This document provides an overview of a book about Internet strategy and the management of strategic change related to emerging technologies, with a focus on web services. The book is structured into three main sections covering strategic approaches to the Internet for organizations, case studies, and future trends. It examines topics such as application service provision, web services, concerns, and recommendations regarding Internet strategy. The case studies cover a range of applications and implementations of web services in different industries and regions. The book aims to provide guidance to organizations on developing and managing Internet strategies in the 21st century business environment.
Commerce Challenges And Solutions (Idea Group)Huy Bui
The growth in the importance of electronic commerce (eCommerce) has been
nothing short of phenomenal. Thousands of new companies have created new
marketplaces and new opportunities worldwide. The most visible impact to the
average consumer is in the explosion of digital content availability and the
plethora of new etail sites to purchase everything from books to airline tickets to
groceries. However, the growth of business-to-business electronic commerce
(B2B eCommerce) has been (and will continue to be) a much more significant
business activity of far higher value and will impact nearly all organizations in the
long run.
Selling ICT Services to Business - Better Market SegmentationDanny Dicks
- The document discusses using ICT maturity as a better way to segment business markets for ICT products and services compared to traditional variables like size, sector, and transactional data.
- It presents a model for assessing ICT maturity based on four domains and describes a survey of UK businesses that demonstrates the value of the ICT maturity concept.
- The most ICT-mature companies tend to be larger spenders on ICT but understanding maturity across all sizes enables providers to better target their offerings.
This document provides an overview of creative marketing strategies and lessons. It outlines a 7-step program for creative marketing that includes finding the inherent drama in an offering, translating it into meaningful benefits, stating benefits believably, getting people's attention, motivating action, clear communication, and measuring against the strategy. Key lessons discussed are the importance of positioning, defining the target market, thinking big initially then focusing the plan, and keeping it simple and implementable. Tips for saving on marketing costs include not constantly changing plans and reusing successful materials where possible.
The document discusses how businesses will evolve and adapt to thrive in the emerging low-carbon economies of the future, noting that companies will learn to price and market goods and services differently by accounting for their environmental and social impacts, and will find new ways to reduce waste and operate more sustainably. It also suggests that individuals will make lifestyle changes to consume less and live more lightly on the planet. Finally, it argues that together, such business and individual transformations can help create a more equitable and Earth-friendly economic system.
The document summarizes a project to remodel the workspace of an Atlanta design team. The current problems with the workspace included poor lighting, old carpet and ceiling tiles, worn chairs, and a lack of space and equipment for video conferencing. The solutions implemented new flooring, paint, chairs, ceiling tiles, lighting, a desk for a new designer, a round table, and a TV for presentations. The initial cost estimate was $9300 and the actual cost came to $6600 with $2500 paid by Wyatt. The project was a success and helped build team cohesion.
Rubik IT Solutions and Development provides IT consulting services including website design, development, and online marketing. They have experience with clients across various industries. Their services include planning, website design, marketing, web and software development, identity design, and webmaster services. For website design they focus on ecommerce and business websites. Their marketing services include SEO, email marketing, and online PR. They also provide ongoing webmaster services for website maintenance and updates.
The document discusses a complex geometric diagram involving various points and lines. It references mathematical concepts like derivatives and integrals. Overall the document appears to be describing a technical mathematical or scientific concept in symbolic notation.
This document discusses a child development seminar that took place on November 14th and 28th. It covers several topics related to child development, including a review of key issues like nature vs nurture. Five aspects of development are outlined, including physical, motor, cognitive, social-emotional, and language. Temperament and the 9 temperament traits are defined. Birth order characteristics and strategies for parenting intense, anxious, or slow-to-adapt children are also summarized. Common childhood anxiety disorders and the impact of trauma on children are reviewed.
Commerce Challenges And Solutions (Idea Group)Huy Bui
The growth in the importance of electronic commerce (eCommerce) has been
nothing short of phenomenal. Thousands of new companies have created new
marketplaces and new opportunities worldwide. The most visible impact to the
average consumer is in the explosion of digital content availability and the
plethora of new etail sites to purchase everything from books to airline tickets to
groceries. However, the growth of business-to-business electronic commerce
(B2B eCommerce) has been (and will continue to be) a much more significant
business activity of far higher value and will impact nearly all organizations in the
long run.
Selling ICT Services to Business - Better Market SegmentationDanny Dicks
- The document discusses using ICT maturity as a better way to segment business markets for ICT products and services compared to traditional variables like size, sector, and transactional data.
- It presents a model for assessing ICT maturity based on four domains and describes a survey of UK businesses that demonstrates the value of the ICT maturity concept.
- The most ICT-mature companies tend to be larger spenders on ICT but understanding maturity across all sizes enables providers to better target their offerings.
This document provides an overview of creative marketing strategies and lessons. It outlines a 7-step program for creative marketing that includes finding the inherent drama in an offering, translating it into meaningful benefits, stating benefits believably, getting people's attention, motivating action, clear communication, and measuring against the strategy. Key lessons discussed are the importance of positioning, defining the target market, thinking big initially then focusing the plan, and keeping it simple and implementable. Tips for saving on marketing costs include not constantly changing plans and reusing successful materials where possible.
The document discusses how businesses will evolve and adapt to thrive in the emerging low-carbon economies of the future, noting that companies will learn to price and market goods and services differently by accounting for their environmental and social impacts, and will find new ways to reduce waste and operate more sustainably. It also suggests that individuals will make lifestyle changes to consume less and live more lightly on the planet. Finally, it argues that together, such business and individual transformations can help create a more equitable and Earth-friendly economic system.
The document summarizes a project to remodel the workspace of an Atlanta design team. The current problems with the workspace included poor lighting, old carpet and ceiling tiles, worn chairs, and a lack of space and equipment for video conferencing. The solutions implemented new flooring, paint, chairs, ceiling tiles, lighting, a desk for a new designer, a round table, and a TV for presentations. The initial cost estimate was $9300 and the actual cost came to $6600 with $2500 paid by Wyatt. The project was a success and helped build team cohesion.
Rubik IT Solutions and Development provides IT consulting services including website design, development, and online marketing. They have experience with clients across various industries. Their services include planning, website design, marketing, web and software development, identity design, and webmaster services. For website design they focus on ecommerce and business websites. Their marketing services include SEO, email marketing, and online PR. They also provide ongoing webmaster services for website maintenance and updates.
