This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI). It defines FDI as when a firm invests directly in new facilities in a foreign country to produce and/or market goods. Both the flow and stock of global FDI have increased significantly over the last 30 years. While most FDI still targets developed nations, emerging markets like China and countries in Asia and Latin America are attracting more investment. FDI benefits both home and host countries by transferring resources like capital, jobs, and skills across borders.
The document provides an overview of chapters 8 and 9 from a textbook on business in today's global environment. Chapter 8 discusses foreign direct investment (FDI), including what FDI is, patterns of FDI flows and stocks, reasons why firms choose FDI over exporting or licensing, how governments and international institutions influence FDI, and implications for managers. Key topics covered include the definition of FDI, trends showing increasing FDI globally and among developing countries, and theories for why firms undertake FDI.
The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI), which occurs when a firm invests directly in facilities in a foreign country. FDI has increased significantly over the past 30 years and can take the form of greenfield investments or acquisitions. Key factors driving the growth of FDI include avoiding trade barriers, deregulation in many countries, and the globalization of markets. There are both benefits and costs of FDI for home and host countries to consider. Government policies can influence FDI flows into and out of their countries through various incentives and restrictions.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm establishes foreign business operations or acquires foreign firms. Most cross-border investment is acquisitions rather than building new facilities. Firms prefer acquisitions because they are quicker to execute and allow firms to gain existing assets rather than building them. Both the flows and stocks of global FDI have significantly increased in recent decades due to factors like economic liberalization and globalization. Developed countries are typically the largest sources of outward FDI while developing regions are large recipients of inward FDI. FDI has benefits and costs for both host and home countries.
foreign direct investment
,
the direction of fdi
,
the source of fdi
,
why foreign direct investment
,
the form of fdi: acquisitions versus greenfield i
,
foreign direct investment in the world economy
,
trends in fdi
,
theories of foreign direct investment
,
the radical view
,
benefits and costs of fdi
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 from the textbook "International Business 7e" by Charles W.L. Hill. The chapter discusses foreign direct investment (FDI), including definitions of key terms like FDI flows and stocks. It also summarizes trends in FDI globally and by region over time. The chapter then examines theories for why firms undertake FDI rather than exporting, and looks at the pattern and sources of FDI flows between countries. It concludes by discussing political views on FDI and weighing the benefits and costs of inward FDI for host countries.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI). It defines FDI as investment made to establish control or influence over decision making in a foreign business. FDI can take the form of greenfield investment, mergers and acquisitions, or brownfield investment. Theories discussed include the product cycle theory and theories based on political/economic factors or a country's location advantages. The document also outlines benefits and costs of FDI for home and host countries, and how governments can influence FDI flows.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI). It defines FDI as investment made by transnational corporations to increase international business, usually through establishing new production facilities abroad. Businesses and governments engage in FDI to expand markets and acquire foreign resources. There are various methods for firms to invest abroad, like joint ventures or mergers and acquisitions, which are less risky than direct FDI. The document also discusses factors that attract FDI to countries, like market size, infrastructure, and political stability. It outlines sectors where FDI is permitted and not permitted in India.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI). It defines FDI as when a firm invests directly in new facilities in a foreign country to produce and/or market goods. Both the flow and stock of global FDI have increased significantly over the last 30 years. While most FDI still targets developed nations, emerging markets like China and countries in Asia and Latin America are attracting more investment. FDI benefits both home and host countries by transferring resources like capital, jobs, and skills across borders.
The document provides an overview of chapters 8 and 9 from a textbook on business in today's global environment. Chapter 8 discusses foreign direct investment (FDI), including what FDI is, patterns of FDI flows and stocks, reasons why firms choose FDI over exporting or licensing, how governments and international institutions influence FDI, and implications for managers. Key topics covered include the definition of FDI, trends showing increasing FDI globally and among developing countries, and theories for why firms undertake FDI.
