International Transportation and Trade 4.24.pptx

Welcome to class. We will
begin shortly

Important Dates
▶ Assignment 4/11/2024
▶ Midterm 4/19/2024
▶ Final 4/26/2024
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

Bill of Lading
▶ A bill of lading (BOL) has two sides: the
face of the document contains information
on the relevant parties to the specific
shipment, essential cargo information,
routing details and other important
information and the reverse side contains
the terms and conditions of the contract of
carriage (either in long or short form). The
face of the bill of lading typically includes
crucial details about the shipment, such as
the names and addresses of the consignor
(sender), consignee (receiver), and carrier,
as well as a description of the cargo, its
quantity, and any special instructions for
handling. It also often includes information
about the route the cargo will take.
On the reverse side, you'll usually find the
terms and conditions of the contract of
carriage. These terms outline the rights,
responsibilities, and liabilities of the parties
involved in the transportation of the goods.
They cover aspects such as liability for loss
or damage, time limits for making claims,
the carrier's responsibilities for delivery,
and other important provisions related to
the transportation agreement. Depending
on the complexity of the contract, these
terms may be presented in either a long or

TEU
▶ A TEU represents a “twenty-foot
equivalent unit” one 20-ft container
is one TEU. A TEU, or "twenty-foot
equivalent unit," is a standard
measure used in the shipping
industry to represent the capacity
of container ships and terminals.
It's based on the size of a standard
shipping container, specifically a
20-foot container. So, when we say
one TEU, we're referring to the
capacity equivalent to one standard
20-foot container.
Shipping containers come in
various sizes, with the most
common being 20 feet and 40 feet
in length. A 40-foot container is
typically considered two TEUs
because it's double the size of a
20-foot container. This
standardization allows for easy
comparison of the capacity of
different vessels and terminals in

Dedicated Load
Center
▶ One emerging trend in the shipping
industry is the concentration of cargo at
dedicated load centers. These load
centers are strategically located ports or
terminals that serve as hubs for the
consolidation and distribution of cargo
along major container routes.
There are several reasons driving this
trend:
• Efficiency: Concentrating cargo at
dedicated load centers allows for more
efficient handling and transportation. By
consolidating cargo at specific hubs,
shipping lines can optimize their routes
and schedules, reducing transit times and
costs.
• Economies of Scale: Concentrating cargo
at load centers enables economies of
scale in terms of infrastructure
investment, equipment utilization, and
operational efficiency. Larger volumes of
cargo passing through these hubs can
lead to lower handling costs per unit.

Dedicated Load
Center
There are several reasons driving this
trend:
• Network Optimization: Load centers
facilitate the optimization of shipping
networks by enabling better connectivity
between different ports and regions.
This can lead to improved logistics
planning and enhanced supply chain
efficiency.
• Service Quality: Load centers often offer
advanced infrastructure, technology,
and services tailored to the needs of the
shipping industry. This can include
state-of-the-art container terminals,
efficient intermodal connections, and
value-added services such as
warehousing and distribution facilities.
Overall, the concentration of cargo at
dedicated load centers is a response to the
increasing demands for efficiency, cost-
effectiveness, and reliability in global trade,
driving changes in how cargo is managed

BIMCO
▶ BIMCO stands for the Baltic and
International Maritime Council. It's a global
organization based in Denmark and is one of
the largest international shipping
associations, representing shipowners,
operators, brokers, and other stakeholders in
the maritime industry.
BIMCO provides a wide range of services
and resources to its members and the
broader maritime community. These include:
• Standard Contracts and Clauses: BIMCO
develops and maintains a comprehensive
set of standard contracts and clauses for
various types of maritime transactions, such
as chartering, sale and purchase, and
marine insurance. These standard forms
help to facilitate transactions by providing a
widely accepted framework for negotiations
and agreements.
• Market Analysis and Reports: BIMCO
produces regular reports and analysis on
global shipping markets, including trends in
freight rates, vessel supply and demand
dynamics, regulatory developments, and
geopolitical factors affecting the industry.
These insights are valuable for decision-

BIMCO
• Educational Programs: BIMCO offers
educational programs, workshops,
and seminars aimed at enhancing the
skills and knowledge of professionals
working in the maritime sector. These
programs cover topics such as
maritime law, commercial shipping
operations, and regulatory
compliance.
• Advocacy and Representation:
BIMCO represents the interests of its
members in discussions with
governments, international
organizations, and other stakeholders
on issues affecting the maritime
industry. This advocacy work helps to
shape policies and regulations that
impact the business environment for
shipping companies worldwide.
Overall, BIMCO plays a vital role in
promoting and supporting the interests of
the global maritime community,
contributing to the efficiency, safety, and

Bulk Cargo
▶ Bulk cargo represents the largest
volume of maritime commerce
globally. Bulk cargo consists of
unpackaged goods shipped in
large quantities, typically stored
and transported without individual
packaging, containers, or pallets.
These goods are loaded directly
into the hold of a ship, without
intermediate packaging. Bulk
cargo refers to commodities that
are transported unpackaged in
large quantities
Bulk carriers, tanker ships, and
specialized vessels are used to
transport bulk cargo across the
world's oceans and waterways.
Due to the sheer volume of goods
involved, bulk cargo plays a
crucial role in global trade and is a
major driver of maritime
commerce.

Bulk Cargo
▶ Examples of bulk cargo include:
1. Dry Bulk: Dry bulk cargo consists of
commodities such as grains, coal, iron
ore, minerals, cement, and fertilizers.
These goods are typically transported in
large quantities and are not sensitive to
moisture.
2. ‘Liquid Bulk: Liquid bulk cargo, also
known as "wet" bulk, includes
commodities such as crude oil,
petroleum products, liquefied natural
gas (LNG), chemicals, and edible oils.
These liquids are transported in
specialized tankers designed to handle
liquid cargoes safely.
3. Break Bulk: Break bulk cargo includes
goods that are loaded individually or in
smaller groups, rather than in bulk form.
While not technically bulk cargo in the
traditional sense, break bulk cargo is
still significant in maritime commerce,
especially for goods that require special
handling or are not suitable for bulk

Trucking Regulation
▶ Provincial government plays a large role
in the regulating of the trucking industry.
In Canada, the trucking industry is
indeed regulated by both federal and
provincial authorities, each with its own
set of responsibilities:
1. Federal Regulation: The federal
government, through Transport Canada,
regulates aspects of the trucking
industry related to safety and
transportation of goods across
provincial and international borders.
This includes regulations pertaining to
vehicle standards, driver qualifications
and licensing, hours of service, and
transportation of dangerous goods.
2. Provincial Regulation: Provincial
governments also play a significant role
in regulating the trucking industry within
their respective jurisdictions. This
includes licensing and registration of
carriers and drivers, enforcement of
road safety regulations, and oversight of
intra-provincial transportation.

Trucking Regulation
▶ While there is coordination and
cooperation between federal and
provincial authorities, the division
of regulatory responsibilities
means that certain aspects of the
trucking industry are subject to
provincial regulations, leading to
variations in rules and
requirements across different
provinces.
This regulatory framework
ensures that the trucking industry
operates safely and efficiently
while also allowing for flexibility
to address regional needs and
concerns. While Canada's
approach to trucking regulation
may have its unique aspects,
similar arrangements exist in
other Western countries with
federal systems of government.

CBM: Cubic meter
▶ CBM stands for "cubic meter." It's a unit
of measurement used to quantify
volume in the metric system. One cubic
meter is equal to the volume of a cube
with sides measuring one meter each.
CBM is commonly used in various
industries, including shipping, logistics,
construction, and manufacturing, to
measure the volume of objects,
containers, cargo, or storage space.
In shipping and logistics, CBM is often
used to calculate the volume of goods
being transported, particularly in cases
where charges are based on volume
rather than weight. For example, when
shipping freight by sea, the volume of
cargo may be used to determine freight
rates, especially for less-than-container-
load (LCL) shipments.
Understanding and accurately
calculating CBM is essential for proper
planning, pricing, and utilization of
space in various contexts.

CFS
▶ CFS stands for "Container Freight
Station." It's a facility used in the shipping
and logistics industry for the
consolidation, deconsolidation, and
temporary storage of cargo in shipping
containers.
Here's what each part of the acronym
typically represents:
1. Container: Refers to the shipping
containers used to transport goods by
sea, land, or rail.
2. Freight: Indicates the cargo or goods
being transported within the containers.
3. Station: Denotes the facility or location
where various activities related to
containerized cargo take place.
Overall, Container Freight Stations play a
crucial role in the logistics chain, facilitating
the efficient movement of containerized cargo
between different modes of transportation and
ensuring smooth handling and distribution of
goods.

CFS
▶ A Container Freight Station performs
several functions, including:
1. Consolidation: Cargo from multiple
shippers may be consolidated at the CFS
before being loaded into containers for
transportation. This helps optimize
container space and reduce shipping costs.
2. Deconsolidation: Upon arrival at the
destination, containers are deconsolidated
at the CFS, and the individual shipments
are separated and prepared for onward
distribution.
3. Temporary Storage: The CFS provides
temporary storage for containers and cargo
awaiting further transportation or customs
clearance.
4. Cargo Handling: Activities such as loading,
unloading, sorting, and repacking of cargo
may occur at the CFS.
5. Documentation: The CFS may also handle
documentation processes related to cargo,
such as customs clearance and freight
forwarding paperwork.

