This document summarizes a study on the internationalization of small and medium pump and motor manufacturing enterprises in Coimbatore, India. The study analyzed 143 pump and motor manufacturing SMEs through surveys and interviews. The key findings were:
1) Most SMEs internationalized through proactive motives like increasing profits and owner interest, rather than reactive motives like overproduction. Initial export markets were closely associated with cultural and geographical proximity.
2) Direct exporting was the most common initial mode of entering foreign markets. Over half the companies had 26-50% of sales from foreign markets.
3) Management interest, foreign inquiries, and profit/business motives most impacted the decision to internationalize. Most
The document summarizes a study that investigated the key success factors of micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs. The study surveyed 60 entrepreneurs using questionnaires. The results suggest that finance management, availability of customers, and family support positively and significantly impact entrepreneurial success in business. Most respondents were aged 25-35, had a bachelor's degree or secondary education, and owned sole proprietorships with 1-10 employees.
This document analyzes the relationship between trade openness and income inequality in Africa using data from 38 African countries from 1980 to 2018. It reviews previous literature that has found mixed results on the impact of trade openness on inequality. The literature identifies factors like economic conditions, social factors, and institutions that influence inequality. The document aims to examine the effects of five dimensions of trade openness on income inequality in Africa, using multiple indices of trade openness. Preliminary results from the analysis show that measures of domestic and international trade are associated with higher income inequality. The study contributes new evidence on this topic in Africa.
Knowledge and perception of students regarding islamic banking in Sindh Pakistansanaullah noonari
Abstract
This research investigated the relationship between the university student’s perception and knowledge about
different concepts and terms used in the Islamic banking and products and services offered. Impact of age,
gender, area of study, area of residence, CGPA and family’s monthly income on the perception and knowledge
of students about Islamic banking was also analyzed. Data was collected from the postgraduate students
(Respondents # 60) selected randomly from two public sectors universities (Sindh Agriculture University Tando
jam and University of Sindh) along with one private sectors (ISRA) university of Hyderabad. Simple linear
regressions were used in order to check the impact of socioeconomic characteristics on the knowledge and
perception of students. University students were mainly surveyed to assess the knowledge and perception of
country’s intellectual cream of Islamic banking crop. Results showed that religious sincerity, not the better
knowledge of Islamic banking was the strongest predictor of personal banking performances. Result reflected
that overall perception and knowledge of students was significantly different from zero. Result suggested that
students had better perception about the Islamic banking but poor knowledge. It was found that the Arabic
language in specifying the products and services hindered the understandings of the students. Coefficient of age
and income showed a positive relation with the perception and knowledge of students regarding Islamic banking
in both public sector universities and Private Sector University. Result for area of study also displayed positive
relation with the perception and knowledge of students regarding Islamic banking. Gender, area of residence and
CGPA were not statistically significant which means these did not affected significantly on the perception and
knowledge of students about Islamic banking however in case of private Sector University CGPA count to be
factor, significantly effecting the perception of students.
Keywords: Islamic banking, perception, knowledge, products and services.
The agricultural commodity, especially rice, is one that greatly influences economic
and political stability in Indonesia, so it is very possible for the need for food security
especially in the morning as the main need for food in the community. One of them is
Merauke Regency has an average household income in agriculture. Banking potential
in the distribution of agricultural credit massage, especially rice commodities. This
research was conducted in the Tanah Miring District of Merauke Regency with a
descriptive and explanatory research approach with 97 farmers as respondents, by
conducting structured interviews using multiple questionnaires (open and closed) and
making direct observations or observations of the area and sample responses. To
analyze the data obtained by using a variable measurement scale namely the Likert
scale, and testing the research instrument carried out by testing the validity and
reliability using SPSS 21. Quantitative data processing using the Binary Logistic
Regression Test
This document summarizes the current state of research on corporate entrepreneurship (CE) among emerging market firms. It reviews literature from 2000-2019 that examines CE related to innovation, strategic renewal, and new venturing in emerging economies. The review finds that while research exists on these topics separately, there is a lack of holistic examination of CE incorporating all three aspects. It concludes that more research is needed to understand how country-level differences in emerging markets impact firms' CE activities and competitive strategies. The document provides directions for future research to address these gaps.
The IIUM journal of case studies in managementgaardi201
This case examines SK Telecom's decision to diversify from its core mobile telephony business into the internet business in South Korea. SKT was the leading mobile operator but faced challenges from convergence in the telecommunications market. The mobile market was saturated with three major competitors controlling over 99% of subscribers. SKT saw internet companies as new competitors and recognized the need to develop new mobile internet services. The case explores SKT's motives for diversification and how it implemented its strategy internally to transition from mobile to internet services in the convergent market.
Small–medium enterprise formation and nigerian economic growthYing wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses small-medium enterprises (SMEs) and their relationship to economic growth in Nigeria. It provides background on SMEs in Nigeria, noting they account for a large share of employment and output but the country still faces high unemployment, poverty, and low human development. The paper reviews literature on the importance of SMEs in creating jobs, innovation, and knowledge transfer. It also discusses theories of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial development. The purpose is to empirically examine the link between SME formation, employment, and economic growth in Nigeria using statistical techniques like error correction modeling and cointegration testing.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the key success factors of micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs. The study surveyed 60 entrepreneurs using questionnaires. The results suggest that finance management, availability of customers, and family support positively and significantly impact entrepreneurial success in business. Most respondents were aged 25-35, had a bachelor's degree or secondary education, and owned sole proprietorships with 1-10 employees.
This document analyzes the relationship between trade openness and income inequality in Africa using data from 38 African countries from 1980 to 2018. It reviews previous literature that has found mixed results on the impact of trade openness on inequality. The literature identifies factors like economic conditions, social factors, and institutions that influence inequality. The document aims to examine the effects of five dimensions of trade openness on income inequality in Africa, using multiple indices of trade openness. Preliminary results from the analysis show that measures of domestic and international trade are associated with higher income inequality. The study contributes new evidence on this topic in Africa.
Knowledge and perception of students regarding islamic banking in Sindh Pakistansanaullah noonari
Abstract
This research investigated the relationship between the university student’s perception and knowledge about
different concepts and terms used in the Islamic banking and products and services offered. Impact of age,
gender, area of study, area of residence, CGPA and family’s monthly income on the perception and knowledge
of students about Islamic banking was also analyzed. Data was collected from the postgraduate students
(Respondents # 60) selected randomly from two public sectors universities (Sindh Agriculture University Tando
jam and University of Sindh) along with one private sectors (ISRA) university of Hyderabad. Simple linear
regressions were used in order to check the impact of socioeconomic characteristics on the knowledge and
perception of students. University students were mainly surveyed to assess the knowledge and perception of
country’s intellectual cream of Islamic banking crop. Results showed that religious sincerity, not the better
knowledge of Islamic banking was the strongest predictor of personal banking performances. Result reflected
that overall perception and knowledge of students was significantly different from zero. Result suggested that
students had better perception about the Islamic banking but poor knowledge. It was found that the Arabic
language in specifying the products and services hindered the understandings of the students. Coefficient of age
and income showed a positive relation with the perception and knowledge of students regarding Islamic banking
in both public sector universities and Private Sector University. Result for area of study also displayed positive
relation with the perception and knowledge of students regarding Islamic banking. Gender, area of residence and
CGPA were not statistically significant which means these did not affected significantly on the perception and
knowledge of students about Islamic banking however in case of private Sector University CGPA count to be
factor, significantly effecting the perception of students.
Keywords: Islamic banking, perception, knowledge, products and services.