The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI), which occurs when a firm invests directly in facilities in a foreign country. FDI has increased significantly over the past 30 years and can take the form of greenfield investments or acquisitions. Key factors driving the growth of FDI include avoiding trade barriers, deregulation in many countries, and the globalization of markets. There are both benefits and costs of FDI for home and host countries to consider. Government policies can influence FDI flows into and out of their countries through various incentives and restrictions.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm establishes foreign business operations or acquires foreign firms. Most cross-border investment is acquisitions rather than building new facilities. Firms prefer acquisitions because they are quicker to execute and allow firms to gain existing assets rather than building them. Both the flows and stocks of global FDI have significantly increased in recent decades due to factors like economic liberalization and globalization. Developed countries are typically the largest sources of outward FDI while developing regions are large recipients of inward FDI. FDI has benefits and costs for both host and home countries.
foreign direct investment
,
the direction of fdi
,
the source of fdi
,
why foreign direct investment
,
the form of fdi: acquisitions versus greenfield i
,
foreign direct investment in the world economy
,
trends in fdi
,
theories of foreign direct investment
,
the radical view
,
benefits and costs of fdi
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 from the textbook "International Business 7e" by Charles W.L. Hill. The chapter discusses foreign direct investment (FDI), including definitions of key terms like FDI flows and stocks. It also summarizes trends in FDI globally and by region over time. The chapter then examines theories for why firms undertake FDI rather than exporting, and looks at the pattern and sources of FDI flows between countries. It concludes by discussing political views on FDI and weighing the benefits and costs of inward FDI for host countries.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI). It defines FDI as investment made to establish control or influence over decision making in a foreign business. FDI can take the form of greenfield investment, mergers and acquisitions, or brownfield investment. Theories discussed include the product cycle theory and theories based on political/economic factors or a country's location advantages. The document also outlines benefits and costs of FDI for home and host countries, and how governments can influence FDI flows.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI). It defines FDI as investment made by transnational corporations to increase international business, usually through establishing new production facilities abroad. Businesses and governments engage in FDI to expand markets and acquire foreign resources. There are various methods for firms to invest abroad, like joint ventures or mergers and acquisitions, which are less risky than direct FDI. The document also discusses factors that attract FDI to countries, like market size, infrastructure, and political stability. It outlines sectors where FDI is permitted and not permitted in India.
The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI), including how FDI occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities abroad. It has increased significantly in recent decades as firms undertake greenfield investments or acquisitions in foreign countries. Theories explore why firms choose FDI over alternatives and the factors influencing the pattern of FDI flows between countries.
International investment and foreign direct investment play an important role in the global economy. There are different types of foreign investment such as foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and investment in depository receipts. Foreign direct investment provides benefits like increased investment, technology transfer, and competition but it also faces criticism like undermining economic autonomy. Factors like natural resources, market size, production efficiency, interest rates, and government policies affect international investment flows. India moved from a restrictive policy on foreign investment pre-1991 to a more liberalized policy with automatic approval for foreign investment in many industries.
IBM Lecture Foreign Direct Investment and Political Economy of FDMuhammad Muavia Khan
The document discusses the case of CEMEX, a Mexican cement company that transformed into the third largest cement company in the world through foreign direct investment. It acquired inefficient cement companies in developing countries, transferring skills in customer service, marketing, IT and production. CEMEX also acquired British cement company RMC, which had operations in 22 European nations. The document then defines and discusses different forms of foreign direct investment, including greenfield investment and acquisitions, and their economic rationale and impacts on host countries.
Review of FDI Policies in India and China: Analysis and InterpretationVandanaSharma356
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a wide word that encompasses any long-term investment made in the host nation by a non-resident enterprise. Typically, the investment is undertaken over a lengthy period of time with the purpose of maximizing the host nation's advantages, such as superior (and cheaper) resources, consumer market access, or direct access to the host country. All talent improves efficiency. This long-term cooperation will benefit both the investor and the host nation. If the investor makes the same investment in his own nation, he will obtain a larger return, but the host country will profit by boosting the transfer of knowledge or technology to its workforce, putting more pressure on his local business to compete. Foreign firm that can develop the sector as a whole or serve as an example for other companies thinking about investing in the host nation.
The document discusses various aspects of globalization including its meaning, why firms go global, routes of globalization, active players in global business, India's experience with foreign direct investment, benefits and problems of WTO for India, trading blocks, and how to analyze the global environment. It provides details on the integration of the world market, reasons for firms expanding globally, major multinational companies, definitions and types of globalization, routes taken by companies to go global, India's FDI policies and experiences, sectors that attract FDI, and implications of globalization.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) and factor mobility in international business. It defines FDI as investment that gives the investor controlling interest in a foreign company. Short-term capital is the most mobile factor of production as it can move quickly between countries to seek higher returns. FDI allows companies to control foreign operations to best serve their global objectives, lowering costs and increasing technology transfer. Companies pursue FDI for sales expansion, acquiring resources, and minimizing competitive risks. They may expand abroad through building new facilities or acquiring existing foreign companies.