The document discusses a complex geometric diagram involving various points and lines. It references mathematical concepts like derivatives and integrals. Overall the document appears to be describing a technical mathematical or scientific concept in symbolic notation.
This document discusses a child development seminar that took place on November 14th and 28th. It covers several topics related to child development, including a review of key issues like nature vs nurture. Five aspects of development are outlined, including physical, motor, cognitive, social-emotional, and language. Temperament and the 9 temperament traits are defined. Birth order characteristics and strategies for parenting intense, anxious, or slow-to-adapt children are also summarized. Common childhood anxiety disorders and the impact of trauma on children are reviewed.
The document provides a step-by-step guide to writing an effective business plan, beginning with setting goals and envisioning where you want your business and life to be in the short-term and long-term future. It emphasizes the importance of crystallizing your vision through concrete objectives and milestones, and recommends memorizing an elevator pitch to concisely explain your business to potential customers and contacts.
The document discusses an automotive tuning team in Egypt. The 5-member team modifies cars to match owners' tastes through visual and performance changes. Team members have specialized roles in design, accessories, painting, marketing, and management. The team innovates new ideas, builds custom parts by hand, and uses unique paints. They are the official distributor of Alsa paints in Cairo, which include exotic paints applied by their certified airbrush artist. The team has won awards and been featured in media for their work modifying cars.
The online travel industry in India is growing rapidly and attracting significant investment. Major travel websites like MakeMyTrip and Yatra are battling for market share of India's $400 million religious travel market and control about 90% of the online travel market. These companies use various e-marketing strategies like affiliate marketing, search engine advertising, video marketing, and banner ads on websites to promote their brands and attract more customers. Affiliate marketing in particular provides commissions to partners who drive bookings, and is a popular strategy for travel sites to expand their reach.
UNICEF Digital Strategy | Mobile Social Trends for 2015Jim Rosenberg
Global Digital Trends for 2015
and UNICEF’s Digital Strategy
presented at Dialogkonferansen 2014, Strømstad Sweden @JimRosenberg
Other modern technologies at age 20; imagine how far we’ll go with the consumer-facing internet.
Social media is your embassy; a good website is your home country.
Steady, consistent content is essential to engagement.
Owned content > Facebook’s algorithms.
The big picture is comprised of many, many details.
The perfect tweet or flawless video takes time, effort, and money.
People are your greatest asset – your own colleagues, as well as the people you serve.
“People want to be a part of something bigger than themselves.” #H2H by @BryanKramer
If your clients sense you’re open and engaged, they’ll be that way, too. Same goes for your staff.
Principles for Digital Strategy at UNICEF
Digital enables transparency and accountability.
To the online audience, we are one UNICEF with many facets.
We work in a multilingual world. Our content and engagement must reflect that.
Content and engagement efforts should include people with low- or no- internet connectivity.
All products and services should be mobile-first and multiplatform.
Our product approach is agile.
Open standards are at the heart of what we do.
We’ll measure and test our efforts, using data to inform content and engagement choices.
Conversations > Campaigns.
Global frame, local action. Take a global message that national markets/teams can adapt. Messages and calls to action should be easily tailored and localized by language, country.
Have one integrated editorial calendar. Media, marketing, web, social, offline, visuals.
Team: balance all-rounders with deep expertise.
Do fewer things better.
Find the storyteller in the elevator.
The document discusses key features of internet marketing. It outlines several unique aspects of marketing online, including interactivity, global access, time independence, and mobility. It also addresses changing consumer expectations and how marketers must adapt to the new possibilities and challenges of digital marketing.
This document is an introduction to a book on business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce. It discusses the growth of B2B eCommerce and how it will significantly impact organizations. The book contains sections on the B2B eCommerce environment, supply chain management issues, value chain networks, and research issues. It aims to address challenges and solutions related to B2B eCommerce adoption and implementation.
The document presents a model of a virtual organization for international trade and logistics. It discusses the objectives, structure, and methodology for the research. The research uses multiple criteria decision making methods like TOPSIS and SAW to evaluate ICT usage in business in Lithuania compared to other countries. It also analyzes different existing virtual business models. The document then presents the author's created model which focuses on sourcing and delivery locally, digital wallets for payments, and customer satisfaction. The conclusion discusses benefits of virtual organizations and how the analysis and new model can provide insight for improving e-commerce systems.
This document provides an overview of running internet systems in China, including key details about:
- The size and demographics of China's internet user population, which is over 500 million people, mostly young and urban.
- The challenges of operating internet systems in China, which include regulatory issues, infrastructure problems, and security threats not common outside of China.
- Recommending ChinaNetCloud as an expert in helping companies of all sizes successfully design, build, and operate large-scale internet projects that can reach hundreds of millions of Chinese users.
A Global Web Enablement Framework for Small Charities and Voluntary Sector Or...Tom Robinson
With more people gaining access to the internet every day, the web enabling of core services and business processes is becoming essential. There is a great deal of existing research covering techniques and approaches to web enablement for commercial and public sector organisations, but very little that is aimed specifically at small charities and voluntary sector organisations. Numerous studies have shown that charities often lag behind commercial organisations when it comes to their internet infrastructure and the extent of web enablement. This dissertation investigates the needs and issues which charities face, in order to define a number of key web enablement aims and objectives. Some problems are unique to the charitable sector whilst others apply to all types of organisations.
As most web applications can be accessed from anywhere in the world, globalisation is an inherent web development issue. A number of the most common issues associated with globalisation are examined and current best practice solutions suggested.
The Foundations, Fundamentals, Features and Future (F4) Framework is the outcome of the research into the situation, needs and issues faced by charitable organisations. It offers a simple but detailed framework designed specially for web enablement projects within charitable organisations. The framework is broken down into four key stages of web enablement – foundations, fundamentals, features and future possibility. Through the four layers, the framework covers key business drivers, internet access and security, error-handling techniques through to global database access and undeveloped future technologies.
The framework was developed and refined through research and work undertaken with GAP Activity Projects, a worldwide gap year charity. To demonstrate the implementation of the framework, GAP is used as a case study. A number of web and related applications are developed and evaluated including an online application system, mass mailing tools and an extranet application. The case study demonstrates a number of novel techniques that have been developed to solve some of the problems which were faced, including the use of XML as a data storage method and a unique form validation technique.