The agricultural commodity, especially rice, is one that greatly influences economic
and political stability in Indonesia, so it is very possible for the need for food security
especially in the morning as the main need for food in the community. One of them is
Merauke Regency has an average household income in agriculture. Banking potential
in the distribution of agricultural credit massage, especially rice commodities. This
research was conducted in the Tanah Miring District of Merauke Regency with a
descriptive and explanatory research approach with 97 farmers as respondents, by
conducting structured interviews using multiple questionnaires (open and closed) and
making direct observations or observations of the area and sample responses. To
analyze the data obtained by using a variable measurement scale namely the Likert
scale, and testing the research instrument carried out by testing the validity and
reliability using SPSS 21. Quantitative data processing using the Binary Logistic
Regression Test
This document summarizes the current state of research on corporate entrepreneurship (CE) among emerging market firms. It reviews literature from 2000-2019 that examines CE related to innovation, strategic renewal, and new venturing in emerging economies. The review finds that while research exists on these topics separately, there is a lack of holistic examination of CE incorporating all three aspects. It concludes that more research is needed to understand how country-level differences in emerging markets impact firms' CE activities and competitive strategies. The document provides directions for future research to address these gaps.
The IIUM journal of case studies in managementgaardi201
This case examines SK Telecom's decision to diversify from its core mobile telephony business into the internet business in South Korea. SKT was the leading mobile operator but faced challenges from convergence in the telecommunications market. The mobile market was saturated with three major competitors controlling over 99% of subscribers. SKT saw internet companies as new competitors and recognized the need to develop new mobile internet services. The case explores SKT's motives for diversification and how it implemented its strategy internally to transition from mobile to internet services in the convergent market.
Small–medium enterprise formation and nigerian economic growthYing wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses small-medium enterprises (SMEs) and their relationship to economic growth in Nigeria. It provides background on SMEs in Nigeria, noting they account for a large share of employment and output but the country still faces high unemployment, poverty, and low human development. The paper reviews literature on the importance of SMEs in creating jobs, innovation, and knowledge transfer. It also discusses theories of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial development. The purpose is to empirically examine the link between SME formation, employment, and economic growth in Nigeria using statistical techniques like error correction modeling and cointegration testing.
This study examines how corporate entrepreneurship, national policies, and supply chain collaboration impact innovativeness among LED manufacturers in Malaysia. It analyzes survey data from manufacturers using partial least squares. The study finds that corporate entrepreneurship plays a moderating role in the relationships between national policies, supply chain collaboration, and innovativeness. The study expands literature by providing empirical evidence on these relationships from the perspective of an emerging country and examining the moderating role of corporate entrepreneurship. It has implications for helping local companies understand how to enhance innovativeness and expand their role in global supply chains.
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of success and failure of entrepreneurs of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh. The study aims to identify factors that contribute to entrepreneur success, as well as factors that influence entrepreneur failure. It hypothesizes 10 factors that may contribute to success, including willingness to succeed and maintaining close tabs on finances. It also hypothesizes 18 factors that may lead to failure, such as inadequate funding, raw material issues, and poor management. The study collected primary data from 23 entrepreneurs of SMEs in Bangladesh to analyze the factors.
11.0001www.iiste.org call for paper.firm level determinantsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that aimed to determine factors contributing to entrepreneurial success at the firm level. The researchers conducted a questionnaire survey using snowball sampling to collect data from firms in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The results of chi-square tests suggested that four dimensions of firm performance - innovation, organization structure, technology, and risk-taking - have a strong impact on firm performance. The limitations included the small sample size and geographic scope. The findings can help managers focus on these dimensions and related variables to improve performance and entrepreneurial success.
Diffusion of innovation through individual and collective entrepreneurship an...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses a study that explores the relationship between individual entrepreneurship, collective (team-based) entrepreneurship, and innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study develops a theoretical framework and tests relationships using structural equation modeling on survey data from 700 entrepreneurs in SMEs in Pakistan. The results confirm that both individual entrepreneur traits and collective team efforts contribute to innovation in SMEs. Specifically, entrepreneur personality traits directly impact innovation while centralized decision-making does not, and factors like communication and collaboration among team members contribute to collective entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation, which both directly impact innovation. The study aims to provide a more holistic view of entrepreneurship and innovation by considering both individual and collective dimensions.
This document discusses a study on predicting bankruptcy in the Indonesian Islamic capital market. It analyzes 12 companies that experienced declining sales and 10 top manufacturing companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index from 2007 to 2011. Using descriptive analysis and regression, it finds that some manufacturing companies experienced financial difficulties while those in the index had good performance. It also finds efficiency positively impacts profitability and profitability impacts bankruptcy prediction measured by Altman Z-score. Control variables of company size and growth were also used.
Entrepreneurial barriers and success factors of women in utilityIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study on entrepreneurial barriers and success factors for women entrepreneurs in utility service businesses in Chennai, India. The study aimed to identify challenges women entrepreneurs face, success factors, and the relationship between demographics and success. A sample of 478 women entrepreneurs across 10 utility services were surveyed. Key findings included that most businesses had low annual turnover, were started for self-employment, and were registered as private limited or proprietorships. Statistical tests found relationships between nature of business and dimensions of entrepreneurial success, including climate, gaps, support, motivation, and suggestions to improve success rates.
Thinking about developing business leadership for the post covid worldYing wei (Joe) Chou
The document discusses the need to develop business leadership skills for the post-COVID world. It describes a model developed at Sacred Heart University's Center for Nonprofits that may provide students with the skills, attitudes and values required for successful social entrepreneurship. Over 15 years, 925 MBA students have completed 260 consulting projects for 125 nonprofit clients, totaling 65,000 volunteer hours and $60,000 in consulting services to help nonprofits. The model emphasizes developing students' "knowing," "doing," and "being" to prepare them for leadership in a world that demands both business acumen and social purpose.
Human Resource Management in Hospitality Multinational Enterprises: An Empiri...IOSR Journals
This document discusses human resource management practices in hospitality multinational enterprises operating in India. It begins with an introduction on the growth of multinational enterprises globally and their presence in emerging markets like India. It then reviews literature on factors that influence the human resource management practices adopted by foreign multinational subsidiaries operating in a host country, including pressures for standardization versus localization. The study aims to compare the HRM practices of Indian hospitality MNEs to foreign hospitality MNEs operating in India and examine how practices are influenced by firm-specific factors like nationality, size, and industry. It hypothesizes that HRM practices will remain aligned with the local cultural environment and diverge from practices in foreign MNE subsidiaries.
Reducing employee turnover in tertiary institutions in ghana the role of moti...Alexander Decker
This document discusses reducing employee turnover in tertiary institutions in Ghana. It begins by providing background on the problem of employee retention globally and in African countries. It then reviews literature on the causes of labor turnover, including job satisfaction and motivation factors. Motivation is discussed as a key way to reduce turnover. The study explores motivation and reward systems used in tertiary institutions in Ghana. It finds that employees are often not satisfied with motivational factors, contributing to high turnover. Implications of turnover are also reviewed, such as costs of replacing employees. The document recommends tertiary institutions take staff development policies seriously to help reduce turnover through improved motivation.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management about internationalization strategies for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It discusses how globalization has increased competition and SMEs now need internationalization strategies for sustainable competitive development. The article reviews literature on internationalization models and challenges SMEs face in internationalizing like inadequate resources and lack of experience with foreign markets. It analyzes data collected through a survey of 50 SMEs in India on their internationalization processes and challenges using a chi-square test. The document aims to emphasize how internationalization strategies can help SMEs tackle impediments in the global business environment.