The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) among the major economic blocs called the Triad: the United States, European Union, and Japan. It notes that FDI and trade have increased dramatically among Triad nations over the last decade. The document also discusses FDI flows to other major economies like China and trends in various regions like developing Asia and North-East Asia. It provides statistics on the levels of FDI inflows and outflows among Triad and other nations.
This document provides an overview of international capital movements. It discusses various types of capital movements including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and official flows. Foreign direct investment involves direct ownership in companies overseas, while portfolio investment is a passive investment in securities abroad. Official flows include loans and grants from governments and international organizations. The document also examines determinants of capital flows and the role of foreign capital in economic development for countries.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in India was introduced in 1991 under the Foreign Exchange Management Act. It has since become a major political issue, with debates around further liberalizing FDI rules. While FDI into India has increased substantially, proposals to allow more foreign ownership in multi-brand retail met resistance from political parties concerned about effects on small retailers. The policy has been delayed and remains a contentious topic in Indian politics and economics.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to long-term cross-border investment involving foreign control of production in another country. There are two main types of FDI: greenfield investment which creates new facilities, and mergers and acquisitions which transfer existing assets between countries. FDI can be horizontal between similar industries or vertical along supply chains. Motives for FDI include seeking resources, markets, or efficiencies. While FDI brings technology and jobs, it can also crowd out domestic investment and introduce inappropriate technologies. Host countries must balance these costs and benefits.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in India has played an important role in the development of the Indian economy. FDI in India has - in a lot of ways - enabled India to achieve a certain degree of financial stability, growth and development. This money has allowed India to focus on the areas that may have needed economic attention, and address the various problems that continue to challenge the country.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is important for India's economic growth. It brings capital, technology, and business expertise to speed up development. FDI comes to India in various forms, including setting up subsidiaries, joint ventures, portfolio investments, and loans. Major sectors receiving FDI are infrastructure, automotive, pharmaceuticals, and defense. While FDI benefits India, it also faces challenges like inadequate infrastructure and complex regulations. The government is taking steps like liberalizing sectors and improving ease of business to promote greater FDI inflows under its Make in India initiative.
The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI), including definitions, types of FDI, methods of foreign investors participating in enterprises in host countries, incentives for FDI, importance of FDI, FDI in India, sectors and limits of FDI in India, and difficulties in limiting FDI. FDI is defined as investment made by a company or entity located in one country into business interests located in another country and can involve mergers and acquisitions or building new facilities.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been growing faster than global trade and output. There are several reasons why firms choose FDI over alternatives like exporting. FDI allows firms to have direct control over foreign operations, protect valuable knowledge, and respond quickly to competitors. Location advantages and a firm's ownership advantages also influence FDI decisions. While FDI can benefit host countries through jobs and development, it also raises issues around national sovereignty. Governments must consider both the costs and benefits of FDI policies.
This document provides an overview of foreign direct investment (FDI). It defines FDI and discusses trends, directions, theories, and implications. Key points include:
- FDI occurs when a firm invests directly in facilities in another country, taking two forms: greenfield investments or acquisitions.
- Both global FDI flows and stocks have increased over the last 20 years, with Asia, China, and Latin America seeing more inflows.
- Firms prefer FDI over exporting or licensing when they want more control over operations and to protect proprietary knowledge.
- Benefits of FDI for host countries include capital investment and economic growth, while costs can include loss of sovereignty; home countries
This document provides an overview of foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign portfolio investment (FPI) in India. It defines FDI and FPI, discusses their advantages and disadvantages, and compares the key differences between them. FDI refers to direct investment in facilities and assets in a foreign country, while FPI is the purchase of stocks and bonds on foreign exchanges. The document outlines India's policies and limits on FDI in different industries, as well as factors influencing FDI inflows into India.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) can be profitable for both the investing company and host country. For companies, FDI allows access to new markets, technology, and cheaper production facilities. Host countries benefit from foreign funds, job creation, and transfer of technology. Common forms of FDI include setting up subsidiaries, acquiring shares of overseas companies, or through mergers and joint ventures. Developing countries have seen large increases in annual FDI inflows in recent decades. The retail industry in India is highly fragmented, with 97% of business run by small unorganized retailers. However, organized retail is growing and accounts for around 15% of India's GDP. FDI in retail has created opportunities for both domestic and international companies in
Assist with first annotated bibliography. Assist with f.docxnormanibarber20063
Assist with first
annotated bibliography
.
Assist with first
annotated bibliography
.