Although the evaluation of the framework shows that it meets well the objectives it set out to achieve, there are opportunities for improvement and future work. A number of future expansions possibilities are examined including the use of mobile technology and content management systems.
Summary of March 2015 BRIE-ETLA Special Issue in the Journal of Industry, Com...Petri Rouvinen
This special issue of the Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade focuses on the digital disruption and its societal impacts. Several articles examine how digitalization and cloud computing are transforming industries and challenging previous leaders. The transition from scarce to abundant computing resources through cloud architectures is disrupting the IT sector. The control point of platforms is shifting from devices to the cloud. While big data has potential, it has not yet led to disruptive new business models at a systemic level. National policies influence how digital changes impact countries, with debates emerging around issues like antitrust regulations.
Advances in software maintenance management idea group publishingASMartin
This document provides an overview of advances in software maintenance management technologies and solutions. It contains a preface and 10 chapters contributed by various authors on topics related to software maintenance such as software maintenance and organizational health, problem management within corrective maintenance, the impact of extreme programming on maintenance, patterns in software maintenance, enhancing maintainability through standards, migrating legacy systems to the web, requirements risk and maintainability, software maintenance cost estimation, a methodology for software maintenance, and an environment for managing software maintenance projects. The preface discusses how software maintenance has become the most costly stage of the software lifecycle and notes that while techniques focus on new development, maintenance of existing legacy systems requires more attention.
This document introduces the Connectivity Scorecard concept and methodology. It aims to rank countries based on a measure of "useful connectivity", which is defined as the ability of connectivity to contribute to economic growth through productivity improvements. The scorecard links connectivity to economic performance by considering not just infrastructure deployment but also who is using it (businesses vs consumers) and how well they are able to use it, captured by measures like user skills. It aims to evaluate countries based on the economic importance and usage of their connectivity in key sectors like business.
The document summarizes a report on marketing WiMAX technology. It outlines the report's roadmap, benefits, intended audience, and why WiMAX was chosen. It then details sections on the technology ("The Why"), marketing strategy ("The What"), and research process ("The How"). Key points included faster speeds and larger coverage area than 3G, identifying target customer segments, conducting industry research, and creating a website and marketing report to educate audiences on WiMAX opportunities.
- The UK microelectronics industry has transformed significantly over the past decade due to technological advances, changing markets, and globalization. Smaller, more agile UK firms now operate in this industry.
- Strategic alliances can provide benefits as part of firms' strategic responses to changing industry conditions. This research study explored how UK microelectronics firms perceive and utilize strategic alliances.
- The study found that while firms use the term "partners" rather than "alliances", partnerships are important on both the supply and demand sides of businesses. Firms' use of partnerships on the demand side helps explain differences in financial performance between companies.
This document outlines the methodology for a research study on consumer attitudes towards digitalization in Uttar Pradesh, India. The study aims to identify the current state of digitalization in India and factors affecting its growth. It will analyze the impact of demographic (age, gender, income, occupation, qualification) and behavioral factors on consumer attitudes. The research hypotheses test relationships between age and purchasing frequency and between income and purchasing power. Primary and secondary data will be collected through questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Statistical tools will be used to analyze the data.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
The document provides a step-by-step guide to writing an effective business plan, beginning with setting goals and envisioning where you want your business and life to be in the short-term and long-term future. It emphasizes the importance of crystallizing your vision through concrete objectives and milestones, and recommends memorizing an elevator pitch to concisely explain your business to potential customers and contacts.
The document discusses an automotive tuning team in Egypt. The 5-member team modifies cars to match owners' tastes through visual and performance changes. Team members have specialized roles in design, accessories, painting, marketing, and management. The team innovates new ideas, builds custom parts by hand, and uses unique paints. They are the official distributor of Alsa paints in Cairo, which include exotic paints applied by their certified airbrush artist. The team has won awards and been featured in media for their work modifying cars.
The online travel industry in India is growing rapidly and attracting significant investment. Major travel websites like MakeMyTrip and Yatra are battling for market share of India's $400 million religious travel market and control about 90% of the online travel market. These companies use various e-marketing strategies like affiliate marketing, search engine advertising, video marketing, and banner ads on websites to promote their brands and attract more customers. Affiliate marketing in particular provides commissions to partners who drive bookings, and is a popular strategy for travel sites to expand their reach.
UNICEF Digital Strategy | Mobile Social Trends for 2015Jim Rosenberg
Global Digital Trends for 2015
and UNICEF’s Digital Strategy
presented at Dialogkonferansen 2014, Strømstad Sweden @JimRosenberg
Other modern technologies at age 20; imagine how far we’ll go with the consumer-facing internet.
Social media is your embassy; a good website is your home country.
Steady, consistent content is essential to engagement.
Owned content > Facebook’s algorithms.
The big picture is comprised of many, many details.
The perfect tweet or flawless video takes time, effort, and money.
People are your greatest asset – your own colleagues, as well as the people you serve.
“People want to be a part of something bigger than themselves.” #H2H by @BryanKramer
If your clients sense you’re open and engaged, they’ll be that way, too. Same goes for your staff.
Principles for Digital Strategy at UNICEF
Digital enables transparency and accountability.
To the online audience, we are one UNICEF with many facets.
We work in a multilingual world. Our content and engagement must reflect that.
Content and engagement efforts should include people with low- or no- internet connectivity.
All products and services should be mobile-first and multiplatform.
Our product approach is agile.
Open standards are at the heart of what we do.
We’ll measure and test our efforts, using data to inform content and engagement choices.
Conversations > Campaigns.
Global frame, local action. Take a global message that national markets/teams can adapt. Messages and calls to action should be easily tailored and localized by language, country.
Have one integrated editorial calendar. Media, marketing, web, social, offline, visuals.
Team: balance all-rounders with deep expertise.
Do fewer things better.
Find the storyteller in the elevator.
The document discusses key features of internet marketing. It outlines several unique aspects of marketing online, including interactivity, global access, time independence, and mobility. It also addresses changing consumer expectations and how marketers must adapt to the new possibilities and challenges of digital marketing.
This document is an introduction to a book on business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce. It discusses the growth of B2B eCommerce and how it will significantly impact organizations. The book contains sections on the B2B eCommerce environment, supply chain management issues, value chain networks, and research issues. It aims to address challenges and solutions related to B2B eCommerce adoption and implementation.