Is small and medium sized beautiful - the structure and evolution of family s...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document provides a literature review and bibliometric analysis of the scientific research on small and medium-sized family businesses (family SMEs). It identifies four main clusters of research on family SMEs: succession in family SMEs, performances of family SMEs, internationalization of family SMEs, and organizational culture of family SMEs. Through comparative bibliometric analysis of 155 research articles from 1989 to 2018, the document maps the evolution of the field and identifies the most influential studies and themes. It aims to provide a systematic analysis of the scientific knowledge on family SMEs to help advance future research.
Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial education and performanceYing wei (Joe) Chou
1. The study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (including proactiveness, innovativeness, and risk-taking) and business performance, as well as the role of entrepreneurship education.
2. The findings show that innovative proactiveness positively influences non-financial business performance, while risk-taking propensity does not influence financial or non-financial performance.
3. Entrepreneurship education was also found to have no connection with entrepreneurial orientation or business performance.
Barriers to internationalization–a study of the pharmacy sector in trinidad a...ijsidonlineinfo
This document summarizes a study that examined barriers to internationalization faced by retail pharmacies in Trinidad and Tobago. The study used surveys to measure pharmacies' willingness to internationalize and identify perceived barriers. Three hypotheses were tested: 1) access to finance is a major constraint, 2) strong international networks increase willingness, and 3) younger firms are more willing to internationalize. The results found support for the first two hypotheses but not the third - age was not a significant factor. The study provides insight into challenges small businesses in the pharmacy sector face when considering expanding internationally.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Internationalization Strategies for Small Mobile DevelopersBoon Chuan Ang
This document presents a study on internationalization strategies for small mobile game developers. The study examined preferences of Asian mobile gamers through two surveys. The first survey of 97 respondents tested hypotheses about game genres, factors, and satisfaction but did not find significant support. The second survey found significant differences in preferences between Asian female and male gamers for various game genres. The document concludes with implications for game developers, such as adapting difficulty levels and diversifying game genres, as well as directions for future research.
Internationalization strategy of emergitng market firmsberstiss
This document presents a typology of internationalization strategies for firms from emerging markets. Through a literature review and analysis of 138 multinational enterprises, the author identifies four main strategies: 1) Multinational Challengers target global markets and pursue simultaneous expansion, 2) Global Exporters/Importers expand incrementally to close markets, 3) OEM/ODM firms follow clients globally through subcontracting and 4) Regional Exporter/Importers initially focus on developing country exports. The typology is intended to classify emerging market firms and identify characteristics of their internationalization approaches.
Internationalization and entry strategies for SMEs in Sub-Saharan AfricaZeldah Schrama
A presentation of my thesis findings on “Internationalization and entry strategies for SMEs in Sub-Saharan Africa”. This describes the approaches SMEs can use when deciding how to enter foreign markets, while simultaneously shedding light on the realities of doing business in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Benetton is a global luxury brand headquartered in Italy with over 6,000 stores in 120 countries. It generates over €2 billion in annual revenue from clothing, accessories, and home goods. Benetton internationalized rapidly in the late 1960s and 1980s by expanding across Europe and entering new markets like Japan and the US. It has since focused on growing in Asia through entries in China and India. Managing risks from currency fluctuations, regulations differences, and evolving customer preferences across markets has challenged Benetton's global strategy.
This document provides an overview of international marketing. It defines international marketing as the application of marketing principles across national boundaries. The document outlines the evolution, nature, and stages of internationalization of marketing. It discusses the benefits of international marketing for consumers, producers, and economies. Key differences between international and domestic marketing are presented, such as political factors, languages/cultures, financial climates, and familiarity. Controllable and uncontrollable elements of international marketing are introduced. Finally, the document defines trade barriers like tariffs and subsidies that governments impose on international trade.
The document discusses concepts related to developing export markets and internationalization for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It provides definitions for key terms, barriers and benefits to exporting and internationalization. The document also includes case studies of several SMEs that successfully expanded into international markets and developed export activities. It concludes with recommendations for SMEs to identify business needs, develop export strategies, and conduct market research when internationalizing.
Role of sme’s in economic growth of india, SME ,MSMEVIJAY KAMBOJ
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are an important part of India's economy. They contribute significantly to manufacturing output, exports, employment generation, and economic growth. The MSME sector employs over 110 million people and India has over 63 million SMEs. SMEs face challenges accessing credit, infrastructure, technology, and markets. The government supports SMEs through organizations that provide financing, training, raw materials and help SMEs access domestic and international markets to realize their growth potential.
This study examines how corporate entrepreneurship, national policies, and supply chain collaboration impact innovativeness among LED manufacturers in Malaysia. It analyzes survey data from manufacturers using partial least squares. The study finds that corporate entrepreneurship plays a moderating role in the relationships between national policies, supply chain collaboration, and innovativeness. The study expands literature by providing empirical evidence on these relationships from the perspective of an emerging country and examining the moderating role of corporate entrepreneurship. It has implications for helping local companies understand how to enhance innovativeness and expand their role in global supply chains.
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of success and failure of entrepreneurs of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh. The study aims to identify factors that contribute to entrepreneur success, as well as factors that influence entrepreneur failure. It hypothesizes 10 factors that may contribute to success, including willingness to succeed and maintaining close tabs on finances. It also hypothesizes 18 factors that may lead to failure, such as inadequate funding, raw material issues, and poor management. The study collected primary data from 23 entrepreneurs of SMEs in Bangladesh to analyze the factors.
11.0001www.iiste.org call for paper.firm level determinantsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that aimed to determine factors contributing to entrepreneurial success at the firm level. The researchers conducted a questionnaire survey using snowball sampling to collect data from firms in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The results of chi-square tests suggested that four dimensions of firm performance - innovation, organization structure, technology, and risk-taking - have a strong impact on firm performance. The limitations included the small sample size and geographic scope. The findings can help managers focus on these dimensions and related variables to improve performance and entrepreneurial success.
Diffusion of innovation through individual and collective entrepreneurship an...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses a study that explores the relationship between individual entrepreneurship, collective (team-based) entrepreneurship, and innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study develops a theoretical framework and tests relationships using structural equation modeling on survey data from 700 entrepreneurs in SMEs in Pakistan. The results confirm that both individual entrepreneur traits and collective team efforts contribute to innovation in SMEs. Specifically, entrepreneur personality traits directly impact innovation while centralized decision-making does not, and factors like communication and collaboration among team members contribute to collective entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation, which both directly impact innovation. The study aims to provide a more holistic view of entrepreneurship and innovation by considering both individual and collective dimensions.
This document discusses a study on predicting bankruptcy in the Indonesian Islamic capital market. It analyzes 12 companies that experienced declining sales and 10 top manufacturing companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index from 2007 to 2011. Using descriptive analysis and regression, it finds that some manufacturing companies experienced financial difficulties while those in the index had good performance. It also finds efficiency positively impacts profitability and profitability impacts bankruptcy prediction measured by Altman Z-score. Control variables of company size and growth were also used.
Entrepreneurial barriers and success factors of women in utilityIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study on entrepreneurial barriers and success factors for women entrepreneurs in utility service businesses in Chennai, India. The study aimed to identify challenges women entrepreneurs face, success factors, and the relationship between demographics and success. A sample of 478 women entrepreneurs across 10 utility services were surveyed. Key findings included that most businesses had low annual turnover, were started for self-employment, and were registered as private limited or proprietorships. Statistical tests found relationships between nature of business and dimensions of entrepreneurial success, including climate, gaps, support, motivation, and suggestions to improve success rates.