Cargo, Fumigation and
Tackle Regulations
▶ "Cargo, Fumigation, and Tackle
Regulations" refer to regulations
governing the handling, treatment,
and equipment used in the shipping
industry, particularly related to cargo,
fumigation, and tackle (equipment
used for lifting and handling cargo).
These regulations are designed to
ensure the safety of personnel,
protect the environment, and maintain
the integrity of the cargo being
transported.
Overall, adherence to cargo,
fumigation, and tackle regulations is
essential for shipping companies,
freight forwarders, terminal operators,
and other stakeholders involved in
the transportation and handling of
goods. Compliance with these
regulations helps mitigate risks,
ensure regulatory compliance, and
maintain the integrity of the supply
chain.

Cargo, Fumigation and
Tackle Regulations
▶ Here's a brief overview of each component:
1. Cargo Regulations: Cargo regulations encompass
a wide range of rules and guidelines governing the
handling, stowage, securing, and transportation of
goods aboard ships, airplanes, trains, and trucks.
These regulations may cover aspects such as
weight limits, stacking arrangements, dangerous
goods handling, temperature control for perishable
goods, and proper documentation.
2. Fumigation Regulations: Fumigation regulations
pertain to the treatment of cargo with fumigants or
other chemicals to control pests, pathogens, or
contaminants. Fumigation is commonly used to
prevent the spread of pests and diseases in
agricultural products, wood packaging materials,
and other commodities susceptible to infestation.
Regulations dictate the types of fumigants allowed,
application methods, safety precautions,
documentation requirements, and disposal of
fumigated materials.
3. Tackle Regulations: Tackle regulations focus on
the equipment used for lifting, hoisting, and
handling cargo, including cranes, hoists, winches,
slings, and rigging gear. These regulations
establish standards for the design, construction,
inspection, maintenance, and operation of tackle
equipment to ensure safe and efficient cargo
handling operations. Compliance with tackle
regulations helps prevent accidents, injuries, and

COD
▶ "Cash on Delivery" (COD) is a payment
method used in commerce where the
buyer pays for goods or services at the
time of delivery rather than in advance.
COD is a popular payment method,
especially in regions where electronic
payment methods are less common or
where buyers prefer the convenience and
security of paying only upon receiving the
goods. It can be used for various types of
purchases, including e-commerce
transactions, door-to-door sales, and
deliveries of goods ordered over the
phone or through catalogs.
For sellers, offering COD as a payment
option can help increase sales by
providing flexibility and convenience to
customers who may not have access to
credit or debit cards or prefer not to use
them for online purchases. However,
COD transactions also carry some risks,
such as the possibility of non-payment or
fraud, so sellers should take appropriate
precautions to verify the identity and
reliability of buyers before accepting COD

COD
▶ Here's how it typically works:
1. Order Placement: The buyer selects
the COD option during the checkout
process when making a purchase.
2. Delivery: The seller ships the goods to
the buyer's address via a courier
service or postal service.
3. Payment at Delivery: When the
package arrives at the buyer's
address, the courier delivers the goods
and collects payment in cash from the
buyer. The buyer hands over the cash
amount corresponding to the total cost
of the order, including any applicable
taxes, shipping fees, or additional
charges.
4. Confirmation: Once the payment is
received, the courier provides a receipt
or invoice as proof of payment, and the
buyer receives the purchased
goods.for goods or services at the time

COGSA
▶ COGSA stands for the "Carriage
of Goods by Sea Act." It's a
United States federal statute
that governs the rights,
responsibilities, and liabilities of
carriers and shippers involved in
maritime transportation of
goods.
COGSA is an important legal
framework that governs the
rights and obligations of parties
involved in maritime
transportation of goods,
providing clarity and consistency
in the regulation of this aspect of
international trade. It's worth
noting that other countries have
similar laws and regulations
governing carriage of goods by
sea, although they may differ in

COGSA
▶ Here are some key aspects of COGSA:
1. Scope: COGSA applies to contracts for the
carriage of goods by sea to or from ports in the
United States, in ships registered under U.S. law
or operated by U.S. citizens or entities. It covers
both domestic and international maritime trade.
2. Carrier's Responsibilities: COGSA sets forth the
obligations and duties of carriers, including the
obligation to properly load, handle, stow, and
care for the cargo during transit. Carriers must
exercise due diligence to make the ship
seaworthy and properly equip it for the intended
voyage.
3. Limitation of Liability: COGSA limits the liability
of carriers for loss or damage to cargo unless
certain exceptions apply. The liability limitation is
based on a per-package or per-unit basis, with a
maximum limit per package or unit, unless the
shipper declares a higher value for the cargo and
pays a higher freight rate.
4. Notice of Loss or Damage: COGSA requires
shippers to provide notice of loss or damage to
the carrier within a specified time frame after
delivery of the cargo. Failure to provide timely
notice may limit the shipper's ability to recover
damages from the carrier.
5. Exceptions and Defenses: COGSA includes
various exceptions and defenses that carriers
can invoke to limit their liability for loss or
damage to cargo. These may include acts of
God, inherent vice or nature of the goods,

Containerized Cargo
▶ Containerized Cargo: The loading of
packaged goods, non-packaged
goods and machinery into standard-
size ocean containers.
Containerized cargo refers to goods
or commodities that are packed and
transported in standardized shipping
containers for shipment via various
modes of transportation, including
ships, trains, trucks, and
occasionally aircraft. These
containers come in standard sizes,
typically 20 feet or 40 feet in length,
although there are also other sizes
and specialized containers for
specific types of cargo. Overall,
containerization has revolutionized
the shipping industry and has
become the preferred method for
transporting goods globally due to
its efficiency, reliability, and
versatility. Containerized cargo
plays a vital role in facilitating
international trade and driving

Containerized Cargo
▶ Here are some key characteristics and
advantages of containerized cargo:
• Standardization: Containers are designed
to be uniform in size and shape, allowing
for efficient handling, stacking, and
transportation across different modes of
transport. This standardization simplifies
logistics and reduces the time and effort
required for loading and unloading cargo.
• Protection: Containers provide protection
for goods against weather, theft, damage,
and contamination during transit. They
are often sealed and secured to ensure
the integrity and security of the cargo
throughout the journey.
• Intermodal Transport: Containerized
cargo can be easily transferred between
ships, trains, and trucks without the need
for unpacking and repacking. This
seamless interchangeability, known as
intermodal transport, enables door-to-
door delivery and enhances the efficiency
of global supply chains.

Containerized Cargo
advantages of containerized cargo:
• Efficiency: Containerization increases the
efficiency of cargo handling and
transportation by minimizing the need for
manual labor and reducing the time spent
in ports and terminals. This efficiency
translates into cost savings for shippers
and faster transit times for goods.
• Versatility: Containerized cargo can
accommodate a wide range of goods,
including dry bulk commodities, liquids,
perishable goods, manufactured goods,
and oversized or heavy items. Specialized
containers, such as refrigerated containers
(reefers), tank containers, and flat racks,
are available to meet specific shipping
requirements.
• Tracking and Visibility: Containers
equipped with tracking and monitoring
technology allow shippers to track the
location, status, and condition of their
cargo in real time. This visibility enables
better inventory management, improved
customer service, and proactive risk
mitigation.

Combined transport
operation
▶ The acronym CTO does not stand
for Combined Transport
Operation. A Combined Transport
Operation, also known as
multimodal transport or intermodal
transport, involves the
transportation of goods using two
or more modes of transport under
a single contract. This approach
allows for the seamless
movement of cargo from its origin
to its destination, utilizing the
strengths of each mode of
transport to optimize efficiency,
reduce costs, and improve
reliability. Combined transport
operations play a crucial role in
modern supply chains, enabling
efficient, reliable, and sustainable
transportation of goods over long
distances and across different

Combined transport
operation
▶ Here's how a Combined Transport Operation
typically works:
1. Origin: The journey begins at the point of origin, where
the goods are loaded onto a transportation vehicle,
such as a truck or a train, for the initial leg of the
journey. This could be from a factory, warehouse, or
port.
2. First Leg: The goods are transported over the first leg
of the journey using one mode of transport, such as
road transport by truck or rail transport by train. This
initial transport leg may cover a certain distance or take
the goods to a hub or interchange point where they will
be transferred to another mode of transport.
3. Interchange: At the interchange point, the goods are
transferred from the initial mode of transport to another
mode, such as from truck to train or vice versa. This
interchange allows for a smooth transition between
different modes of transport without the need for
unpacking and repacking the cargo.
4. Second Leg: The goods continue their journey on the
second leg using the new mode of transport. This
could involve rail transport, maritime transport, or air
transport, depending on the distance and destination of
the shipment.
5. Destination: The goods are finally delivered to their
destination, where they are unloaded and received by
the consignee. This could be a warehouse, distribution

Combined transport
operation
▶ Combined Transport Operations offer
several advantages, including:
• Cost Efficiency: By utilizing multiple
modes of transport, combined
transport operations can often achieve
cost savings compared to using a
single mode of transport for the entire
journey.
• Reduced Transit Times: Utilizing the
strengths of different modes of
transport can help reduce transit times
and improve the overall speed of
delivery.
• Environmental Benefits: Combined
transport operations can help reduce
carbon emissions and environmental
impact by promoting the use of more
sustainable modes of transport, such
as rail or maritime transport, over long
distances.

Cargo Transport Units
▶ CTU stands for "Cargo Transport
Units." It refers to any type of
container, trailer, swap body, or any
similar unit that is used to
consolidate, store, and transport
cargo during its journey. CTUs play a
critical role in modern logistics and
transportation, facilitating the
movement of goods across different
modes of transport, such as ships,
trains, trucks, and airplanes.
CTUs are designed to protect cargo
from damage, theft, and
contamination during transit, while
also optimizing space utilization and
facilitating efficient handling and
transportation. Standardization of
CTUs, such as through the use of
standardized container sizes and
interfaces, helps ensure compatibility
and interoperability across different
modes of transport, enabling
seamless movement of goods
throughout the supply chain.