The document presents a model of a virtual organization for international trade and logistics. It discusses the objectives, structure, and methodology for the research. The research uses multiple criteria decision making methods like TOPSIS and SAW to evaluate ICT usage in business in Lithuania compared to other countries. It also analyzes different existing virtual business models. The document then presents the author's created model which focuses on sourcing and delivery locally, digital wallets for payments, and customer satisfaction. The conclusion discusses benefits of virtual organizations and how the analysis and new model can provide insight for improving e-commerce systems.
This document provides an overview of running internet systems in China, including key details about:
- The size and demographics of China's internet user population, which is over 500 million people, mostly young and urban.
- The challenges of operating internet systems in China, which include regulatory issues, infrastructure problems, and security threats not common outside of China.
- Recommending ChinaNetCloud as an expert in helping companies of all sizes successfully design, build, and operate large-scale internet projects that can reach hundreds of millions of Chinese users.
A Global Web Enablement Framework for Small Charities and Voluntary Sector Or...Tom Robinson
With more people gaining access to the internet every day, the web enabling of core services and business processes is becoming essential. There is a great deal of existing research covering techniques and approaches to web enablement for commercial and public sector organisations, but very little that is aimed specifically at small charities and voluntary sector organisations. Numerous studies have shown that charities often lag behind commercial organisations when it comes to their internet infrastructure and the extent of web enablement. This dissertation investigates the needs and issues which charities face, in order to define a number of key web enablement aims and objectives. Some problems are unique to the charitable sector whilst others apply to all types of organisations.
As most web applications can be accessed from anywhere in the world, globalisation is an inherent web development issue. A number of the most common issues associated with globalisation are examined and current best practice solutions suggested.
The Foundations, Fundamentals, Features and Future (F4) Framework is the outcome of the research into the situation, needs and issues faced by charitable organisations. It offers a simple but detailed framework designed specially for web enablement projects within charitable organisations. The framework is broken down into four key stages of web enablement – foundations, fundamentals, features and future possibility. Through the four layers, the framework covers key business drivers, internet access and security, error-handling techniques through to global database access and undeveloped future technologies.
The framework was developed and refined through research and work undertaken with GAP Activity Projects, a worldwide gap year charity. To demonstrate the implementation of the framework, GAP is used as a case study. A number of web and related applications are developed and evaluated including an online application system, mass mailing tools and an extranet application. The case study demonstrates a number of novel techniques that have been developed to solve some of the problems which were faced, including the use of XML as a data storage method and a unique form validation technique.
Although the evaluation of the framework shows that it meets well the objectives it set out to achieve, there are opportunities for improvement and future work. A number of future expansions possibilities are examined including the use of mobile technology and content management systems.
Summary of March 2015 BRIE-ETLA Special Issue in the Journal of Industry, Com...Petri Rouvinen
This special issue of the Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade focuses on the digital disruption and its societal impacts. Several articles examine how digitalization and cloud computing are transforming industries and challenging previous leaders. The transition from scarce to abundant computing resources through cloud architectures is disrupting the IT sector. The control point of platforms is shifting from devices to the cloud. While big data has potential, it has not yet led to disruptive new business models at a systemic level. National policies influence how digital changes impact countries, with debates emerging around issues like antitrust regulations.
Advances in software maintenance management idea group publishingASMartin
This document provides an overview of advances in software maintenance management technologies and solutions. It contains a preface and 10 chapters contributed by various authors on topics related to software maintenance such as software maintenance and organizational health, problem management within corrective maintenance, the impact of extreme programming on maintenance, patterns in software maintenance, enhancing maintainability through standards, migrating legacy systems to the web, requirements risk and maintainability, software maintenance cost estimation, a methodology for software maintenance, and an environment for managing software maintenance projects. The preface discusses how software maintenance has become the most costly stage of the software lifecycle and notes that while techniques focus on new development, maintenance of existing legacy systems requires more attention.
This document introduces the Connectivity Scorecard concept and methodology. It aims to rank countries based on a measure of "useful connectivity", which is defined as the ability of connectivity to contribute to economic growth through productivity improvements. The scorecard links connectivity to economic performance by considering not just infrastructure deployment but also who is using it (businesses vs consumers) and how well they are able to use it, captured by measures like user skills. It aims to evaluate countries based on the economic importance and usage of their connectivity in key sectors like business.
The document summarizes a report on marketing WiMAX technology. It outlines the report's roadmap, benefits, intended audience, and why WiMAX was chosen. It then details sections on the technology ("The Why"), marketing strategy ("The What"), and research process ("The How"). Key points included faster speeds and larger coverage area than 3G, identifying target customer segments, conducting industry research, and creating a website and marketing report to educate audiences on WiMAX opportunities.
- The UK microelectronics industry has transformed significantly over the past decade due to technological advances, changing markets, and globalization. Smaller, more agile UK firms now operate in this industry.
- Strategic alliances can provide benefits as part of firms' strategic responses to changing industry conditions. This research study explored how UK microelectronics firms perceive and utilize strategic alliances.
- The study found that while firms use the term "partners" rather than "alliances", partnerships are important on both the supply and demand sides of businesses. Firms' use of partnerships on the demand side helps explain differences in financial performance between companies.
This document outlines the methodology for a research study on consumer attitudes towards digitalization in Uttar Pradesh, India. The study aims to identify the current state of digitalization in India and factors affecting its growth. It will analyze the impact of demographic (age, gender, income, occupation, qualification) and behavioral factors on consumer attitudes. The research hypotheses test relationships between age and purchasing frequency and between income and purchasing power. Primary and secondary data will be collected through questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Statistical tools will be used to analyze the data.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
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Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
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Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
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In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
The role of social technologies in marketing practice and in education Lisa Harris
This document summarizes Lisa Harris's research on how social technologies are transforming marketing, careers, and education. Some key findings from her research include:
- Small businesses are using social media tools like blogs, social networks and cloud computing to market themselves more cost effectively than traditional IT systems.
- Her research has found benefits of collaboration using social media include improved efficiency, enhanced capabilities, and improved communications for small businesses.
- Her current work focuses on how students and professionals can build and manage an effective digital presence using social media to stand out.
