Y, Z ]
[ X, Y, Z2 ]

60. Clojure example
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61. WHY?
61
Pass objects and collections to other
functions with out fear of them changing

62. CONCURRENCY

63. Clojure example
63

64. WHY?
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Concurrency is hugely important with multi-
core processors
Simplicity - data sharing across threads and
processes is hard if it’s mutable

65. YOU CAN DO THIS IN ANY LANGUAGE!!!!
▫︎Try to write pure small pure methods/functions
▫︎Avoid state wherever you can
▫︎Separate impurities when they can’t be removed
▫︎Create immutable classes (value objects)
▫︎Look at simpler methods for concurrency
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