(Thesis topic: Psychotherapy)
. Each submission must also include a brief critique of the source (e.g., how could the study be improved, criticism of the author(s) assertions, ideas for future studies, etc.).
summary of the article, including the purpose/hypothesis of the study, a statement about the participants and methods utilized in the study, results and implications for future research, as well as the methodological limitations/critique of the study.
.
Assistance needed with SQL commandsI need assistance with the quer.docxnormanibarber20063
Assistance needed with SQL commands
I need assistance with the query commands assigned to an assignment. I have the databases properly created and do not need assistance with the commands associated with creating the databases. Here is the complete assignment. I have attached the database information.
The structure of the movies database is as follows:
Director (
DIRNUB
, DIRNAME, DIRBORN, YR-DIRDIED)
STAR (
STARNUB
, STARNAME, BIRTHPLACE, STARBORN, YR-STARDIED)
MOVIE (
MVNUB
, MVTITLE, YRMDE, MVTYPE, CRIT, MPAA, NOMINATIONS, AWRD,
DIRNUB
)
MOVSTAR (
MVNUB
,
STARNUB
, AMTPAID)
MEMBER (
MMBNUB
, MMBNAME, MMBADD, MMBCITY, MMBST, NUMRENT, BONUS, JOINDATE)
TAPE (
TAPENUM,
MVNUB, PURDATE, TMSRNT,
MMBNUB
)
Create Video Store database as discussed in the class. Make sure to correct column widths/types before creating tables. Use SQL to form queries to produce the following reports
:
** List the names and numbers of directors whose names begin with the alphabet ‘K’.
List the tape no, movie title, and the membership number and name of members, who are currently borrowing tapes numbered below 20. Arrange the report in descending order by tape number.
List the names and respective numbers of stars and directors who have worked together.
** List the tape numbers for movies of movie type: ‘HORROR’.
List the name of the director who has received the maximum number of total awards considering all his/her movies: AWRD.
** List the names of all members who have not borrowed any movie currently.
List the movie type and number of tapes for each type in the database.
** For each movie list total how many times it has been rented: TMSRNT.
Report the total times rented (TMSRNT) for each movie type.
The database administrator discovers that the name of director whose number is 7 in the database should be spelt as ‘JOHNNY FORD’. Make corrections to the data.
Delete the movie number 14 and all its tapes. Print both tables to verify.
List all tape numbers and their movie titles, and indicate the member number and member name if the tape is currently rented out.
13. List all tape numbers, and also indicate the member’s city if a tape is currently rented out by a member.
14. Who is the youngest director?
How many movies did he/she direct?
15. Grant access to me (joshi) to your movstar table for select and update.
16. Create a unique index on movstar table.
17. For each movie type list the average age of movies given the current year is 2011.
18. ** Create a view MEMB_TAPES that includes the currently rented movies and the members who are renting them, include movie type.
19. ** Use the view MEMB_TAPES to find all currently rented “COMEDY” type movies and members who are renting them.
20. ** List all tape numbers, along with movie name and member name if rented out (leave member name blank if not rented out).
.
More Related Content
Similar to International Business 10eBy Charles W.L. HillCopy.docx
The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI), including how FDI occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities abroad. It has increased significantly in recent decades as firms undertake greenfield investments or acquisitions in foreign countries. Theories explore why firms choose FDI over alternatives and the factors influencing the pattern of FDI flows between countries.
International investment and foreign direct investment play an important role in the global economy. There are different types of foreign investment such as foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and investment in depository receipts. Foreign direct investment provides benefits like increased investment, technology transfer, and competition but it also faces criticism like undermining economic autonomy. Factors like natural resources, market size, production efficiency, interest rates, and government policies affect international investment flows. India moved from a restrictive policy on foreign investment pre-1991 to a more liberalized policy with automatic approval for foreign investment in many industries.
IBM Lecture Foreign Direct Investment and Political Economy of FDMuhammad Muavia Khan
The document discusses the case of CEMEX, a Mexican cement company that transformed into the third largest cement company in the world through foreign direct investment. It acquired inefficient cement companies in developing countries, transferring skills in customer service, marketing, IT and production. CEMEX also acquired British cement company RMC, which had operations in 22 European nations. The document then defines and discusses different forms of foreign direct investment, including greenfield investment and acquisitions, and their economic rationale and impacts on host countries.