Thinking about developing business leadership for the post covid worldYing wei (Joe) Chou
The document discusses the need to develop business leadership skills for the post-COVID world. It describes a model developed at Sacred Heart University's Center for Nonprofits that may provide students with the skills, attitudes and values required for successful social entrepreneurship. Over 15 years, 925 MBA students have completed 260 consulting projects for 125 nonprofit clients, totaling 65,000 volunteer hours and $60,000 in consulting services to help nonprofits. The model emphasizes developing students' "knowing," "doing," and "being" to prepare them for leadership in a world that demands both business acumen and social purpose.
Human Resource Management in Hospitality Multinational Enterprises: An Empiri...IOSR Journals
This document discusses human resource management practices in hospitality multinational enterprises operating in India. It begins with an introduction on the growth of multinational enterprises globally and their presence in emerging markets like India. It then reviews literature on factors that influence the human resource management practices adopted by foreign multinational subsidiaries operating in a host country, including pressures for standardization versus localization. The study aims to compare the HRM practices of Indian hospitality MNEs to foreign hospitality MNEs operating in India and examine how practices are influenced by firm-specific factors like nationality, size, and industry. It hypothesizes that HRM practices will remain aligned with the local cultural environment and diverge from practices in foreign MNE subsidiaries.
Reducing employee turnover in tertiary institutions in ghana the role of moti...Alexander Decker
This document discusses reducing employee turnover in tertiary institutions in Ghana. It begins by providing background on the problem of employee retention globally and in African countries. It then reviews literature on the causes of labor turnover, including job satisfaction and motivation factors. Motivation is discussed as a key way to reduce turnover. The study explores motivation and reward systems used in tertiary institutions in Ghana. It finds that employees are often not satisfied with motivational factors, contributing to high turnover. Implications of turnover are also reviewed, such as costs of replacing employees. The document recommends tertiary institutions take staff development policies seriously to help reduce turnover through improved motivation.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management about internationalization strategies for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It discusses how globalization has increased competition and SMEs now need internationalization strategies for sustainable competitive development. The article reviews literature on internationalization models and challenges SMEs face in internationalizing like inadequate resources and lack of experience with foreign markets. It analyzes data collected through a survey of 50 SMEs in India on their internationalization processes and challenges using a chi-square test. The document aims to emphasize how internationalization strategies can help SMEs tackle impediments in the global business environment.
Is small and medium sized beautiful - the structure and evolution of family s...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document provides a literature review and bibliometric analysis of the scientific research on small and medium-sized family businesses (family SMEs). It identifies four main clusters of research on family SMEs: succession in family SMEs, performances of family SMEs, internationalization of family SMEs, and organizational culture of family SMEs. Through comparative bibliometric analysis of 155 research articles from 1989 to 2018, the document maps the evolution of the field and identifies the most influential studies and themes. It aims to provide a systematic analysis of the scientific knowledge on family SMEs to help advance future research.
Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial education and performanceYing wei (Joe) Chou
1. The study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (including proactiveness, innovativeness, and risk-taking) and business performance, as well as the role of entrepreneurship education.
2. The findings show that innovative proactiveness positively influences non-financial business performance, while risk-taking propensity does not influence financial or non-financial performance.
3. Entrepreneurship education was also found to have no connection with entrepreneurial orientation or business performance.
Barriers to internationalization–a study of the pharmacy sector in trinidad a...ijsidonlineinfo
This document summarizes a study that examined barriers to internationalization faced by retail pharmacies in Trinidad and Tobago. The study used surveys to measure pharmacies' willingness to internationalize and identify perceived barriers. Three hypotheses were tested: 1) access to finance is a major constraint, 2) strong international networks increase willingness, and 3) younger firms are more willing to internationalize. The results found support for the first two hypotheses but not the third - age was not a significant factor. The study provides insight into challenges small businesses in the pharmacy sector face when considering expanding internationally.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Internationalization Strategies for Small Mobile DevelopersBoon Chuan Ang
This document presents a study on internationalization strategies for small mobile game developers. The study examined preferences of Asian mobile gamers through two surveys. The first survey of 97 respondents tested hypotheses about game genres, factors, and satisfaction but did not find significant support. The second survey found significant differences in preferences between Asian female and male gamers for various game genres. The document concludes with implications for game developers, such as adapting difficulty levels and diversifying game genres, as well as directions for future research.
Internationalization strategy of emergitng market firmsberstiss
This document presents a typology of internationalization strategies for firms from emerging markets. Through a literature review and analysis of 138 multinational enterprises, the author identifies four main strategies: 1) Multinational Challengers target global markets and pursue simultaneous expansion, 2) Global Exporters/Importers expand incrementally to close markets, 3) OEM/ODM firms follow clients globally through subcontracting and 4) Regional Exporter/Importers initially focus on developing country exports. The typology is intended to classify emerging market firms and identify characteristics of their internationalization approaches.
Internationalization and entry strategies for SMEs in Sub-Saharan AfricaZeldah Schrama
A presentation of my thesis findings on “Internationalization and entry strategies for SMEs in Sub-Saharan Africa”. This describes the approaches SMEs can use when deciding how to enter foreign markets, while simultaneously shedding light on the realities of doing business in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Benetton is a global luxury brand headquartered in Italy with over 6,000 stores in 120 countries. It generates over €2 billion in annual revenue from clothing, accessories, and home goods. Benetton internationalized rapidly in the late 1960s and 1980s by expanding across Europe and entering new markets like Japan and the US. It has since focused on growing in Asia through entries in China and India. Managing risks from currency fluctuations, regulations differences, and evolving customer preferences across markets has challenged Benetton's global strategy.
This document provides an overview of international marketing. It defines international marketing as the application of marketing principles across national boundaries. The document outlines the evolution, nature, and stages of internationalization of marketing. It discusses the benefits of international marketing for consumers, producers, and economies. Key differences between international and domestic marketing are presented, such as political factors, languages/cultures, financial climates, and familiarity. Controllable and uncontrollable elements of international marketing are introduced. Finally, the document defines trade barriers like tariffs and subsidies that governments impose on international trade.
The document discusses concepts related to developing export markets and internationalization for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It provides definitions for key terms, barriers and benefits to exporting and internationalization. The document also includes case studies of several SMEs that successfully expanded into international markets and developed export activities. It concludes with recommendations for SMEs to identify business needs, develop export strategies, and conduct market research when internationalizing.
Role of sme’s in economic growth of india, SME ,MSMEVIJAY KAMBOJ
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are an important part of India's economy. They contribute significantly to manufacturing output, exports, employment generation, and economic growth. The MSME sector employs over 110 million people and India has over 63 million SMEs. SMEs face challenges accessing credit, infrastructure, technology, and markets. The government supports SMEs through organizations that provide financing, training, raw materials and help SMEs access domestic and international markets to realize their growth potential.
The document discusses internationalization strategies for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It explores common drivers for SME internationalization including accessing new markets, resources, and technology. Key internationalization strategies discussed include exporting, turnkey projects, licensing, franchising, and wholly owned subsidiaries. The document also examines factors that influence internationalization approaches, such as entry timing, scope, and pace. Finally, it outlines some challenges SMEs face in internationalization like a lack of capital, information, and managerial time.
Certified
In house: 2740
Outsource: 2309
Non Certified
In house: 4788
Outsource: 5941
In house: 1250
Outsource: 1560
1:6
In house: 2340
Outsource: 2780
1:10
1. The study analyzed the impact of outsourcing on employment generation in the automobile
component manufacturing industry in India, focusing on tier-1 and tier-2 suppliers.