Cargo Transport Units
▶ Here are some common types of Cargo
Transport Units:
1. Containers: Standard shipping containers are
perhaps the most well-known type of CTU. They
come in various sizes, including 20-foot and 40-
foot lengths, and are used to transport a wide
range of goods by sea, rail, and road.
Specialized containers, such as refrigerated
containers (reefers) and tank containers, are
also used for specific types of cargo.
2. Trailers: Trailers are commonly used for road
transport and are typically attached to trucks for
hauling goods over land. They come in different
sizes and configurations, including flatbed
trailers, dry van trailers, and refrigerated trailers,
depending on the nature of the cargo being
transported.
3. Swap Bodies: Swap bodies are similar to
containers but are designed to be compatible
with both road and rail transport. They have
standardized dimensions that allow them to be
easily transferred between trucks and trains,
providing flexibility and efficiency in intermodal
transportation.
4. Pallets and Skids: Pallets and skids are used to
consolidate and transport smaller items or unit
loads of goods. They are often used in
conjunction with containers or trailers to facilitate

Container yard
▶ A container yard (CY), also known
as a container terminal or container
depot, is a facility specifically
designed for the storage, handling,
and transfer of shipping containers.
These yards are crucial components
of the global supply chain, serving
as key nodes where containers are
transferred between different modes
of transportation, such as ships,
trucks, and trains.
Container yards are strategically
located near ports, transportation
hubs, and industrial areas to
facilitate efficient cargo movement
and minimize transportation costs.
They play a vital role in the smooth
functioning of the global supply
chain, ensuring timely delivery of
goods to their destinations and
supporting international trade and
commerce.

Container yard
▶ Here are some key features and functions of
a container yard:
• Storage: Container yards provide storage
space for shipping containers awaiting
loading onto ships or other modes of
transport, as well as those awaiting pickup
by importers or further transportation to their
final destination. Containers are typically
stacked in rows or tiers within the yard,
organized based on factors such as size,
type, and destination.
• Intermodal Transfer: Container yards
facilitate the transfer of containers between
different modes of transportation. For
example, containers arriving by ship may be
offloaded onto trucks or railcars for onward
transportation to inland destinations.
Conversely, containers arriving by truck or
train may be transferred onto ships for
export.
• Equipment and Facilities: Container yards
are equipped with specialized handling
equipment, such as container cranes, reach
stackers, and forklifts, to facilitate the
movement and stacking of containers. They
may also have facilities for container
maintenance, repair, and inspection, as well

Container yard
▶ Here are some key features and
functions of a container yard:
• Security: Given the high value of
the cargo stored in containers,
security is a top priority at
container yards. They are typically
equipped with perimeter fencing,
access control systems,
surveillance cameras, and
security personnel to prevent
theft, vandalism, and
unauthorized access.
• Customs and Documentation:
Container yards often serve as
locations for customs inspections
and clearance procedures.
Importers and exporters may also
handle documentation and
administrative tasks related to
their shipments at the yard's

Delivered duty paid
▶ "Delivered Duty Paid" (DDP) is an
international trade term, also known as an
Incoterm, that specifies the responsibilities
and obligations of the seller and buyer in a
transaction involving the delivery of goods.
In a DDP arrangement, the seller assumes
the maximum responsibility for the
transportation of the goods, including all
costs, risks, and obligations associated with
delivering the goods to the named place of
destination specified by the buyer. This
includes not only the costs of transportation
to the destination but also any import
duties, taxes, and customs clearance fees
that may apply in the destination country.
Under a DDP arrangement, the seller
assumes a high level of responsibility and
control over the shipment, ensuring that the
goods are delivered to the buyer's premises
or designated location in the destination
country, fully cleared for import and ready
for use by the buyer. This term is often used
in transactions where the buyer prefers to
have minimal involvement in the logistics
and customs clearance process and is
willing to pay a higher price for the
convenience of receiving the goods at their

Delivered duty paid
▶ Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of a
DDP transaction:
1. Delivery to Destination: The seller is
responsible for delivering the goods to the
specified destination agreed upon with the
buyer. This could be the buyer's premises,
a designated warehouse, or another
agreed-upon location.
2. Transportation Costs: The seller bears all
costs associated with transporting the
goods to the destination, including freight
charges, insurance, and any other related
expenses.
3. Import Duties and Taxes: The seller is also
responsible for paying any import duties,
taxes, customs clearance fees, or other
charges levied by the authorities in the
destination country.
4. Risk Transfer: The seller bears the risk of
loss or damage to the goods until they are
delivered to the buyer at the designated
destination.
5. Customs Clearance: The seller is
responsible for arranging and completing all

FAK: Freight of All
Kinds
▶ "FAK" stands for "Freight of All
Kinds." It's a term used in the
shipping industry to refer to a type of
freight rate or pricing structure offered
by carriers.
In a Freight of All Kinds arrangement,
the carrier offers a single, uniform
rate for shipping various types of
cargo, regardless of their specific
characteristics or classification. This
means that regardless of the size,
weight, or commodity being shipped,
the freight rate remains the same for
all types of cargo covered under the
FAK agreement.
The FAK pricing structure provides
simplicity and flexibility for shippers,
as they don't have to negotiate
separate rates for different types of
cargo. It also allows carriers to offer
competitive rates and attract a

FAK: Freight of All
Kinds
▶ While FAK rates offer
convenience and simplicity, they
may not always be the most
cost-effective option for certain
types of cargo, especially if the
cargo requires specialized
handling or incurs higher
transportation costs. In such
cases, shippers may opt for
negotiated rates or specialized
pricing arrangements tailored to
their specific needs.
Overall, FAK rates are a
common pricing option in the
shipping industry, providing a
standardized and
straightforward approach to
freight pricing for a wide range
of cargo types.

FCL: Full-container-
load
▶ FCL" stands for "Full Container Load." It's
a term used in the shipping industry to
describe a mode of shipment where an
entire shipping container is dedicated to a
single shipper's cargo.
In an FCL arrangement, the shipper (also
known as the consignor or exporter) fills
the entire container with their goods, and
the container is sealed and transported
intact to its destination. The contents of
the container may belong to a single
consignee (recipient) or may be destined
for multiple consignees at the same
destination.
FCL shipments are commonly used for
transporting large quantities of goods,
high-value cargo, or goods that require
exclusive use of a container due to
factors such as security, confidentiality, or
specialized handling requirements. They
are particularly well-suited for shipments
of manufactured goods, raw materials,
machinery, and other bulk commodities.

FCL: Full-container-
load
▶ Here are some key characteristics of FCL
shipments:
1. Exclusive Use: The shipper has exclusive
use of the entire container for their cargo,
which is not shared with other shippers.
This ensures that the cargo remains
segregated and intact during transit.
2. Container Sizes: FCL shipments can
utilize standard container sizes, such as
20-foot (TEU), 40-foot (FEU), or 45-foot
containers, depending on the volume and
nature of the cargo being shipped.
3. Pricing: Freight rates for FCL shipments
are typically based on a flat rate per
container, regardless of the quantity or
weight of the cargo being transported.
This provides simplicity and predictability
in pricing for shippers.
4. Efficiency: FCL shipments offer efficiency
in handling and transportation, as there is
no need for consolidation or
deconsolidation of cargo at intermediate
points. This helps streamline logistics
operations and reduce transit times.

Freight Forwarders
▶ Freight forwarders play a crucial
role in the logistics and
transportation industry, acting as
intermediaries between shippers
(exporters or importers) and
carriers (shipping lines, airlines,
trucking companies, etc.). Their
primary responsibilities include
ensuring the safe, efficient, and
timely movement of goods from the
point of origin to the final
destination.
Overall, freight forwarders play a
critical role in facilitating
international trade and commerce
by managing the complexities of
logistics and transportation,
ensuring the seamless movement
of goods across borders and
continents. Their expertise,
efficiency, and dedication
contribute to the success of

Freight Forwarders
▶ Here's how freight forwarders fulfill their
responsibilities:
• Safe Transportation: Freight forwarders are
responsible for ensuring that goods are
transported safely and securely, adhering to
all applicable regulations and industry
standards. They coordinate with carriers to
arrange suitable transportation modes,
routes, and packaging methods to protect
the cargo from damage or loss during transit.
• Efficient Logistics: Freight forwarders
optimize the logistics process by selecting
the most cost-effective and efficient
transportation options for each shipment.
They leverage their expertise, industry
knowledge, and network of carrier partners
to minimize transit times, reduce
transportation costs, and maximize supply
chain efficiency.
• Timely Delivery: Freight forwarders work to
ensure that goods are delivered to their
destination on time, meeting the customer's
delivery requirements and deadlines. They
monitor the progress of shipments, track
transit times, and proactively address any
delays or disruptions that may arise during
transit.

Freight Forwarders
▶ Here's how freight forwarders fulfill their
responsibilities:
• Documentation Preparation: Freight
forwarders handle the preparation and
processing of all necessary transport
documents, including bills of lading,
commercial invoices, packing lists,
customs declarations, and export/import
permits. They ensure that all
documentation is accurate, complete,
and compliant with regulatory
requirements to facilitate smooth
customs clearance and transit of goods.
• Customer Service: Freight forwarders
provide personalized customer service
and support throughout the
transportation process, addressing any
questions, concerns, or special
requirements that customers may have.
They serve as a single point of contact
for all logistics-related matters,
coordinating communication between
shippers, carriers, and other
stakeholders involved in the supply
chain.