This document summarizes a thesis that examines the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) like the internet and mobile phones in marketing by five companies in Dublin, Ireland. The study aims to evaluate how the selected companies use ICT tools in their marketing, which tools are used most, and the impact of ICT usage. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted to analyze website usage, email marketing, SMS/MMS usage, and the relationship between ICT implementation and marketing performance. The results provide insights into how effectively the companies leverage different ICT channels in their marketing.
This document summarizes a thesis that examines the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) like the internet and mobile phones in marketing by five companies in Dublin, Ireland. The study aims to evaluate how the selected companies use ICT tools in their marketing, which tools are used most, and the impact of ICT usage. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted to analyze website usage, email marketing, SMS/MMS usage, and the relationship between ICT implementation and marketing performance. The results provide insights into how effectively the companies leverage different ICT channels in their marketing.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Information technology for management (6th edition)MShuibMJ
The document summarizes the organization and contents of the 6th edition of the textbook "Information Technology for Management" by Turban, Leidner, McLean, and Wetherbe from 2008. The textbook is divided into 6 parts covering IT in organizations, infrastructure, the web revolution, organizational applications, managerial systems, and implementing/managing IT. Each part contains chapters that provide overviews of key topics, cases, and resources to support student learning.
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Internet strategy the road to web services solutions irm pressCangpt
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RUBIK SEO SERVICES provides search engine optimization services including on-page optimization like optimizing titles, meta tags, and content as well as off-page optimization like link building, social bookmarking, and article submissions. They have a team of professionals focused on white hat SEO techniques. They provide weekly reports detailing backlinks and monitor clients' websites for changes. Recent projects showed improved search engine results page rankings. Payment methods and more details on standard processes are also outlined.
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The document discusses the four layers of an SEO model: Analyze, Optimize, Develop, and Promote. The Analyze layer involves researching keywords and competitors. Keywords are important for search engines to understand what a site is about. Tools like WordTracker can help find high-volume keywords. The Optimize layer uses SEO best practices like on-page elements. The Develop layer adds content through blogs and forums. The Promote layer gets high-quality links from outreach. Executing all the layers together is key to SEO success.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
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"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
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This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
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Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
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Key Takeaways:
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Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
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Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
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Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
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The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
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Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
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Charlie Greenberg, host
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2. i
IRM Press
Publisher of innovative scholarly and professional
information technology titles in the cyberage
Internet Strategy:
The Road to
Web Services Solutions
MatthewW.Guah
WarwickUniversity,UK
Wendy L. Currie
WarwickUniversity,UK
Hershey • London • Melbourne • Singapore
TEAM LinG
4. iii
Internet Strategy:
The Road to Web Services Solutions
Table of Contents
Preface .................................................................................................. vi
Introduction ......................................................................................... viii
SectionI:StrategicApproachestoInternetforOrganizations
ChapterI.ApplicationServiceProvision ............................................. 1
Matthew W. Guah, Warwick University, UK
Chapter II. Web Services...................................................................... 8
Matthew W. Guah, Warwick University, UK
ChapterIII.Concerns ......................................................................... 17
Matthew W. Guah, Warwick University, UK
ChapterIV.Recommendations........................................................... 40
Matthew W. Guah, Warwick University, UK
Section II: Case Studies
ChapterV.ConsideringtheImpactofBroadbandontheGrowth
andDevelopmentofB2CElectronicCommerce ............................... 48
Jyoti Choudrie, Brunel University, UK
Yogesh Kumar Dwivedi, Brunel University, UK
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5. iv
ChapterVI.ATheoreticalApproachtoEvaluateOnlineand
TraditionalTradingontheNASDAQStockExchange ..................... 67
Haroun Alryalat, Brunel University, UK
Yogesh Kumar Dwivedi, Brunel University, UK
Jasna Kuljis, Brunel University, UK
Ray J. Paul, Brunel University, UK
ChapterVII.AdaptiveCollaborativeWorkandXMLWebServices:
BenefitsofApplicationintoInformationInfrastructureandHuman
Resources ............................................................................................ 86
Mayumi Hori, Hakuoh University, Japan
Masakazu Ohashi, Chuo University, Japan
Chapter VIII. Helping Users, Mentally: A Lesson Learned from
HypertextandWebNavigation ........................................................ 101
Paulus Insap Santosa, National University of Singapore,
Singapore
Chapter IX. Reducing the Costs of Doing Business:
Human Costs and Social Issues of IS/IT Strategies ........................ 135
Souad Mohammed, UK
Chapter X. From ASP to Web Services: Identifying Key
PerformanceAreasandIndicatorsforHealthcare .......................... 149
Matthew W. Guah, Warwick University, UK
Wendy L. Currie, Warwick University, UK
SectionIII:ThrivingorNot
ChapterXI.FutureTrends................................................................ 178
Matthew W. Guah, Warwick University, UK
ChapterXII.A21st
-CenturyToolforIntelligentEnterprises ......... 185
Mathew W. Guah, Warwick University, UK
ChapterXIII.Conclusions ................................................................ 227
Matthew W. Guah, Warwick University, UK
TEAM LinG
7. vi
Preface
This book addresses the business issues and management concerns in rela-
tions to Internet strategies of organisations in the 21st
century. By so doing,
the editors hope this book will point medium- and large-sized businesses in
the proper direction, to manage emerging technologies, such as Web services
resources and strategies to their competitive advantage. With the phenom-
enon of Web services in its infancy, the authors have drawn from works of IS
pioneers Markus, Porter, Checkland, and others. Their intellectual contribu-
tions, plus findings from research work by both new and experienced aca-
demics in Europe, USA, and Asia, provide a framework for discussion.
Web services business model was borne out of the Application Service Provi-
sion (ASP) business model. ASP delivers personal productivity software and
professional support systems, assisting an intelligent enterprise in processing
information, solving business problems, developing new products, and creat-
ing new knowledge. The need to exploit Web services capabilities to preserve
and enhance organisational knowledge is clearly defined by this book.
This is not a textbook, but it encompasses all the practical areas in which an
information system strategist functions, and also those of IT and business man-
agers. The following criteria that are being used as the foundation for the best
of textbooks on information systems are all explored in this book. They are
Internet strategies and management concepts, the business and economic of
information systems environment, opportunities and information about ASP
and Web services, sociological aspects of Web services buyer behaviour, psy-
chological aspects that influence consumption of Web services applications,
strategic tools and tactics, market segmentation, Web services product life
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8. vii
cycles and categories, commercialization, distribution, promotion, communi-
cations, organization, analysis, application integration, future aspirations of
service providers, ethical issues and much more.