2. The study found that outsourcing increased employment opportunities as the number of tiers
involved in the supply chain increased. Employment grew as company turnover increased,
regardless of certification status
This document provides a literature review on the impact of mergers and acquisitions on human resource practices in the IT industry. It summarizes 20 research papers on mergers and acquisitions covering topics like post-merger performance, cultural impact, value effects, managing international M&As, mergers in the banking industry, reasons for merger failures, lessons from Australian studies, responsibility to employees, strategic HRM practices, the human side of M&As, leading through transition, and human resource planning. The literature review finds that most studies have focused on the US and banking industry, with little research on the IT industry in India from an HR perspective.
This document discusses outsourcing in government and public sector organizations. It provides statistics on outsourcing spending by various governments. For example, the US Department of Defense saw average savings of 30% by outsourcing activities. The UK government spent over £7 billion on outsourced IT services in one year. The document also outlines some of the key concerns with outsourcing for the public sector, such as data security issues when sensitive government data is handled by external vendors. Proper screening and security policies are recommended to mitigate risks to data privacy and intellectual property.
This document summarizes a research study on the linkages between universities and industry in Ethiopia. The study assessed the current status of partnerships by surveying staff from higher education institutions and industry in Dilla, Ethiopia. The study found that linkages existed in employment, academics/research, and business relationships. Both sectors benefited from these linkages. Higher education institutions benefited from producing industry-ready graduates, conducting applied research, and enhancing workforce skills. Industries benefited from increased productivity, innovations, and reduced training costs. The study recommends strengthening these partnerships through industry experts advising universities, research collaborations, internships, and government support of industry-university relationships.
Existence of and benefits from linkages between universityIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study on the linkages between universities and industry in Ethiopia. The study assessed the current status of partnerships by surveying staff from higher education institutions and industry in Dilla, Ethiopia. The study found that linkages existed in employment, academics/research, and business relationships. Both sectors benefited from these linkages. Higher education institutions benefited from producing industry-ready graduates, conducting applied research, and enhancing skills. Industries benefited from increased productivity, innovations, and reduced training costs. The study recommends strengthening these partnerships through industry experts advising universities, research collaborations, and government support like tax exemptions for industry contributions.
This document summarizes a research study on the linkages between universities and industry in Ethiopia. The study assessed the current status of partnerships by surveying staff from higher education institutions and industry in Dilla, Ethiopia. The study found that linkages existed in employment, academics/research, and business relationships. Both sectors benefited from these linkages. Higher education institutions benefited from producing industry-ready graduates, conducting applied research, and enhancing skills. Industries benefited from increased productivity, innovations, and reduced training costs. The study recommends strengthening these partnerships through industry experts advising universities, research collaborations, and government support like tax exemptions for industry contributions.
Existence of and benefits from linkages between universityiaemedu
This document summarizes a research study on the linkages between universities and industry in Ethiopia. The study assessed the current nature and level of linkages through surveys and interviews. It found that linkages existed in employment, academics/research, and business relationships. Both universities and industry reported benefits from these linkages. Universities benefited from producing industry-ready graduates, conducting applied research, and enhancing skills. Industries benefited from increased productivity, innovations, and reduced training costs. The study recommends strengthening these linkages through industry experts advising universities, research collaborations, and government support like tax exemptions for industry contributions.
This document summarizes a research study on the linkages between universities and industry in Ethiopia. The study assessed the current status of partnerships by surveying staff from higher education institutions and industry in Dilla, Ethiopia. The study found that linkages existed in employment, academics/research, and business relationships. Both sectors benefited from these linkages. Higher education institutions benefited from producing industry-ready graduates, conducting applied research, and enhancing workforce skills. Industries benefited from increased productivity, innovations, and reduced training costs. The study recommends strengthening these partnerships through industry experts advising universities, research collaborations, internships, and government support of industry-university relationships.
Influence of External Equity Financing on Growth of Craft Micro Enterprises i...paperpublications3
Abstract: Micro enterprises together with small and medium enterprises provide employment and income to many people in Kenya. The main objective of the study was to establish the influence of external equity financing on growth of craft micro enterprises in Kenya. The target population for the study constituted all the 2334 craft micro enterprises. The sample frame constituted all the soapstone micro enterprises operating within Tabaka Town and all the woodcarving micro enterprises registered by Wote Town Council. The study used a sample of 330 craft micro enterprises drawn using stratified sampling technique. Data were gathered data using a semi-structured questionnaire after testing it for reliability and validity, and then analyzed by use of descriptive and inferential type of statistics. The ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed that, external equity financing (p-value 0.000) has a significant influence on the growth of craft microenterprises. The study recommended that the government should sensitize and encourage the entrepreneurs on to use funds from friends and family members since these are cheap sources because they do not attract interests.
Keywords: Craft, External equity, Financing, Growth, Microenterprise, Tabaka.
Title: Influence of External Equity Financing on Growth of Craft Micro Enterprises in Kenya
Author: Steve Ondieki Nyanamba, Dr. Florence Sigara Memba, Dr. Willy Mwangi Muturi, Electrin Teresa Maswari
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
This document summarizes a research paper from the International Journal of Management that studied global outsourcing practices. The paper discusses how outsourcing has become an increasingly important strategic component for many companies to focus on core competencies. It provides background on the growth of outsourcing historically and its importance in various sectors. The objectives of the research paper were to study global outsourcing systems/processes and highlight modern developments like strategic outsourcing, business process outsourcing, and knowledge process outsourcing. Secondary data was collected from various publications.
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed factors influencing innovativeness among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Uzbekistan. The researchers conducted surveys of 150 SMEs and used logistic regression models to analyze the data. They identified several internal and external factors as independent variables that could influence innovation outputs as dependent variables. The statistical analysis found relationships between innovation outputs like new products/services and process innovations, and factors like research and development, marketing, CEO perspectives, employee engagement, networking, and government incentives. The study provides insights into promoting innovation among SMEs in emerging economies like Uzbekistan.
Internationalization and Sustainable Operations: A Broad Investigation of Chi...Scientific Review SR
We investigate if internationalization behaviors encourage sustainable operations of China’s manufacturing firms due to their substantial impact on climate change and special governance modes, and organize a heterogeneity test to clarify what kind of internationalization behaviors can robustly influence such operations. We find that firms with abundant assets and heavy-polluting feature are more committed to sustainable operations. Getting close to international sustainability standards, international auditing standards, and international business all improve sustainable operations. Heterogeneity test further shows that compared with international standards, the positive impact of international business on sustainable operation lacks a robustness, which responds to an argument that for one country, international business acts as a double-edged sword. Overall, this paper reveals internationalization as a key indicator significantly influencing economic, ecological, and social spheres in manufacturing sectors of emerging markets, and complying with well-accepted international standards can be significantly embodied in a more optimistic sustainable operations. However, how to deal with international business in a right manner is a research highlight worthy of ongoing discussion. We focus on different types of internationalization behaviors, and this indicator can theoretically inspire future study to dialectically evaluate the role of internationalization in addressing sustainability problems in emerging markets’ pillar industries.
This document provides an introduction and background to a master's thesis project that examines the motivational factors affecting adoption or non-adoption of e-commerce by small to medium enterprises (SMEs). The purpose is to determine what motivates rural SMEs' decisions to adopt or not adopt e-commerce. A secondary purpose is to evaluate how business and owner characteristics influence adoption. The researcher conducted a survey of SME chamber of commerce members and interviews with business owners to understand their motivations. The results could help organizations support greater SME involvement in e-commerce.