IMDG Code
▶ The IMDG Code, short for the International
Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, is an
international guideline for the safe
transportation or shipment of dangerous
goods or hazardous materials by sea. It's
published by the International Maritime
Organization (IMO), a specialized agency of
the United Nations responsible for the safety
and security of shipping and the prevention of
marine pollution.
The IMDG Code provides comprehensive
information on the classification, packaging,
labeling, marking, and handling of dangerous
goods for maritime transport. Its primary
objectives are to ensure the safety of
personnel involved in the transportation
process, protect the marine environment, and
prevent accidents, incidents, or emergencies
during the carriage of dangerous goods by
sea.
Compliance with the IMDG Code is mandatory
for all shipments of dangerous goods by sea,
and it's enforced through national regulations
and international conventions such as the
International Convention for the Safety of Life
at Sea (SOLAS). Adherence to the IMDG
Code helps ensure the safe and secure
transport of dangerous goods, protecting lives,
property, and the environment from the risks

IMDG Code
▶ Key aspects of the IMDG Code
include:
• Classification: The IMDG Code
classifies dangerous goods into
different classes and divisions
based on their inherent hazards,
such as flammable liquids,
corrosive substances, toxic
materials, explosives, and
radioactive substances. Each
class and division is assigned
specific packaging and handling
requirements.
• Packaging and Marking: The
IMDG Code provides guidelines
for the proper packaging, marking,
labeling, and placarding of
dangerous goods containers or
packages to ensure their safe
handling, identification, and
segregation during transport.

IMDG Code
▶ Key aspects of the IMDG Code
include:
• Documentation: The IMDG Code
outlines the documentation
requirements for the shipment of
dangerous goods by sea, including
the preparation of dangerous goods
declarations, shipping papers, and
emergency response information.
• Stowage and Segregation: The IMDG
Code specifies stowage and
segregation requirements to prevent
the interaction of incompatible
dangerous goods and minimize the
risk of accidents or incidents during
transport.
• Training and Certification: The IMDG
Code recommends training programs
for personnel involved in the
transportation, handling, or storage of
dangerous goods by sea, including
ship crew members, terminal

IMO
▶ The International Maritime
Organization (IMO) is a
specialized agency of the
United Nations responsible
for regulating shipping and
maritime affairs on a global
scale. Overall, the IMO plays
a vital role in promoting the
safety, security, and
sustainability of international
shipping, facilitating global
trade and commerce, and
protecting the marine
environment and maritime
resources for future
generations.

IMO
▶ Here's an overview of the IMO's role and
responsibilities:
• Safety and Security: The IMO sets
international standards and regulations
aimed at ensuring the safety and security of
shipping operations, vessels, and seafarers.
This includes regulations related to ship
design, construction, equipment, navigation,
and crew training to prevent accidents,
collisions, and maritime incidents.
• Environmental Protection: The IMO develops
and implements measures to minimize the
environmental impact of shipping activities,
including regulations to reduce air emissions,
control pollution from ships, and protect
marine ecosystems. Key initiatives include
the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL) and the Ballast Water
Management Convention.
• Legal Framework: The IMO establishes
international conventions, treaties, and
agreements to govern various aspects of
maritime law and regulation, such as
maritime safety, security, pollution
prevention, and liability and compensation
for maritime accidents.

IMO
▶ Here's an overview of the IMO's role
and responsibilities:
• Technical Cooperation: The IMO
provides technical assistance, capacity-
building programs, and training
initiatives to member states and
developing countries to help them
improve their maritime infrastructure,
regulatory frameworks, and institutional
capacities.
• Global Maritime Governance: The IMO
serves as a forum for member states
and stakeholders to discuss and
address emerging issues and
challenges in the maritime industry,
including piracy, cyber security,
maritime terrorism, and illegal,
unreported, and unregulated (IUU)
fishing.
• Research and Development: The IMO
conducts research and promotes
innovation in maritime technology,
practices, and policies to enhance the

Customary Freight and
Related Charge
▶ Demurrage and detention charges are
additional fees incurred by shippers or
consignees when they exceed the allotted
free time for the use of shipping containers.
1. Demurrage: Demurrage refers to charges
levied by the shipping line or terminal
operator when containers are held at the
port or terminal beyond the allotted free time
for loading or unloading. This can occur if the
consignee delays retrieving the container
from the port or if the shipper delays
returning the container to the port after
unloading. Demurrage charges are intended
to incentivize timely container turnover and
ensure efficient use of terminal resources.
2. Detention: Detention charges, on the other
hand, are incurred when containers are
retained by the shipper or consignee outside
the port or terminal beyond the allowed free
time for use of the container. This typically
occurs when the container is used for
storage or as temporary equipment at the
consignee's premises for loading or
unloading purposes. Detention charges are
intended to encourage prompt return of
containers to the shipping line for reuse.

Customary Freight and
Related Charge
▶ Both demurrage and detention
charges are typically outlined in the
terms and conditions of the shipping
contract or bill of lading. The specific
free time allowance and associated
charges vary depending on factors
such as the shipping line, terminal
operator, port regulations, and the
nature of the cargo being transported.
It's essential for shippers and
consignees to be aware of and
adhere to the free time allowances to
avoid incurring demurrage and
detention charges, as these fees can
add significant costs to the overall
shipping process. Effective planning,
coordination, and communication
between all parties involved in the
transportation process can help
minimize the risk of exceeding free
time and mitigate the impact of
demurrage and detention charges.

Canada Provincial
Government
▶ In Canada, the provincial and
territorial governments are
responsible for the regulation and
management of highways within
their respective jurisdictions. This
includes ownership, maintenance,
and enforcement of regulations
governing the use of these
publicly owned roads.
Overall, the regulation of trucks
traveling on highways in Canada
is a complex and multifaceted
process involving collaboration
between federal, provincial, and
territorial authorities, as well as
industry stakeholders, to ensure
the safe and efficient movement
of goods and passengers across
the country.

Canada Provincial
Government
▶ In Canada, the provincial and territorial
governments are responsible for the
regulation and management of highways
within their respective jurisdictions. This
includes ownership, maintenance, and
enforcement of regulations governing the use
of these publicly owned roads.
Here are some key points regarding the
regulation of trucks traveling on highways in
Canada:
• Provincial Responsibility: Each province and
territory in Canada has its own set of
regulations governing the operation of
commercial vehicles, including trucks, on
highways within their jurisdiction. These
regulations cover various aspects such as
vehicle size and weight limits, driver licensing
and qualifications, vehicle inspections, hours
of service, and safety standards.
• Licensing and Permits: Trucking companies
and drivers operating commercial vehicles are
required to comply with provincial regulations
related to licensing, registration, and permits.
This includes obtaining permits for oversize or
overweight loads and adhering to specific
requirements when traveling on designated

Canada Provincial
Government
• Enforcement: Provincial governments enforce
regulations governing commercial vehicles
through agencies such as provincial
transportation departments, law enforcement
agencies, and regulatory bodies. Inspections,
roadside checks, and enforcement activities
are conducted to ensure compliance with
safety and regulatory standards.
• Harmonization and Coordination: While each
province and territory has its own
regulations, efforts are made to harmonize
and coordinate regulations and standards
across jurisdictions to facilitate interstate and
interprovincial trucking operations. This
includes initiatives such as the National
Safety Code for Motor Carriers, which
provides a framework for uniform safety
standards and practices across Canada.
• Interprovincial and International Trade:
Trucking plays a crucial role in facilitating
interprovincial and international trade within
Canada and between Canada and other
countries, particularly the United States.
Regulations governing trucking operations
take into account the needs of the
transportation industry while ensuring the

ISPS
▶ ISPS stands for the International Ship and
Port Facility Security Code. It is a set of
regulations developed by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO) in response to
the increased security threats to ships and
port facilities following the 9/11 terrorist
attacks in the United States.
The ISPS Code aims to enhance the security
of ships and port facilities by establishing a
standardized framework of measures and
procedures to prevent security incidents,
detect security threats, and respond
effectively to security emergencies. Its
primary objectives are to protect ships and
port facilities from security threats such as
terrorism, piracy, smuggling, and sabotage,
and to safeguard the lives of passengers,
crew members, and port personnel.
The ISPS Code is a critical component of
international efforts to enhance maritime
security and protect the global maritime
transportation system from security threats.
It is implemented and enforced by national
governments, port authorities, and shipping
companies worldwide, with the ultimate goal
of ensuring the safety and security of
maritime trade and transportation.

ISPS
▶ Key features of the ISPS Code
include:
• Risk Assessment: Ship and port
facility operators are required to
conduct risk assessments to
identify potential security threats
and vulnerabilities and develop
security plans and measures to
mitigate these risks.
• Security Measures: The ISPS
Code sets out specific security
measures and requirements for
ships and port facilities,
including access control,
perimeter security, security
patrols, surveillance systems,
security training for personnel,
and procedures for handling
security incidents.

ISPS
▶ Key features of the ISPS Code include:
• Ship Security Plans: Ship operators are
required to develop Ship Security Plans
(SSPs) tailored to the specific characteristics
and operations of their vessels. SSPs outline
the security measures, procedures, and
responsibilities for ensuring the security of
the ship and its cargo, passengers, and
crew.
• Port Facility Security Plans: Port facility
operators are required to develop Port
Facility Security Plans (PFSPs) to address
security risks and vulnerabilities at their
facilities. PFSPs outline the security
measures, procedures, and responsibilities
for ensuring the security of the port facility
and its users.
• Security Certification: Ships and port
facilities subject to the ISPS Code undergo
security assessments and audits conducted
by designated security authorities to verify
compliance with the code's requirements.
Upon successful completion of the
assessment process, ships and port facilities
are issued International Ship Security
Certificates (ISSCs) and Port Facility
Security Certificates (PFSCs), respectively.