The aim of this book is to disclose the motives and mechanisms of Web ser-
vices as it is developing and changing as the 21st
century unfolds. Internet
strategies cannot be described intelligently without exploring some fundamen-
tal features and problems of society as a whole. That many IT managers in
small and medium-size businesses are either directionless, like a boat without
a rudder, or are drowning beneath waves of Internet strategies management
theories that pass over their heads, and others that persist in spite of the fact
that they remain unproven, may well be a reflection of the draft of general
economic slowdown.
An IT manager or Information Systems strategist or Business Operations man-
ager will find that this book:
• Balances systems theory and proven Internet management frameworks
which are illustrated with practical cases;
• Explains the strategic management of Internet policies in terms of capa-
bilities of IT in business; and
• Provides a good guide to those who need to discover how to apply Internet
for strategic advantage of an organization.
Matthew W. Guah & Wendy L. Currie
Leamington, Warwickshire, UK
June 2005
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9. viii
This book is about strategic direction of Internet strategies and the manage-
ment of strategic change to emerging technologies, in general, and Web ser-
vices, in particular. To deal with this complex topic we have structured this
book into three parts containing six main areas. The first section looks at a
comprehensive framework of the emerging technologies process upon which
this book is structured. This part also includes chapters on Application Ser-
vice Provision (ASP), Web services, Concerns, and Recommendations. These
chapters clarify the various issues relating to this new phenomenon in Internet
strategy.
Section II includes chapters on case studies from different parts of the world
showing how Web services are being used to benefit businesses. They show
leadership in the Internet strategic direction and decision-making and on cul-
ture and values as these are forces that determine how Internet strategy can
be managed within an organization.
Section III considers how a situation analysis for the future of Web services
business model might be carried out. The emphasis is on understanding the
future of new technology strategies and the continuously changing business
environment and technological resources. The functional subjects that relate
to the management of organizational technological resources and that under-
pin a study of Internet strategy are examined.
Following this Introduction is a Technology Review section that presents
the central theme of the historical shifts from a mainframe to a client server,
and now to Web services strategy. An observer of the client-server technol-
ogy would have found the task of accurately discerning the path of that tech-
Introduction
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10. ix
nology during the last decade of the 20th
century very difficult. Similarly, the
reality of the Web services technology has not burst on the business scene
full-blown, but has evolved over some 5 to 10 years from the ASP business
model. Moreover, statistical evidence to define this emerging social and eco-
nomic reality has lagged behind the writers and commentators who have iden-
tified the important features of this significant change.
Chapter I contains ASP and discusses the rise and fall of this phenomenon in
a relatively short period. This is followed by a similar discussion for the Web
Services business model.
This will then be followed by Concerns which discusses the engine that is
driving the Web services industry. Just as the steam, electric, and gasoline
engines became the driving forces behind the Industrial Revolution of the early
1900s, so the Internet and high-speed telecommunications infrastructure are
making Web services a reality today. A resulting “information processing” in-
dustry is the business sector which is providing the impetus for this revolution,
with its increasingly improving array of hardware, software, and information
products and services. These technologies, in turn, are having and will con-
tinue to have profound impacts on business management, competitive advan-
tage, and productivity.
Having set the stage by describing the changing business environment for or-
ganizations today, Recommendations then moves to the need for each en-
terprise to fundamentally think its corporate strategy. The situation can be
compared to the railroad industry in the late 1800s. It had to change its mind-
set from one of buying up large land tracts and laying railroad ties to one of
moving goods and people from one place to another, so companies today
must reconsider their traditional lines of business as they begin operating in the
21st
century. For Web services vendors, it is not just a question of selling a
product, but of selling a solution to a customer’s problem. This is where the
lines between delivering the services and traditional versus emerging markets
are blurring and changing.
The qualitative dimension is as important in the Web services industry as the
quantitative dimension. Quality control must be built into the front end of the
service delivery cycle, not viewed as a last-minute check to be done just
before contracts are reviewed. Here is where the human factor is introduced
into our discussion. In essence, the intelligent enterprise is a distributed net-
work of human talent. Within the individual enterprise, outmoded human re-
sources management philosophies must be replaced by modern approaches
that maximize the brain contribution to the products and services, not just the
brawn contribution. The emphasis of Web services is on working smarter, not
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11. x
just harder. Web services strategy requires businesses to rethink not just the
elements of their economic milieu, but also their political and social contexts.
This does not suggest some kind of radical shift away from the profit motive to
the quality-of-life motive. However, we do endeavor to point out that this
strategy presents both risks and opportunities for every business in the 21st
century. Much of this discussion implicitly recognizes that doing business in an
intelligent enterprise forces suppliers, producers, and consumers into far closer
proximity with one another than is the case in an industrial economy.
Before the concluding statements, we invite the reader to look at more forms
of Web service applications involving implementation issues from active re-
searchers in both Europe and Asia. Haroun Alryalat and his colleagues at
Brunel University, London, report on a strategy involving the Stock Exchange.
Mayumi Hori and Masakazu Ohashi both at Hakuoh University, Japan, and
Paulus Insap Santosa at the National University of Singapore, report on some
respectable projects taking place in Asia involving Web services in the distri-
bution of technology to that part of the world. Souad Mohammed clarifies
several hidden costs relating to the implementation of information systems in
the 21st
century. Matthew Guah and Wendy Currie take the reader through an
implementation of Web services in the UK National Health Service, summa-
rizing parts I and III within a live project.
Finally we examine the problem of redefining success in the business environ-
ment of the 21st
century in Future Trends. Central to this discussion is the
idea of adding value at each stage of the information systems life cycle. ASP,
as a form of technological accomplishment, had little meaning for businesses
and other organizations. Unless Web services can be linked to business inno-
vation, the challenge for business professionals is to find ways to improve
business processes by using Web services.