Human Resource Management Practices and Productivity- A Case of Selected Mult...inventionjournals
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are greatly expanding and growing beyond their geographical borders and into many countries of the world. This expansion of MNCs, the alarming upsurge in widely publicized and notable corporate issues in emerging markets have begun to draw both academic and managerial attention, they now look beyond traditional home market practices to the pressing concern of host markets practices and policies. The study examined the impact of human resource management practices and productivity of selected MNCs in Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted. The population of the study was 13,856 targeted staff of eight Manufacturing Multinational Corporation listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Stratified sampling technique was employed to select the respondents from each stratum (lower, middle and top level management). The sample of 400 was arrived at using Yamane’s formula. The sample size was expanded by 30% to make room for non-response rate. A validated questionnaire which was adopted and titled ―Human resources management practices and productivity of selected MNC’s operating in Nigeria‖ was used as the research instrument. The reliability test yielded the following Cronbach’s alpha co-efficients for the constructs: Human Resource Management (HRM) Practices = 0.72 and Productivity = 0.83. A total of 520 copies of the questionnaire were administered with a response rate of 92.3%. Simple regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. The findings revealed that human resource management practices had a significant relationship with productivity of the selected MNCs in Nigeria (r = .043, R2 = .162, p < 0.05). This study concluded that human resource management practices had a significant impact on productivity of selected Multinational Corporations in Nigeria. It therefore recommended that MNCsshould adopt an integrated approach toward formulation and implementation of human resource management practices in their firms.
The Effects of Industrial Environment, Innovation, and Government Policy on B...IOSR Journals
This research aims to provide information about the effects of industrial environment on business performance, industrial environment on business performance with innovation as moderating variable, innovation on business performance and innovation on business performance with government policy as moderating variable. The population of this research is all small industries especially Tenun Songket Riau in Pekanbaru City, Bengkalis Sub District, and Siak Sub District, as many as 330 business units. Sampling method used is proportional sampling with total sample of 110 business units. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used as data analysis and to be processed with AMOS 16 software. The findings of this study are as follows: (1) the more dynamic industrial environment results better business performance of small industry of Riau Songket Weaving; (2) the more dynamic industrial environment supports innovation capability and impacts better business performance of small industry of Riau Songket Weaving; (3) the higher innovation capability of the business results better business performance of small industry of Riau Songket Weaving, and (4) the higher innovation capability and to be supported by conducive government policy impacts better business performance of small industry of Riau Songket Weaving.
Human Resource Management Practices and Productivity- A Case of Selected Mult...inventionjournals
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are greatly expanding and growing beyond their geographical borders and into many countries of the world. This expansion of MNCs, the alarming upsurge in widely ublicized and notable corporate issues in emerging markets have begun to draw both academic and managerial attention, they now look beyond traditional home market practices to the pressing concern of host markets practices and policies. The study examined the impact of human resource management practices and productivity of selected MNCs in Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted. The population of the study was 13,856 targeted staff of eight Manufacturing Multinational Corporation listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Stratified sampling technique was employed to select the respondents from each stratum (lower, middle and top level management). The sample of 400 was arrived at using Yamane’s formula. The sample size was expanded by 30% to make room for non-response rate. A validated questionnaire which was adopted and titled ―Human resources management Practices and productivity of selected MNC’s operating in Nigeria‖ was used as the research instrument. The reliability test yielded the following Cronbach’s alpha co-efficients for the constructs: Human Resource Management (HRM) Practices = 0.72 and Productivity = 0.83. A total of 520 copies of the questionnaire were administered with a response rate of 92.3%. Simple regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. The findings revealed that human resource management practices had a significant relationship with productivity of the selected MNCs in Nigeria (r = .043, R2 = .162, p < 0.05). This study concluded that human resource management practices had a significant impact on productivity of selected Multinational Corporations in Nigeria. It therefore recommended that MNCs should adopt an integrated approach toward formulation and implementation of human resource management practices in their firms.
This document summarizes a study on the problems and prospects of village entrepreneurs in Madanapalle, India. It identifies different enterprises in the region in primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. The main problems faced by all enterprises are lack of resources, competition, low demand, climate changes, and low profits. Educational qualifications impact the type of enterprise started. The study concludes more government support is needed through financial assistance, training, and policies to help small businesses and encourage women entrepreneurs.
This document summarizes a study investigating the barriers to internationalization faced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Sri Lanka. The study identified 38 potential barriers through interviews and a literature review. A survey of 1,500 SMEs found that the majority (83.6%) had not experienced export growth. Factor analysis identified four main categories of barriers: informational, operational, marketing, and environmental. The study found significant differences in how owners of growing versus non-growing businesses perceived the impact of some barriers. Overall, the results show SME internationalization in developing countries faces many obstacles.
This document summarizes a study on the prospect of effective cost management between successful and unsuccessful small-scale units in Mysore District, India. The study aims to compare cost management effectiveness, importance of different cost elements, and scope for cost control and reduction between the two groups. Key findings include that successful units place significantly higher importance on managing material, labor, and overhead costs compared to unsuccessful units. Successful units also showed greater scope for cost control and reduction across all cost elements. The document provides analysis on differences between the two groups regarding weightage given to different cost components and their management.
Similar to Internationalization from sme perspective with reference to pump and motor manufacturing industry of coimbatore district (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
2. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management (IJARM), ISSN 0976 – 6324 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012)
results show that, initial export markets are closely associated with cultural and Geographical
factors. The initial mode of Operation tend to be Direct exporting. Important factors when
internationalizing seem to be the increased commitments and increased investments and also
the other variables such as management’s interest in international activities, previous
international experience etc.
Key words : Entrepreneurship, Internationalization, SMEs
I. Introduction
Internationalization is a phenomenon researched intensively over the last few decades from a
variety of viewpoints including organizational theory, marketing, strategic management,
international management and small business management. Issues such as international
decision making and management, the development of international activities and factors
favoring internationalization have been studied for both large as well as small businesses. The
focus of this study is on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and their strategic
internationalization and export behaviour. Given the nature of today’s market place, SMEs are
increasingly facing similar international problems as those of larger firms.
II. Background of the study
Coimbatore is a multi sectoral cluster having a large number of pumps & motors manufacturing
units and light engineering enterprises, in addition to the large number of foundries. Since local
pumps and motor industry is one of the main customers for local foundries, one would expect
stronger linkages across the supply chain resulting in increased vertical cooperation. The demand
in the domestic market is so huge that the industries have never really explored the possibility of
exports of this product due to which the Indian pumps & motors industry was not very conscious
about modernization and up gradation and was quite satisfied with its ‘casual’ approach.
Globalization, which has opened the doors of India to multinationals, coupled with growing
concerns of pollution control, water and waste –water treatment, and demand for energy –
efficient systems is changing the scenario of the Industry.