LASH
▶ "LASH" stands for "Lighter
Aboard Ship." It's a
specialized cargo handling
system used in maritime
transportation for the
carriage of cargo barges or
lighters aboard specially
designed ships known as
LASH vessels.
The LASH system provides a
specialized solution for the
transportation of certain
types of cargo, offering
efficiency, flexibility, and
protection throughout the
shipping process.

LASH
▶ Here's how the LASH system typically works:
1. Cargo Handling: Cargo is loaded onto barges or
lighters at a port or terminal using conventional
methods such as cranes or forklifts. These
barges are typically designed to carry specific
types of cargo, such as containers, bulk
commodities, or oversized cargo.
2. Barge Transport: Once loaded, the cargo barges
are towed or pushed by tugboats to a LASH
vessel waiting offshore or at an anchorage near
the port. The barges are secured alongside the
LASH vessel, either by mooring lines or by
special mechanisms designed for the purpose.
3. LASH Vessel Loading: The LASH vessel is
equipped with a series of cranes and handling
equipment specifically designed to lift and stow
the cargo barges onboard. The cranes lift the
barges from the water and carefully position
them in designated slots or compartments on the
deck of the LASH vessel.
4. Transportation: Once the cargo barges are
securely stowed onboard the LASH vessel, the
vessel proceeds to its destination port. The
cargo remains on the barges throughout the
voyage, ensuring that it is protected from the
elements and segregated from other cargo on
the vessel.
5. Discharge: Upon arrival at the destination port,
the LASH vessel docks or anchors offshore, and
the cargo barges are lifted off the vessel using
the onboard cranes and transferred to waiting

LASH
▶ The LASH system offers several
advantages for the transportation
of certain types of cargo,
including:
• Efficiency: LASH vessels can
transport a large volume of cargo
barges in a single voyage,
maximizing efficiency and
reducing transportation costs.
• Flexibility: The modular nature of
the LASH system allows for the
transport of a wide range of cargo
types and sizes, including
oversized or awkwardly shaped
cargo that may be difficult to
handle using conventional
methods.
• Protection: Cargo transported on
barges remains protected from
the elements and potential
damage during transit, as it is
securely stowed onboard the

LCL
▶ LCL" stands for "Less than
Container Load." It refers to a
mode of shipping where a
shipment does not fill an entire
shipping container. Instead, the
cargo from multiple shippers is
consolidated into a single
container for transportation.
However, there are some
potential drawbacks to LCL
shipping, including longer transit
times due to the additional
handling and consolidation
processes, as well as a higher risk
of damage or loss compared to
full container loads.
Overall, LCL shipping is a popular
and widely used mode of
transportation for small and
medium-sized shipments, offering
cost-effective and flexible

LCL
▶ Here's how LCL shipping typically works:
1. Cargo Consolidation: Multiple shippers
who do not have enough cargo to fill a full
container individually arrange to have
their goods consolidated into a single
container at a freight forwarder's
warehouse or a container freight station.
2. Container Loading: Once the container is
filled with cargo from multiple shippers, it
is sealed and transported to the port for
loading onto a vessel. The container may
undergo additional security checks or
customs inspections before being loaded
onto the ship.
3. Transportation: The container is shipped
to its destination port, where it is
unloaded from the vessel and transferred
to a container terminal or freight facility for
customs clearance and deconsolidation.
4. Deconsolidation: At the destination, the
container is opened, and the individual
shipments are sorted and separated for
delivery to their respective consignees.
This may involve breaking down pallets,
sorting packages, and arranging for
onward transportation to the final
destination.

LCL
▶ LCL shipping offers several
advantages for shippers with
smaller or irregular shipment
sizes:
• Cost Savings: Shippers only pay
for the space they use within the
container, making LCL shipping
cost-effective for smaller
shipments compared to booking
an entire container.
• Flexibility: LCL shipping allows
shippers to send smaller
quantities of goods without the
need to wait until they have
enough cargo to fill a full
container. This flexibility is
beneficial for businesses with
fluctuating shipment volumes.
• Global Reach: LCL services are
available on most major trade
routes worldwide, providing
access to international markets for

MARPOL
▶ MARPOL stands for the
International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from
Ships. It is one of the most
important international treaties
aimed at preventing marine
pollution caused by ships.
Overall, MARPOL plays a
crucial role in protecting the
marine environment and
promoting sustainable shipping
practices by establishing
international standards and
regulations for the prevention of
pollution from ships. It reflects
the commitment of the
international community to
safeguarding the oceans and
preserving marine ecosystems
for present and future

MARPOL
▶ Here are key aspects of the MARPOL
Convention:
• History and Adoption: MARPOL was
adopted on November 2, 1973, and
entered into force on October 2, 1983.
It was developed by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO), a
specialized agency of the United
Nations, in response to growing
concerns about pollution from ships,
including oil spills, harmful substances,
and waste disposal at sea.
• Objectives: The primary objectives of
MARPOL are to minimize pollution of
the marine environment from ships
and prevent accidents and incidents
that could lead to pollution. The
convention establishes international
standards and regulations for the
prevention, control, and reduction of
marine pollution from ships, including
oil pollution, chemical pollution,
sewage, garbage, and air emissions.

MARPOL
▶ Here are key aspects of the MARPOL
Convention:
• Annexes: MARPOL consists of six annexes,
each addressing specific types of pollution
and establishing requirements for
shipowners, operators, and crew members
to comply with. The annexes cover the
following areas:
o Annex I: Prevention of Pollution by Oil
o Annex II: Control of Pollution by Noxious
Liquid Substances in Bulk
o Annex III: Prevention of Pollution by Harmful
Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged
Form
o Annex IV: Prevention of Pollution by Sewage
from Ships
o Annex V: Prevention of Pollution by Garbage
from Ships
o Annex VI: Prevention of Air Pollution from
Ships
• Regulatory Framework: MARPOL sets out
mandatory regulations and requirements for
the construction, equipment, operation, and
maintenance of ships to prevent pollution. It
establishes standards for the discharge of
pollutants into the marine environment, the
design and construction of ships, the

MARPOL
▶ Here are key aspects of the
MARPOL Convention:
• Compliance and Enforcement:
MARPOL is enforced through
national legislation and regulations
adopted by maritime administrations
in member states. Ships are
required to carry international
certificates demonstrating
compliance with MARPOL
requirements, and port state control
authorities conduct inspections and
audits to verify compliance and
enforce regulations.
• Amendments and Updates:
MARPOL is periodically amended
and updated to address emerging
issues, technological
advancements, and changes in
international regulations.
Amendments to MARPOL require
ratification by a certain number of

MLA: Marine Liability
Act
▶ The Marine Liability Act (MLA) is a
Canadian federal law that governs
liability and compensation related
to maritime matters. It establishes
a legal framework for addressing
various types of liability and
compensation issues arising from
incidents involving ships and
marine activities in Canadian
waters.
Overall, the Marine Liability Act
plays a crucial role in ensuring
that victims of maritime incidents
in Canadian waters have access
to fair and adequate
compensation for their losses and
damages. It helps promote
maritime safety, environmental
protection, and the sustainable
development of Canada's marine

Act
▶ Here are key aspects of the Marine Liability
Act:
• Scope: The MLA covers a wide range of
maritime matters, including ship-source
pollution, personal injury or death of
passengers or crew members, collision
liability, cargo damage or loss, wreck
removal, and salvage operations.
• International Conventions: The MLA
implements several international maritime
conventions into Canadian law, including
the International Convention on Civil
Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC),
the International Convention on the
Establishment of an International Fund for
Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage
(Fund Convention), and the Athens
Convention relating to the Carriage of
Passengers and their Luggage by Sea.
• Liability Regimes: The MLA establishes
liability regimes and limits of liability for
various types of maritime incidents. For
example, it sets limits of liability for oil
pollution damage caused by ships and
creates a compensation fund to provide
additional compensation to victims of oil

Act
▶ Here are key aspects of the Marine Liability
Act:
• Compensation Funds: The MLA
establishes compensation funds to provide
financial assistance to victims of maritime
incidents who may not be adequately
compensated through traditional liability
channels. These funds include the Ship-
source Oil Pollution Fund (SOPF) and the
Marine Liability Supplemental Fund
(MLSF).
• Enforcement and Administration: The MLA
is enforced and administered by various
federal government agencies, including
Transport Canada, the Canadian Coast
Guard, and the Marine Liability Claims
Office. These agencies are responsible for
implementing the provisions of the MLA,
conducting investigations into maritime
incidents, and facilitating the compensation
process for victims.
• Amendments and Updates: The MLA is
periodically amended and updated to
reflect changes in international maritime
law, address emerging issues, and
enhance Canada's maritime liability and

MTO: Multimodal
Transport Operator
▶ MTO stand for Multimodal Transport
Operator NOT Multimodal Transport
Operation. A Multimodal Transport
Operator (MTO) is a company or
organization that provides integrated
transportation services utilizing
multiple modes of transport, such as
sea, air, road, and rail. MTOs offer
comprehensive logistics solutions to
clients, managing the movement of
goods from origin to destination
through various stages of
transportation.
By offering integrated transportation
solutions that combine the strengths
of different modes of transport,
Multimodal Transport Operators play
a crucial role in facilitating global
trade and commerce, supporting
supply chain efficiency, and
ensuring the timely delivery of goods
to their destinations.