This book has been written to take the reader into the 21st
-century IS strategy
paradigm. Utmost attention is paid to integrate the current business and man-
agement ideas with the deployment of Web services as one of the new infor-
mation technologies. Yet, the book is rooted in the concepts that have emerged
over the decades of development of the IS discipline. Web services in terms
of its products and services has continued to evolve over its short history. As
these changes have progressed, the landscape of the Internet technology has
become crowded with new services, technologies, products, and transmis-
sion media. As the Internet has continued to evolve with the discovery of new
technologies and the integration of “older” technologies such as mobile com-
puters and broadband communications, new opportunities and markets within
this area of business have opened up. Web services, as a form of electronic
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12. xi
commerce, can be the sharing of business information, maintaining business
relationships, and conducting business transactions by means of computer tele-
communications networks. Similar to the development of the Internet’s World
Wide Web, Web services has been changing both the ways organizations deal
with one another and the way internal corporate processes are carried out
with the assistance of telecommunication infrastructures. The capabilities of-
fered by Web services present an opportunity to redesign the business pro-
cesses of intelligent enterprises in order to reach new levels of performance.
The researchers whose work underpins this book did not operate in isolation
to the work of others in the IS and related fields. All through this book, se-
lected examples of the existing literature will be discussed under the various
headings of theory. Many examples and cases throughout the text have been
drawn from international business areas. The purpose is to describe some
interesting work, which was forerunner and inspiration to our research, while
maintaining the role of theory and case studies within the interpretive tradition
of IS research. The epistemology can be viewed as broadly interpretive, see-
ing the pursuit of meaning and understanding as subjective, and knowledge as
a social construction.
Technology Review
Change usually takes a long time, and the technology that transformed enter-
prises and the economy is no exception. Why should anyone be overwrought
about the slow growth of Web services? It took mainframe computers a de-
cade or two to become central to most firms. In fact, when IBM marketed its
first mainframe computer, it estimated that 20 of these machines would fulfill
the world’s need for computation! Minicomputers moved into companies and
schools a little faster than mainframes, but they were also considerably less
expensive. Even the ubiquitous PC took 5 to 10 years to become an impor-
tant part of work life. The road travelled by these pioneers was rocky. Actual
accomplishments seldom matched those initially envisioned. There were sev-
eral reasons for this shortfall—a general lack of computer literacy among us-
ers, a general lack of business literacy, and an ignorance of the management
role by information specialists, computing equipment that was both expensive
and limited by today’s standards, and so on (McLeord, 1993). Some IS re-
viewers believe that one error in particular characterized the early systems
above all others: they were too ambitious. Firms believed that they could build
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13. xii
giant information systems to support all managers. With the benefits of hind-
sight, one can now describe systems designed then as being snowballed or the
task attempted being unmanageable. However, some firms stuck it out, in-
vested more resources, and eventually developed workable systems—although
more modest in size than originally projected—while other firms decided to
scrap the entire management information system idea and retreated to data
processing.
When the first computers were applied to business problems in the 1950s,
there were so few users that they had almost total influence over their sys-
tems. That situation changed during the 1960s and 1970s as the number of
users grew. It then became necessary to consider the combined needs of all
users so that the systems could function in an efficient manner. During the
1980s, the situation became even tighter when a new player entered the pic-
ture—the enterprise (McLeord, 1993). A stage of organization/staff reliance
on information systems started in the mid-1980s with demands that informa-
tion systems increased operational efficiencies and managerial effectiveness.
On the back of such evolution, strategic information systems gained impor-
tance as systems expected to help organizations compete. In the 21st
century,
information systems are being developed in an enterprise environment (see
Figure 4.1).
21st
Century: The Age of Information
Society
Beniger (1986) puts forth a seemingly influential argument that the origin of
the information society may be found in the advancing industrialization of the
late nineteenth century. As industrial plants increased their processing speed,
the need for increased resources to control manufacturing and transportation
resulted in a feedback loop wherein enterprises had to process information
ever faster. The demand for sophisticated information processing equipment
resulted in the development of computers. While the subsequent new tech-
nologies nurtured the development of an information society, the continuing
cycles of demand pull and supply push account for the progress in the field.
The Internet is simply a global network of networks that has become a neces-
sity in the way people in enterprises access information, communicate with
others, and do business in the 21st
century. The Internet contains a distributed
software facility that organizes the information on it into a network of interre-
lated electronic documents called the World Wide Web (WWW). WWW has
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14. xiii
changed the face of computing, both individual and enterprises resulting in the
expansion and development of electronic commerce. The Internet is regarded
in the 21st
century as much more than a means of communication. It is also a
source of information and entertainment that facilitates the development of
electronic commerce. The initial stage of e-commerce ensured that all large
enterprises have computer-to-computer connections with their suppliers via
electronic data interchange (EDI), thereby facilitating orders completed by
the click of a mouse. Unfortunately, most small companies still cannot afford
such direct connections. Web services enable low-cost access to this service
and having a standard PC is usually sufficient to enter this marketplace.
The Internet has been a subject of enormous hype and speculation since its
explosion in late 1980s. However, Web services can most certainly be said to
be responsible for the latest debate surrounding its usage for purposes far
beyond its original scope. By the late 1990s, ASP-like business models were
applied by a proliferation of small businesses in the Western world, thereby
creating what sometimes seemed a cult status with people from many parts of
society talking about a “new breed of entrepreneurs.”
Beyond the problems that may arise from the systematization of information,
we suggest that there is within the discipline of Web services a model of infra-
structure and context which is foundational but inadequate. This is the code
model of Web services, deriving from the work of Sleeper and Robins taking
a pragmatic look at the emerging Web services market (Porter & Millar, 1985).
We will draw on a number of theoretical sources in search for an improved
foundation. A link is also made to the environment reality theory of perception
proposed by Little (1999).
Internet Strategy
Our examination of Internet strategy begins with a look at the understanding
of strategy in business and it’s purpose to achieving business goals. Nearly all
written work in the area of strategy are based on the classic book by Alfred
Chandler (1962), Strategy and Structure. The definition used in that book is:
The determination of the basic long-term goals of an enterprise and the
adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary
for carrying out these goals. (p. 13)
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15. xiv
Chandler considered strategy to be about setting general goals and deciding
on the broad types of action and use of resources needed to achieve them.
These involved the overall size and scope of the organization concerned, the
mix of products or services being provided, and the organization’s core val-
ues. Such approach to strategy implies that strategies are the intended out-
comes of systematic, rational decisions by top managers about clearly defined
problems. The resulting strategic change or innovation would appear as a
linear, sequential process in which strategic analysis and choice would follow
unproblematic trend by strategy implementation.
It has been recorded that Chandler’s views of strategy goes without its cri-
tiques (Mintzberg, 1979, 1990; Quinn & Hilmer, 1994; Whittington, 1993).