III. Profile of the Industry : The Pumps & Motor cluster
The motor & pumps cluster in Coimbatore accounts for around Rs 2000 crores i.e. 40% to 50%
of the value produced in the country. Out of the total export of 400 Crores from Coimbatore the
pumps & motors export is approximately Rs.30 crore. The pumps & motor units are spread
across the rural, urban parts of the district and scattered all over the city. The average investment
in plant & machinery of pumps & motors units is between. Rs.15- 25 lakhs/unit. Agriculture
sector consumes about 35% of the total power generated in running the electrically operated
pump sets. Most farmers use inefficient non ISI marked pump sets which consume more
electricity and deliver less output. There is a potential of about 25% to 35% improvement in
the efficiency of these pump sets by affecting minor/major rectification and shifting to ISI
marked pumps
IV. Objectives
1. The main objective of this study is to know the motives of Internationalization and the
role of firm’s management in International activities
2. To analyse the role of foreign sales and the mode of operations in foreign countries.
3. To find out the importance of the triggering factors to operate internationally by the
exporting firms
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V. Internationalization theories
The most traditional way of describing the process of Internationalization is by the U model or
the Uppsala Internationalization model ( Johanson&Vahlne 1977) The U model contains
different steps that describe the firm’s level of Internationalization. In the beginning the firm
has no regular exports and initiates its internationalization process by direct exporting to a
foreign country. The basic assumptions of the model is that one cycle of events constitutes the
input of the next. The stage model has been criticized in different respects for being too
deterministic not emphasizing on the social networks in the business. The ‘Network’ approach
of Internationalization is most often applied on vertical relationships, between sellers and
buyers. Social networks have been pointed out as extremely important for entrepreneurs.
According to Zahra and George (2002), the term “International Entrepreneurship” first appeared
in the article by Morrow in 1988. Morrow (1988) suggested that advancements in technology,
declining cultural barriers and increasing cultural awareness has opened once-remote foreign
markets to all kinds of companies; small firms, new ventures as well as established companies.
Soon after that, McDougall’s (1989) empirical study comparing domestic and international new
ventures paved the way for academic study in international entrepreneurship (McDougall
&Oviatt, 2005, p. 537).
International entrepreneurship theory argues that“ individual and firm entrepreneurial behaviour
is the basis of foreign market entry” (Mtigwe, 2006, p. 16). A modification of McDougall and
Oviatt’s (1994) definition of entrepreneurship is given by Stevenson and Jarillo (1990, p. 23), for
them entrepreneurship is “a courageous managerial value creation process through which an
individual engages innovative, proactive, calculated risk-taking behaviour designed to prosecute
foreign business opportunities”. According to IET theory, the key to internationalization
nowadays is the entrepreneur. He is the one that possesses the skills and enough information to
measure the opportunities in the market with ability to create and make stable relationships with
other firms, suppliers, customers, government and media
VI. Data Collection & Research
The research was carried out during Feb- June 2012. The target group was Pump and motor
manufacturing companies of Coimbatore District with less than 500 employees. The
companies were mostly within manufacturing engineering products like Pumps and Motors.
The sample was drawn from a national database and all the firms within the selected
business areas were chosen.A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from the
respondents. The questionnaire was answered by Export managers, Marketing Managers or
by the Owner founder of the Companies. The average number of Employees was 60 and the
average turnover was about Rs.4 to Rs.40 crores. The turnover gained from the foreign
business activities was in an average of 25% to 50 % which was answered by 58
respondents out of 143 sample size. i.e, 41% of the respondents belong to this category.
VII. Empirical Findings
There are many possible driving forces behind a firm’s internationalization pattern. These
factors are generally divided into two categories: proactive and reactive motivating factors. The
former group consists of management’s perceived benefits or opportunities. For instance,
increased revenues or profits may motivate the firm to enter the international arena. The
second group, i.e., the reactive motivators, refers to a set of motivators caused by the firm’s
response to environmental changes. For instance, overproduction, declining domestic sales,
excess capacity and saturated domestic markets may cause the firm to explore new global
markets.
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ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012)
7.1 Motives of Internationalization
There are two factors that influence SMEs internationalization: proactive and reactive. From
Table 1,127 companies( 88.8%) have opted international operations through proactive motives
and only 16 companies have opted the reactive motives for entry into international markets.
Table 1- Motives of Internationalization
S.No Motives of Internatioanlization Frequency Percent
1 Pro activeness 127 88.8
2 Re activeness 16 11.2
Total 143 100.0
Table 2 – Reactive Motives
S.No Reactive motives of internationalization Frequency Valid Percent
1 Over Production 2 12.5
2 Declining Domestic Sales 0 0
3 Excess capacity of production 10 62.5
4 Saturated domestic markets. 4 25.0
Total 16 100.0
From Table 2, it is observed that none of the company has quoted that decline in domestic sales
is the reactive motive for internationalization. But Pump and Motor manufacturing companies
are having good domestic market and the ethnocentricity or the strong home market makes
the selected Industry for their motive of Internationalization. 127 companies have
internationalized through the Entrepreneur’s pro activeness in entering international markets.
7.2 Reasons for Internationalization
The Proactive and Reactive motives shape the SMEs’ reasons to go international.
Table 3 -Reasons for Internationalization
S.No. Reasons for Internationalization Frequency Valid Percent
1 Increase in Profits 44 31
2 Lower demand in domestic markets 2 1.4
3 Owner’s interest in going to international markets 46 32.1
4 Market expansion 22 15.3
5 Product characteristics 12 8.4
6 Organizational Goals 17 11.8
Total 143 100
Table 3, suggests that most of the SMEs analysed, enter international markets because of
market opportunity , expansion and profit. 44 Companies have chosen ‘Increase in profits’, 46
opted ‘Owner’s interest’ in going to international markets and 22 have suggested ‘market
expansion’ are the main reasons for international activities.Product characteristics are also the
reason for exploring new markets since many companies manufacture their products with
International standards supported with R & D facility.Lower demand in domestic market was
not selected by respondents since the selected units are having a strong home market base.
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Table 4- Operation Mode in International outward activities
S.No Mode of Operations Frequency Percent
1 Direct export to end customer 79 55.2
2 Direct export & through Foreign agent 42 29.3
3 Domestic agent 2 1.4
4 Importer/ reseller( distributor) 2 1.4
5 Direct Export & through Sales Office 12 8.4
6 Joint Venture 2 1.4
7 Others 4 2.8
Total 143 100.0
The operation modes, given in Table 4, used initially for foreign sales were mostly direct
export to the end customer, secondly selling through an importer or a reseller and thirdly
through a foreign agent. From the above table it is clearly stated, that direct export to the end
customer is by far the most popular operation mode. Secondly we have foreign agent and
other modes are through importer or reseller, having a sales office and also two companies
are having joint venture with the foreign countries, other 4 companies are foreign
companies having their own subsidiaries in Coimbatore. Knowledge about foreign markets is
gained when using direct export to the end customer. When using importers or foreign agents
the knowledge about the end customer and the market is low. As it can be concluded, that
when companies started to export to the other countries Direct Export mode is the most
popular one.
7.3 The Initial Entry Into Foreign Markets
The most important in the beginning is the importing countries such as, Indian subcontinents
and Middle east. 70 firms are exporting to Indian subcontinents which include Malaysia,
Singapore, Australia, UAE, Burma, Srilanka, Taiwan, Turkey, Europe, Dubai, Japan, USA, UK,
Africa, East middle Africa, South Africa Caribbean and SAARC Countries. Much impact on
the company’s decision to start operating internationally was the management’s interest in
Internationalization, foreign enquiries about the products or services and the motive of profit
maximization and business diversification. Table 5, shows 40.6% have 26-50% of export sales
and only 22.4% have above 50% of share in foreign sales.
Table 5 -Share of Foreign Sales in the Market.
Share of Foreign sales Frequency Percent
1 Below 25 % 53 37.1
2 26-50% 58 40.6
3 above 50% 32 22.4
Total 143 100.0
Table 6 - Characterization of the company according to the Foreign Sales.
Characterization of the Company Frequency Percent
1 Occasional 30 21.0
2 quite regular 79 55.2
3 Highly regular and continuous 34 23.8
Total 143 100.0
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ARM),
ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2 July-December (2012)
olume 2,
In the above table 6, out of 143 companies 79 companies are the quite regular
companies, ite
exporters and 23.8% of the respondents are highly regular and continuous exporters.