MTO: Multimodal
Transport Operator
▶ Here are some key characteristics
and responsibilities of Multimodal
Transport Operators:
• Intermodal Expertise: MTOs
specialize in coordinating and
managing the seamless transfer of
goods between different modes of
transport, ensuring efficient and
timely delivery from the point of
origin to the final destination.
• Single Point of Contact: MTOs serve
as a single point of contact for
clients, handling all aspects of the
transportation process, including
booking cargo space, arranging
pickup and delivery, managing
documentation, and tracking
shipments.
• Customized Solutions: MTOs tailor
their services to meet the specific
needs and requirements of their

MTO: Multimodal
Transport Operator
responsibilities of Multimodal Transport
Operators:
• Cargo Consolidation: MTOs often
consolidate multiple shipments from different
clients into larger containers or shipments to
achieve economies of scale and reduce
transportation costs.
• Documentation and Compliance: MTOs are
responsible for ensuring that all necessary
documentation, including bills of lading,
customs declarations, and export/import
permits, are accurately prepared and
processed in compliance with regulatory
requirements.
• Risk Management: MTOs manage various
risks associated with multimodal
transportation, including cargo damage or
loss, delays, customs issues, and regulatory
compliance. They may offer cargo insurance
and risk mitigation services to protect their
clients' interests.
• Technology Integration: Many MTOs utilize
advanced technologies, such as
transportation management systems (TMS),
track-and-trace systems, and electronic data
interchange (EDI), to streamline operations,

NVOCC
▶ NVOCC stands for "Non-Vessel
Operating Common Carrier." An
NVOCC is a type of freight
forwarder that provides ocean
transportation services but does
not own or operate its own
vessels. Instead, an NVOCC
acts as an intermediary between
shippers and ocean carriers,
arranging for the transportation
of goods in ocean containers.
Overall, NVOCCs play a vital
role in the global logistics
industry by providing efficient
and cost-effective ocean
transportation services to
shippers of all sizes, facilitating
international trade and
commerce, and ensuring the
smooth movement of goods
between countries and

NVOCC
▶ NVOCC stands for "Non-Vessel Operating
Common Carrier." An NVOCC is a type of
freight forwarder that provides ocean
transportation services but does not own or
operate its own vessels. Instead, an NVOCC
acts as an intermediary between shippers
and ocean carriers, arranging for the
transportation of goods in ocean containers.
Here are some key characteristics and
responsibilities of NVOCCs:
• Issuing Bills of Lading: NVOCCs issue their
own bills of lading to shippers for the goods
they transport. These bills of lading serve as
contracts of carriage and evidence of receipt
of the goods for shipment.
• Consolidation and Deconsolidation: NVOCCs
often consolidate smaller shipments from
multiple shippers into full container loads
(FCLs) for more efficient transportation. They
also deconsolidate containers upon arrival at
the destination port, sorting and delivering the
individual shipments to their respective
consignees.
• Booking Cargo Space: NVOCCs negotiate
and book cargo space with ocean carriers on
behalf of shippers. They may have contracts
or service agreements with multiple ocean
carriers to provide a range of options and

NVOCC
▶ NVOCC stands for "Non-Vessel Operating
Common Carrier." An NVOCC is a type of
freight forwarder that provides ocean
transportation services but does not own or
operate its own vessels. Instead, an NVOCC
acts as an intermediary between shippers and
ocean carriers, arranging for the transportation
of goods in ocean containers.
Here are some key characteristics and
responsibilities of NVOCCs:
• Documentation and Compliance: NVOCCs
handle all necessary documentation for the
shipment, including bills of lading, commercial
invoices, packing lists, and export/import
declarations. They ensure that all
documentation is accurate, complete, and
compliant with regulatory requirements.
• Cargo Tracking and Monitoring: NVOCCs
provide tracking and monitoring services to
shippers, allowing them to monitor the status
and location of their shipments in real-time
throughout the transportation process.
• Cargo Insurance: Some NVOCCs offer cargo
insurance or facilitate the purchase of
insurance coverage for the goods being
transported to protect against loss or damage
during transit.
• Customs Clearance: NVOCCs may offer
customs brokerage services or work with

Ocean Freight
▶ Ocean freight is often the most
cost-effective mode of
transportation for shipping large
quantities of cargo over long
distances, especially when
compared to other modes such as
air freight or road transportation.
While ocean freight may have
longer transit times compared to
air freight or road transportation,
the significant cost savings make
it an attractive option for shipping
large quantities of cargo over long
distances, particularly for bulk
commodities, raw materials, and
non-urgent goods. However, it's
essential for shippers to consider
factors such as transit time,
reliability, and supply chain
requirements when selecting the
most suitable mode of
transportation for their cargo.

Ocean Freight
▶ Several factors contribute to the
cost-effectiveness of ocean freight
for long-distance shipping:
• Economies of Scale: Ocean
vessels have large carrying
capacities, allowing them to
transport massive volumes of
cargo in a single voyage. As a
result, the cost per unit of cargo is
relatively low when shipping large
quantities, especially when
compared to air freight, which has
much smaller capacity limitations.
• Lower Fuel Costs: Ships are
generally more fuel-efficient than
other modes of transport, such as
airplanes or trucks, on a per-unit
basis. While ocean vessels may
have longer transit times, the
lower fuel consumption per unit of
cargo makes ocean freight more
cost-effective for long-distance

Ocean Freight
▶ Several factors contribute to the cost-
effectiveness of ocean freight for long-
distance shipping:
• Lower Infrastructure Costs: Ocean
shipping relies on established sea routes
and ports, which have existing
infrastructure to accommodate large
vessels and handle significant cargo
volumes. This infrastructure is generally
more cost-effective to maintain compared
to the infrastructure required for air
transport or road transportation.
• Flexible Service Options: Ocean freight
offers a range of service options to
accommodate different shipping needs
and budget constraints. Shippers can
choose between different types of
vessels, such as container ships or bulk
carriers, as well as various transit times
and routing options to optimize cost and
efficiency.
• Stable Rates: Ocean freight rates tend to
be more stable and predictable compared
to other modes of transport, which may
be subject to fluctuations in fuel prices,
labor costs, and other factors. This
stability allows shippers to plan and

40 - Ft Container
▶ In container shipping terminology, "FEU"
stands for "Forty-foot Equivalent Unit,"
and "TEU" stands for "Twenty-foot
Equivalent Unit." These are standard
units of measurement used to describe
the capacity or size of shipping
containers.
Here's how the conversion works:
• A "TEU" refers to the size of a standard
shipping container that is 20 feet long.
• An "FEU" refers to the size of a standard
shipping container that is 40 feet long.
Since an FEU is twice the length of a
TEU, it can hold approximately twice as
much cargo. Therefore, one 40-ft
container (FEU) is equivalent to two TEUs
in terms of cargo capacity.
This standardized unit of measurement
allows for easy comparison and
calculation of cargo volumes and shipping
capacities across different types and
sizes of containers used in the maritime
industry.

Out-of-gauge Cargo
▶ When cargo is oversized,
irregularly shaped, or
exceeds the standard
dimensions of a shipping
container, it is referred to as
"out-of-gauge" (OOG) cargo.
Specialized containers, such
as open tops or flat racks,
are commonly used to
transport such cargo.
Overall, specialized
containers like open tops and
flat racks are essential tools
for transporting out-of-gauge
cargo safely and efficiently,
allowing shippers to meet
their unique shipping
requirements while ensuring

Out-of-gauge Cargo
▶ Here's how these specialized containers
work:
• Open Top Containers: Open top
containers are similar to standard
containers but have a removable top or
convertible roof that allows for easy
loading and unloading of oversized cargo.
This design provides flexibility for loading
cargo from the top using cranes or other
lifting equipment, making them suitable
for tall or bulky items that cannot fit
through the standard container doors.
Once loaded, the top is secured in place
for transport.
• Flat Rack Containers: Flat rack containers
have collapsible or removable sides,
allowing for easy loading and unloading of
cargo from the sides. They typically come
in two types: fixed-end flat racks, where
the ends are fixed in place, and
collapsible-end flat racks, where the ends
can be collapsed to create a flatbed
platform. Flat rack containers are ideal for
carrying oversized cargo, such as
machinery, vehicles, construction
materials, or heavy equipment that cannot
be accommodated within the dimensions

Out-of-gauge Cargo
▶ Using specialized containers like
open tops or flat racks offers
several advantages for shipping
out-of-gauge cargo:
• Versatility: These containers can
accommodate a wide range of
oversized or irregularly shaped
cargo, providing flexibility for
shippers with diverse
transportation needs.
• Protection: Specialized
containers provide a secure and
protective environment for out-of-
gauge cargo during transit,
helping to minimize the risk of
damage or loss.
• Efficiency: By using containers
specifically designed for
oversized cargo, shippers can
optimize loading and unloading
processes, reduce handling

SOLAS
▶ SOLAS stands for the
International Convention for the
Safety of Life at Sea. It is one of
the most important international
treaties concerning the safety of
merchant ships. SOLAS sets forth
minimum safety standards for the
construction, equipment, and
operation of ships, as well as
standards for safety management
and procedures on board.
SOLAS plays a crucial role in
promoting the safety of maritime
transportation and protecting
human life at sea by establishing
international standards and
regulations for ship safety and
operation. It reflects the collective
commitment of the international
maritime community to ensuring
the highest standards of safety
and security for ships and their

SOLAS
▶ Here are key aspects of the SOLAS
Convention:
• History and Adoption: SOLAS was first
adopted in 1914 in response to the sinking
of the RMS Titanic. Since then, it has been
revised and updated several times to
reflect advances in maritime technology,
changes in shipping practices, and
emerging safety concerns. The current
version of SOLAS, known as SOLAS 1974,
entered into force in 1980.
• Safety Regulations: SOLAS establishes
comprehensive safety regulations and
requirements for all aspects of ship design,
construction, and operation. These
regulations cover areas such as ship
stability, fire protection, life-saving
appliances, navigation equipment, safety
communication systems, and pollution
prevention measures.
• Ship Certificates: Ships subject to SOLAS
requirements must obtain various
certificates to demonstrate compliance with
the convention's standards. These
certificates include the International Safety
Management (ISM) Certificate,
International Ship Security Certificate
(ISSC), Cargo Ship Safety Construction

SOLAS
▶ Here are key aspects of the SOLAS
Convention:
• Flag State Responsibility: Under SOLAS,
each member state is responsible for
ensuring that ships flagged under its
jurisdiction comply with the convention's
requirements. Flag states are responsible
for issuing certificates, conducting
inspections, and enforcing SOLAS
regulations on their registered ships.
• Port State Control: SOLAS allows port
states to conduct inspections of foreign-
flagged ships visiting their ports to verify
compliance with SOLAS requirements.
Port state control inspections are
conducted by maritime authorities to
ensure that ships meet safety standards
and pose no threat to the marine
environment or the safety of crew
members and passengers.
• Amendments and Updates: SOLAS is
periodically amended and updated
through the International Maritime
Organization (IMO) to address emerging
safety issues, incorporate new
technologies, and enhance the
effectiveness of safety measures.