Some of these authors have contrasted the idea of strategy as a deliberate,
consciously intended plan with strategy as an emergent property, evolving
incrementally and piecemeal out of the ideas and actions of people at different
levels of the organization. Such strategies may be articulated consciously by
top management in most successful organizations. Others consider such emer-
gent, adaptive, or incremental view of strategy assumes that the internal and
external environments of organizations are inherently ambiguous, unstable, and
unpredictable. Others believe strategy does not assume that managers in or-
ganizations can only influence events at the margin, simply adapting pragmati-
cally and opportunistically to continually changing circumstances. These au-
thors consider the essence of a strategy and its crucial importance in any pro-
cess of change or innovation is that it embodies the deliberate and conscious
articulation of a direction. Successful strategies require both an overall sense
of direction and a continuous adaptation to change.
For a deeper understanding of strategies and strategy development, it is im-
perative to recognize their strong links with organization culture, the deeper
level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of an orga-
nization that operate unconsciously and define in a basic taken-for-granted
fashion an organization’s view of itself and its environment. It has become
even more accepted in the 21st
century that strategies are both rooted in, and
partly explained by, organization culture. Jon Clark in his book, Managing
Innovation and Change (1995), outlined how the original founders of many
of today’s large successful organizations—Ford in the USA, Marks & Spen-
cer in the UK, Pirelli in Italy, and Siemens in Germany—played a crucial role
in establishing their overall strategy and organizational culture. Clark (1995)
also shows that organizational culture is one of the most important areas of
strategy which can be influenced by top managers and visionary leaders within
the organization.
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16. xv
Mintzberg (1979, 1990) shows strategies to usually exist at a number of lev-
els in any organization. These strategic levels can be generally distinguished
into corporate, business, and operational.
1. Corporate strategy is concerned with the overall size and scope of the
organization.Thisinvolvestheorganization’sbasicgoalsandobjectives,
its core values and overall profile, as well as the general allocation of
resourcestodifferentoperations.
2. Business strategy can also be referred to as competitive strategy and is
concerned with the choice of products or services to be developed and
offeredtoparticularmarketsandcustomers.Thisalsoinvolvestheextent
towhichthechoicesmadeareconsistentwiththeoverallobjectivesofthe
organization.
3. Operationalstrategyisconcernedwiththedifferentfunctionswithinthe
organization. These functions could be production or service delivery,
finance,personnel,research,ordevelopmentwhichallinfluenceandare
integratedwithinthecorporateandbusinessstrategiesoftheorganization.
The interaction and consistency between the different levels of strategy and
structure are crucial issues for the organizational performance.
Clark (1995) raises the level of a long-standing debate about the relation
between strategy and organization structure. Chandler (1962) phrased this
debate with a phrase that “structure follows strategy.” This implies that orga-
nizations should first plan their strategy before embarking on the process of
designing their structure to fit within such strategic plan. In contrast, Mintzberg
(1990) argued that strategies are unlikely to be decided without reference to
existing structures. The relationship between strategy and structure is likely to
be reciprocity rather than a one-way determination. Mintzberg (1990) para-
phrased Chandler’s “structure follows strategy” as the left foot follows the
right. Clark (1995) points out that multinational corporations face a number of
complex structural problems in developing strategies which are not faced by
small businesses or professional organizations.
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17. xvi
References
Beniger, J.R. (1986). The control revolution: Technological and economic
originsoftheinformationsociety.Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversity
Press.
Chandler,A.D.(1962).Patterninorganizationalanalysis:Acriticalexamina-
tion. Business History Review, 36(2), 233–.
Clark, J. (1995). Managing innovation and change. London: Sage.
Little,G.R.(1999).Paper1:Theoryofperception.RetrievedJune2002,from
www.grlphilosophy.co.nz
McLeord Jr., R. (1993). Management information systems: A study of
computer-based information systems (5th
ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Mintzberg, H. (1979). An emerging strategy of direct research.Administra-
tive Science Quarterly, 24(4), 582–589.
Mintzberg,H.(1990).Thedesignschool:Reconsideringthebasicpremisesof
strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 11(3), 171.
Porter,M.E.,&Millar,V.E.(1985).Howinformationgivesyoucompetitive
advantage. Harvard Business Review, 62(4), 149–160.
Quinn, J.B., & Hilmer, F.G. (1994). Strategic outsourcing. Sloan Manage-
ment Review, Summer(39), 63–79.
Whittington,G.(1993).Corporategovernanceandtheregulationoffinancial
reporting. Accounting and Business Research, 23(91), 311.
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Acknowledgments
So many people have played a role in the development of the ideas presented
here that it is difficult to know where to begin in acknowledging them. The
first draft of this manuscript was written while I was a PhD student at the
Centre of Strategic Information Systems in the Department of Information
Systems and Computing at Brunel University. All the staff at DISC, initially,
established a wonderfully hospitable environment for this enterprise.
I owe an inestimable debt of gratitude to Michael Livesey with whom I have
discussed many of the ideas developed herein and who read and made nu-
merous helpful comments and suggestions on several drafts that have been
incorporated in the final version of this book.
While I was writing this manuscript, I was reading Wendy Currie’s excellent
book Value Creation from e-Business Models (Elsevier Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2004). Her study clarified my thinking on many issues and con-
tributed to shaping the direction of my own work. I humbly appreciate her
continuous support and encouragement as I seek my way through the ‘trap-
doors’ of academic life.
This book would not have been possible without the cooperation and assis-
tance of the authors, reviewers, my colleagues and the staff at Idea Group
Publishing. The editors would like to thank people at Idea Group, namely:
Mehdi Khosrow-Pour for inviting us to produce this book, Jan Travers and
Amanda Appicello for their contributions, Diane Huskinson and Michele Rossi
for managing this project, especially for answering our questions and keeping
us on schedule. A special word of thanks goes to Ms. Kristin Roth, for her
diligence and determined stewardship during this laborious project.
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19. xviii
Last but certainly not least my family (including Evelyn Christine, Michael
Appopo, Matthew Gbeyadeu and David Gbemie) who have all patiently borne
with me through dejection and inspiration as this book has evolved. Evelyn
has also provided a steady supply of patience, sound judgement and an inde-
fatigable supply of good nature for which I will continue to owe her consider-
ably.
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