Table 7 Speediness of Internationalization
7-
S.No Speediness of Internationalizations Frequency Percent
1 upto 5 years 26 18
2 6-15 years 70 49
3 above 15 years
ove 43 30
4 Foreign Companies 4 3
Total 143 100.0
Table 7, shows that, out of the 143 companies, 26 companies have taken hardly 5 years
f
to export their consignments to foreign countries which shows the speediness of
speed
Internationalization. 70 companies have taken 6 15 years for Internationalization
ion. 6-15
process which is considered as medium speediness. And 43 companies have taken
more than 15 years for their Internationalization process which is a very slow and
sluggish in Internationalizing. Four companies have included in the study which are
.
foreign companies previously internationalized and having their own subsidiaries in
India.
Table 8 - Average No. of export countries
S.No No. of Countries Companies Percent
1 1 0 0
2 2-
-4 13 9.1
3 5-
-9 75 52.4
4 above 10 55 38.5
Total 143 100.0
Fig. 1 – Number of Countries Exported by companies
2-4 5-9 above 10
9%
39%
52%
From the above table 8 and Fig. the total number of countries in which the companies
Fig.1,
conducted foreign sales can be seen around 52% are exporting to 5-9 countries and
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around 39% are exporting to more than 10 countries.
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Table 9 - Number of Buyers in the domestic Market and abroad
S. no No. of buyers count Home market Foreign market Total
1 1-4 109 - 34 143
2 6-10 69 - 74 143
3 11-15 93 26 24 143
4 16-20 120 10 13 143
5 21-25 137 6 - 143
6 26-30 109 26 8 143
7 >30 69 58 16 143
(Count is a column where the data is not entered for the particular factor)
As visualized in table 9, the companies most often had over 30 customers in the home market
is 58 and 16 firms are having more than 30 customers outside the country. Of the 143
companies 126 companies are having good domestic market. Hence the home market still
seems to be of great importance for the companies in general. 74 companies are having export
market of 6-10 countries and 16 companies are having good export market of selling products
to more than 30 countries.
7.4 Management’s Role Of International Experience
The role played by the Entrepreneur or Management is crucial in the rapidness of
internationalising. Several factors influence in taking decisions for entering foreign markets.
Table 10- Management’s Role in Internationalization Process
Factors No one One of company Many
Count % Count % Count %
has lived abroad 13 9.09 106 74.13 24 16.78
has studied abroad 64 44.76 69 48.25 10 6.99
has worked in another company in international assignments 120 83.92 19 13.29 4 2.80
has worked in a foreign company having lot of international
121 84.62 11 7.69 11 7.69
experience
travel abroad once or twice a year 19 13.29 49 34.27 75 52.45
managed a company in abroad for current company 128 89.51 9 6.29 6 4.20
firm has foreign directors 118 82.52 25 17.48
other experiences 21 14.69 4 2.80 118 82.52
From the above table10, it is observed that, 106 companies answered at least one of the
person had lived abroad and 69 answered one of them had studied in foreign country
and 75 answered that they travel abroad at least once or twice a year. Thus it shows that
the management does not have much international exposure enabling to operate in
foreign countries. On the other hand, one can assume that only one or a few need to
have international experience in a company before entering international business.
7.5 Major Variables in the Internationalisation Process:
The main idea behind this study, was to check out which variable from each
Internationalization theories still fit into the SME internationalization process. The
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8. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management (IJARM), ISSN 0976 – 6324 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012)
purpose was to understand which of the variable played the most influential role in the
process and in what degree of Importance, although some variables can be applicable
to more than one theory.
Table 11 - Major Variables in the Internationalisation Process
Mean Rank*
Variable ID Main variables in Internationalization process Mean SD
C2_1 Business network and relationship 4.59 0.663 6.84
C2_2 Entrepreneurial activity 4.41 0.763 5.78
C2_3 Resources of the company 4.32 0.623 5.17
C2_4 Skills of the employees to operate internationally 4.55 0.553 6.45
C2_5 Innovative behavior of firms 4.02 1.024 4.90
C2_6 Standardization, Centralizations & marketing 4.73 0.506 7.24
C2_7 Managers of the firm to have previous international experience 4.59 0.799 6.84
C2_8 Experience from early inward international activities 4.41 0.799 5.93
C2_9 Entrepreneur’s motivation 4.15 0.695 4.55
C2_10 Entrepreneur’s risk taking ability 4.27 0.605 4.95
C2_11 increased commitment will lead to increased investments. 4.73 0.605 7.37
(* Mean Rank extremely minor impact=4 and extremely major impact = 7)
From Table 11, it is deduced that, Increased commitments will lead to increased
investments and vice versa is the most important variable to consider as Uppsala
theory suggests. Next ranking is the standardization and centralization and marketing
as the important activities . Followed by, Business network and the Entrepreneur’s
previous international experience will make the SME successful the in
internationalization process.
Table 12 - Factors that affect the company’s Decision in Internationalisation
Variable Triggering Factors
Mean SD Mean Rank *
ID
E3_1 Internationalization of customers 4.38 0.794 8.53
E3_2 Internationalization of competitors 4.14 0.946 7.45
E3_3 Success of competitors in foreign markets 4.28 0.826 7.83
E3_4 Management’s interest in internationalization 4.58 0.782 9.76
E3_5 Management’s experience in internationalization 4.62 0.794 10.08
E3_6 Competitive foreign sub contractors 3.76 1.027 5.62
E3_7 Inadequate demand in the foreign market 3.66 1.100 5.59
E3_8 Increasing competition in domestic market 4.22 0.873 7.59
E3_9 Foreign enquiry about the company’s products / services 4.25 0.960 8.09
E3_10 Lack of sub contractors in the home market 3.61 1.205 5.76
E3_11 Market Entry Barriers 4.31 1.084 8.41
E3_12 The company never considered its home market is the only market. 3.99 1.219 7.29
E3_13 Export subsidies / subsidies for international operations from chamber of commerce/ 4.10 0.808 6.73
other support organization.
E3_14 Lack of experiential knowle.dge in export markets 4.73 0.731 10.60
E3_15 Lack of export commitment & the focus on Domestic Market. 4.76 0.660 10.68
(*Mean Rank extremely minor impact=5 and extremely major impact = 10)
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ISSN 0976 – 6332 (Online), Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012)
From the above table 12, it is well understood that, the factors No.15 & 14 are having
the major impact to operate internationally among the selected SME is Lack of
Export commitment and the focus is fully given on Domestic market. The next
triggering factor is the management’s experience in internationalization is also
noticeably important. The owner or the Entrepreneur should have some international
experience to operate internationally. Third is the management’s interest in
internationalization also makes the company operate internationally.
VIII. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
From the empirical findings we can conclude that the company or the management has to take
interest in internationalizing their SME. The study indicates that the initial export markets
chosen by the company are closely situated both culturally and geographically. Most of the
companies are exporting their products to Indian Subcontinents and well established companies
are exporting their products to other major countries. A direct Export mode is preferred by the
vast majority of the SMEs., because it is rather inexpensive operational mode that does not
require any substantial commitments. In addition, based on the study, the important factors in
internationalizing seem to be the management’s interest in international activities as well as
gaining knowledge about foreign markets as important factors. More studies are needed in
order to discover the nature and extent of connection between import and export activities. For
example, empirical information covering both qualitative and quantitative data from case
studies and in-depth interviews would shed more light on this complex relationship and its
underlying structure. Both in-depth and in –process research methods are needed to ponder into
the problems in internationalising.
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