Reefers
▶ Specially designed vessels
equipped with large reefer
(refrigerated) chambers are
commonly used for the
transportation of perishable
cargo, such as fruits,
vegetables, meat, seafood,
pharmaceuticals, and other
temperature-sensitive goods.
Reefer vessels play a critical
role in the global supply
chain by enabling the safe
and efficient transportation of
perishable goods over long
distances, ensuring that
consumers around the world
have access to fresh and
high-quality products year-

Reefers
considerations regarding these vessels:
• Reefer Chambers: Reefer vessels are
equipped with insulated chambers or
containers that are specifically designed to
maintain precise temperature and humidity
levels to preserve the quality and freshness
of perishable cargo during transit. These
chambers may vary in size and
configuration to accommodate different
types and quantities of cargo.
• Temperature Control: Reefer vessels are
equipped with sophisticated refrigeration
systems that allow for precise temperature
control within the reefer chambers.
Temperature settings can be adjusted
based on the specific requirements of the
cargo being transported, ensuring optimal
conditions for preservation throughout the
entire voyage.
• Monitoring and Control Systems: Reefer
vessels are equipped with advanced
monitoring and control systems to
continuously monitor temperature, humidity,
and other environmental conditions inside
the reefer chambers. These systems
provide real-time data and alerts to ensure
that cargo remains within the specified

Reefers
considerations regarding these vessels:
• Ventilation and Air Circulation: Proper
ventilation and air circulation are essential
for maintaining uniform temperature
distribution and preventing the buildup of
condensation or humidity within the reefer
chambers. Reefer vessels are designed
with ventilation systems that ensure
adequate airflow and circulation to all
parts of the cargo hold.
• Loading and Stowage: Perishable cargo
must be properly loaded and stowed
within the reefer chambers to maximize
airflow and minimize temperature
variations. Cargo is typically palletized or
containerized and arranged in a manner
that allows for efficient air circulation and
temperature control throughout the entire
shipment.
• Safety and Compliance: Reefer vessels
must comply with international regulations
and standards governing the
transportation of perishable cargo,
including those related to food safety,
hygiene, and temperature control. Vessels
undergo regular inspections and audits to

Bill of Lading
Document
▶ The bill of lading documents the
transport of a consignment from origin
to destination, establishing the terms
and conditions of the shipping
contract, the services to be performed
and accountability in the event of loss.
The bill of lading (B/L) is a crucial
document in the shipping and logistics
industry that serves as a contract of
carriage between the shipper
(consignor) and the carrier (usually a
shipping line or freight forwarder). It
documents the transport of goods from
the point of origin to the destination
and outlines the terms and conditions
of the shipping contract.
The bill of lading plays a critical role in
the shipping process, providing legal
certainty, documentation, and
accountability for the transport of
goods from origin to destination. It
serves as a key tool for facilitating
international trade and ensuring the

Bill of Lading
Document
▶ The bill of lading (B/L) is a crucial document
in the shipping and logistics industry that
serves as a contract of carriage between the
shipper (consignor) and the carrier (usually a
shipping line or freight forwarder). It
documents the transport of goods from the
point of origin to the destination and outlines
the terms and conditions of the shipping
contract.
Here are some key aspects of the bill of
lading:
• Contract of Carriage: The bill of lading serves
as evidence of the contract of carriage
between the shipper and the carrier. It
contains details such as the names and
addresses of the shipper and consignee, the
description of the goods being shipped, the
quantity, weight, and dimensions of the cargo,
and the agreed-upon route and transportation
mode.
• Terms and Conditions: The bill of lading
establishes the terms and conditions of the
shipping contract, including the rights,
obligations, and liabilities of both the shipper
and the carrier. It may include provisions
regarding freight charges, payment terms,

Bill of Lading
Document
▶ Here are some key aspects of the bill
of lading:
• Title to Goods: Depending on the
type of bill of lading issued
(negotiable or non-negotiable), the
document may also serve as a title to
the goods, allowing the consignee to
take possession of the cargo upon
presentation of the original bill of
lading. Negotiable bills of lading can
be transferred or endorsed to third
parties, facilitating the transfer of
ownership during transit.
• Accountability and Liability: The bill
of lading establishes accountability
and liability in the event of loss,
damage, or delay to the cargo during
transit. It may include clauses
specifying the carrier's liability limits,
exceptions to liability (e.g., force
majeure events), and procedures for
filing claims for compensation.

Container
▶ Determining the optimal
loading configuration and the
maximum number of
packages that can fit into a
container involves careful
calculation and consideration
of the container's inner
dimensions and the
dimensions of the packages
being loaded.
By carefully measuring
container dimensions,
calculating package
dimensions, and determining
the best loading
configuration, you can
maximize the efficiency of
container loading, optimize
space utilization, and ensure

Container
▶ Here's how it's typically done:
• Measure Container Dimensions:
Start by measuring the inner length,
width, and height of the container.
These dimensions will provide the
available space for loading cargo.
• Calculate Package Dimensions:
Measure the length, width, and
height of the packages or pallets that
will be loaded into the container.
Ensure that you have accurate
measurements, including any
protrusions or irregular shapes.
• Determine Loading Configuration:
Based on the dimensions of the
packages and the container,
calculate the best loading
configuration to maximize space
utilization and ensure efficient use of
available space. This may involve
arranging packages in layers,
stacking them vertically, or
positioning them in specific

Container
▶ Here's how it's typically done:
• Consider Cargo Weight and
Distribution: In addition to space
considerations, consider the weight
and distribution of the cargo within the
container to ensure proper weight
distribution and stability during transit.
Distribute heavier items evenly
throughout the container and secure
the cargo to prevent shifting or
damage during transport.
• Account for Loading Equipment and
Access: Consider the space required
for loading and unloading equipment,
such as forklifts or pallet jacks, as well
as access points for workers to
maneuver within the container. Leave
adequate space for handling and
accessing the cargo safely.
• Test Loading: Once you have
calculated the optimal loading
configuration, conduct a test loading to
verify that the packages fit as planned
and that the container can
accommodate the desired quantity of

Cargonamics
▶ "Cargonomics" is indeed a term
that blends "cargo" with
"economics" and implies the
application of the most cost-
effective and efficient practices for
the transport of goods to market.
It encompasses various strategies
and principles aimed at optimizing
the transportation and logistics
processes to minimize costs,
maximize efficiency, and enhance
overall supply chain performance.
Cargonomics represents a holistic
approach to optimizing the
transportation and logistics
aspects of supply chain
management, with a focus on
achieving the most cost-effective
and efficient movement of goods
from production to consumption
while considering economic,
environmental, and social factors.

Cargonamics
▶ Here are some key aspects of
cargonomics:
• Optimal Routing: Cargonomics involves
selecting the most efficient
transportation routes and modes based
on factors such as distance, transit
time, cost, and service levels. This may
include choosing between road, rail,
air, or sea transport, as well as
considering intermodal options to
leverage the strengths of multiple
modes.
• Load Optimization: Cargonomics
focuses on maximizing the utilization of
transportation capacity by optimizing
load factors and minimizing empty
space within vehicles or containers.
This includes efficient packing,
stacking, and consolidation of cargo to
reduce the number of trips and
transportation costs.
• Inventory Management: Effective
inventory management is a key
component of cargonomics, ensuring
that the right quantity of goods is

Cargonamics
▶ Here are some key aspects of
cargonomics:
• Supply Chain Visibility: Cargonomics
emphasizes the importance of real-time
visibility and tracking of goods throughout
the supply chain to identify inefficiencies,
anticipate disruptions, and optimize
transportation and logistics processes.
• Cost Containment: Cargonomics involves
implementing cost-containment measures
to minimize transportation expenses,
including negotiating favorable freight
rates, optimizing fuel efficiency, reducing
empty miles, and streamlining
administrative processes.
• Risk Management: Cargonomics
considers the identification and mitigation
of risks that may impact the transportation
and delivery of goods, such as weather-
related disruptions, supply chain
disruptions, geopolitical risks, and
regulatory compliance issues.
• Sustainability: Increasingly, cargonomics
incorporates sustainability considerations,
such as reducing carbon emissions,
minimizing environmental impact, and
promoting sustainable transportation

Clean on Board
▶ In shipping terminology, the term "clean" or
"clean on board" refers to a bill of lading
(B/L) that does not contain any notations
or remarks regarding the questionable
condition of the cargo. A clean bill of lading
indicates that the cargo was received by
the carrier in apparent good order and
condition, without any visible damage,
defects, or discrepancies noted at the time
of loading onto the vessel.
It's important to note that the absence of
notations on a bill of lading does not
necessarily guarantee the perfect
condition of the cargo upon arrival at the
destination. While a clean bill of lading
provides prima facie evidence of the
cargo's condition at the time of shipment, it
does not absolve the carrier of liability for
concealed damage or loss discovered later
during the transportation process.
Overall, a clean bill of lading is a standard
document in international trade and
shipping, providing assurance to buyers,
sellers, carriers, and insurers that the
cargo was received and loaded onto the
vessel in apparent good order and

Clean on Board
▶ Here's what a "clean" bill of lading typically
signifies:
• Good Condition: A clean bill of lading
implies that the cargo appears to be in
good condition and meets the agreed-
upon specifications and quality standards
at the time of shipment.
• No Visible Damage: There are no visible
signs of damage, loss, or discrepancies
observed by the carrier or their
representatives during the loading
process. The cargo is deemed to be free
from any defects or irregularities that
could affect its value, usability, or
marketability.
• Title and Ownership: A clean bill of lading
may also indicate that the title and
ownership of the cargo have been
transferred from the shipper to the
consignee, providing evidence of the
consignee's right to take possession of the
cargo upon arrival at the destination port.
• Insurance Coverage: For shippers and
consignees, a clean bill of lading can be
crucial for insurance purposes, as it may
serve as proof of the cargo's condition and
the carrier's liability in the event of loss,

Freight Container
▶ The use of freight containers has
significantly reduced the physical hazards to
which cargoes are exposed during
transportation. Here are several ways in
which freight containers contribute to
improved cargo safety:
• Protection from Weather and Elements:
Freight containers provide a secure and
enclosed environment that protects cargo
from exposure to adverse weather
conditions, such as rain, wind, snow, and
extreme temperatures. This protection helps
prevent water damage, moisture intrusion,
and deterioration of goods during transit.
• Minimization of Handling: Freight containers
are designed for easy handling and
transportation using various modes,
including ships, trucks, trains, and cranes.
By minimizing the need for manual handling
and transshipment of cargo, containers
reduce the risk of damage, loss, and
accidents associated with traditional cargo
handling methods.
• Stackability and Stowability: Containers are
standardized in size and shape, allowing for
efficient stacking and stowage on ships and
other transport vehicles. This maximizes
space utilization and reduces the risk of
cargo shifting or toppling during transit,

Freight Container
▶ The use of freight containers has significantly
reduced the physical hazards to which cargoes
are exposed during transportation. Here are
several ways in which freight containers
contribute to improved cargo safety:
• Security: Freight containers are equipped with
locking mechanisms and seals to prevent
unauthorized access and tampering, reducing
the risk of theft, pilferage, and tampering of
cargo during transportation. Additionally, the
use of container tracking and monitoring
systems enhances security and helps prevent
cargo theft and smuggling.
• Specialized Containers: Specialized containers,
such as refrigerated (reefer) containers, tank
containers, and open-top containers, are
available to accommodate different types of
cargo and provide additional protection and
safety features. Reefer containers, for example,
maintain precise temperature control for
perishable goods, while tank containers are
designed for the safe transport of liquids and
hazardous materials.
• Compliance with Regulations: Freight
containers comply with international standards
and regulations governing cargo transportation,
including those related to structural integrity,
weight limits, hazardous materials handling, and
safety labeling. This ensures that containers are
fit for purpose and meet the necessary safety
requirements for transporting goods by sea,

Freight Container
▶ Overall, the widespread
adoption of freight containers
has revolutionized the
logistics industry by
enhancing cargo safety,
security, and efficiency. By
providing a standardized,
secure, and protective
environment for goods during
transit, containers have
significantly reduced the
physical hazards and risks
associated with traditional
cargo handling and
transportation methods.

Freight Container
▶ Selecting the most suitable
type of container is crucial for
achieving efficient use of
space, optimizing packing and
unpacking processes, and
ensuring the protection of
cargo during transport.
Different types of containers
are designed to accommodate
various types of cargo and
offer specific features and
benefits tailored to different
transportation needs. By
exercising diligence in
selecting the most suitable
type of container for each
shipment, logistics
professionals can enhance
efficiency, minimize risks, and
ensure the safe and timely

Freight Container
▶ Here's why diligence in selecting the right
type of container is essential:
• Cargo Compatibility: Different types of cargo
have unique requirements in terms of size,
weight, shape, and sensitivity to
environmental factors such as temperature,
humidity, and ventilation. Choosing a
container that is compatible with the specific
characteristics of the cargo helps ensure
proper fit, secure packing, and optimal
protection during transit.
• Space Utilization: Containers come in
various sizes and configurations, ranging
from standard dry containers to specialized
containers such as high cube, open-top, flat
rack, and refrigerated (reefer) containers.
Selecting the right size and type of container
based on the volume and dimensions of the
cargo helps maximize space utilization and
minimize wasted space, reducing
transportation costs and improving
efficiency.
• Loading and Unloading Efficiency: Certain
container types, such as open-top or flat rack
containers, offer easier access for loading
and unloading oversized or irregularly
shaped cargo using cranes, forklifts, or other
equipment. Selecting containers with
features that facilitate efficient loading and

Freight Container
▶ Here's why diligence in selecting the right
type of container is essential:
• Cargo Protection: Specialized containers,
such as refrigerated containers for perishable
goods or tank containers for liquids and
hazardous materials, provide specific
features and temperature-controlled
environments to protect sensitive cargo from
damage, spoilage, contamination, or
degradation during transport. Choosing the
appropriate type of container ensures that
cargo remains safe and intact throughout the
journey.
• Regulatory Compliance: Different types of
cargo may be subject to specific regulations
and requirements governing their
transportation, including packaging, labeling,
handling, and storage. Selecting containers
that comply with relevant regulations and
industry standards helps ensure legal
compliance and minimizes the risk of delays,
fines, or penalties.
• Cost Considerations: While specialized
containers may offer additional features and
benefits for specific types of cargo, they may
also come with higher rental or leasing costs
compared to standard dry containers.
Balancing the benefits of specialized
containers with the associated costs helps

Freight Container
▶ ULCC stands for "Ultra Large
Crude Carrier.“ not “Ultra Large
Crude Container”. It refers to a
type of oil tanker vessel
specifically designed for the
transportation of large quantities
of crude oil. ULCCs are among
the largest ships in the world,
with immense carrying capacities
capable of transporting millions
of barrels of oil.
Overall, ULCCs represent a
significant segment of the global
maritime industry, providing
essential transportation
infrastructure for the movement
of crude oil on a massive scale.
Their size, capacity, and
efficiency make them vital assets
in the global energy trade and
contribute to the stability and

UN/LOCODE
▶ UN/LOCODE stands for "United Nations Code
for Trade and Transport Locations." It is a
geographic coding system developed and
maintained by the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe (UNECE) to facilitate
international trade, transportation, and logistics
operations.
Here are some key points about UN/LOCODE:
• Standardized Location Codes: UN/LOCODE
provides standardized location codes for ports,
airports, railway terminals, and other transport-
related locations worldwide. Each location is
assigned a unique five-character code, which
consists of a two-letter country code followed by
a three-letter location code.
• Global Coverage: UN/LOCODE covers locations
in all countries and territories around the world. It
includes major international hubs, such as
seaports, airports, and border crossings, as well
as smaller regional and local transport facilities.
• Facilitation of Trade and Transport:
UN/LOCODE simplifies and streamlines
international trade and transport operations by
providing a common reference system for
identifying and referencing locations along
supply chains. It helps ensure accuracy,
consistency, and interoperability in
communications, documentation, and data
exchange among trading partners, logistics
providers, and government agencies.

UNCTAD
▶ UNCTAD stands for the
United Nations Conference
on Trade and Development.
It is a permanent
intergovernmental body
established by the United
Nations General Assembly in
1964 to promote international
trade, development, and
cooperation among
developing countries.
UNCTAD plays a vital role in
shaping the global trade and
development agenda,
advocating for the interests
of developing countries, and
promoting inclusive and
sustainable economic growth
and development worldwide.

UNECE
▶ The UNECE stands for the
United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe. It is
one of the regional
commissions of the United
Nations, established in 1947
to promote economic
cooperation and integration
among its member countries
in the European and North
Asian regions. UNECE plays a
critical role in promoting
economic cooperation,
sustainable development, and
prosperity in the European
and North Asian regions
through its normative,
analytical, and capacity-
building activities, as well as
its role as a convener and

VGM
▶ VGM stands for Verified Gross
Mass. It refers to the weight of a
packed shipping container,
including both the cargo and the
weight of the container itself.
The VGM is a critical piece of
information required by shipping
lines and terminal operators to
ensure the safe and efficient
handling of containers during
transportation. VGM plays a
crucial role in ensuring maritime
safety, regulatory compliance,
and operational efficiency in the
global supply chain. By
accurately verifying the gross
mass of packed containers,
shippers, carriers, and terminal
operators can mitigate risks,
enhance transparency, and
improve the reliability of
containerized cargo

VLCC
▶ VLCC stands for Very Large
Crude Carrier. It refers to a type
of oil tanker vessel designed for
the transportation of large
volumes of crude oil across long
distances. VLCCs are among
the largest ships in the world
and are vital to the global oil
industry for transporting oil from
oil-producing regions to
refineries and markets around
the world. VLCCs are essential
assets in the global maritime
industry, providing vital
transportation infrastructure for
the movement of crude oil on a
massive scale. Their size,
capacity, and efficiency make
them indispensable for the
global oil trade, contributing to
the stability and reliability of the
world's energy supply.

International Transportation and Trade 4.24.pptx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to International Transportation and Trade 4.24.pptx

Similar to International Transportation and Trade 4.24.pptx (20)

More from Sheldon Byron

More from Sheldon Byron (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

International Transportation and Trade 4.24.pptx