Review of FDI Policies in India and China: Analysis and InterpretationVandanaSharma356
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a wide word that encompasses any long-term investment made in the host nation by a non-resident enterprise. Typically, the investment is undertaken over a lengthy period of time with the purpose of maximizing the host nation's advantages, such as superior (and cheaper) resources, consumer market access, or direct access to the host country. All talent improves efficiency. This long-term cooperation will benefit both the investor and the host nation. If the investor makes the same investment in his own nation, he will obtain a larger return, but the host country will profit by boosting the transfer of knowledge or technology to its workforce, putting more pressure on his local business to compete. Foreign firm that can develop the sector as a whole or serve as an example for other companies thinking about investing in the host nation.
The document discusses various aspects of globalization including its meaning, why firms go global, routes of globalization, active players in global business, India's experience with foreign direct investment, benefits and problems of WTO for India, trading blocks, and how to analyze the global environment. It provides details on the integration of the world market, reasons for firms expanding globally, major multinational companies, definitions and types of globalization, routes taken by companies to go global, India's FDI policies and experiences, sectors that attract FDI, and implications of globalization.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) and factor mobility in international business. It defines FDI as investment that gives the investor controlling interest in a foreign company. Short-term capital is the most mobile factor of production as it can move quickly between countries to seek higher returns. FDI allows companies to control foreign operations to best serve their global objectives, lowering costs and increasing technology transfer. Companies pursue FDI for sales expansion, acquiring resources, and minimizing competitive risks. They may expand abroad through building new facilities or acquiring existing foreign companies.
The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) among the major economic blocs called the Triad: the United States, European Union, and Japan. It notes that FDI and trade have increased dramatically among Triad nations over the last decade. The document also discusses FDI flows to other major economies like China and trends in various regions like developing Asia and North-East Asia. It provides statistics on the levels of FDI inflows and outflows among Triad and other nations.
This document provides an overview of international capital movements. It discusses various types of capital movements including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and official flows. Foreign direct investment involves direct ownership in companies overseas, while portfolio investment is a passive investment in securities abroad. Official flows include loans and grants from governments and international organizations. The document also examines determinants of capital flows and the role of foreign capital in economic development for countries.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in India was introduced in 1991 under the Foreign Exchange Management Act. It has since become a major political issue, with debates around further liberalizing FDI rules. While FDI into India has increased substantially, proposals to allow more foreign ownership in multi-brand retail met resistance from political parties concerned about effects on small retailers. The policy has been delayed and remains a contentious topic in Indian politics and economics.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to long-term cross-border investment involving foreign control of production in another country. There are two main types of FDI: greenfield investment which creates new facilities, and mergers and acquisitions which transfer existing assets between countries. FDI can be horizontal between similar industries or vertical along supply chains. Motives for FDI include seeking resources, markets, or efficiencies. While FDI brings technology and jobs, it can also crowd out domestic investment and introduce inappropriate technologies. Host countries must balance these costs and benefits.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in India has played an important role in the development of the Indian economy. FDI in India has - in a lot of ways - enabled India to achieve a certain degree of financial stability, growth and development. This money has allowed India to focus on the areas that may have needed economic attention, and address the various problems that continue to challenge the country.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is important for India's economic growth. It brings capital, technology, and business expertise to speed up development. FDI comes to India in various forms, including setting up subsidiaries, joint ventures, portfolio investments, and loans. Major sectors receiving FDI are infrastructure, automotive, pharmaceuticals, and defense. While FDI benefits India, it also faces challenges like inadequate infrastructure and complex regulations. The government is taking steps like liberalizing sectors and improving ease of business to promote greater FDI inflows under its Make in India initiative.
The document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI), including definitions, types of FDI, methods of foreign investors participating in enterprises in host countries, incentives for FDI, importance of FDI, FDI in India, sectors and limits of FDI in India, and difficulties in limiting FDI. FDI is defined as investment made by a company or entity located in one country into business interests located in another country and can involve mergers and acquisitions or building new facilities.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been growing faster than global trade and output. There are several reasons why firms choose FDI over alternatives like exporting. FDI allows firms to have direct control over foreign operations, protect valuable knowledge, and respond quickly to competitors. Location advantages and a firm's ownership advantages also influence FDI decisions. While FDI can benefit host countries through jobs and development, it also raises issues around national sovereignty. Governments must consider both the costs and benefits of FDI policies.
This document provides an overview of foreign direct investment (FDI). It defines FDI and discusses trends, directions, theories, and implications. Key points include:
- FDI occurs when a firm invests directly in facilities in another country, taking two forms: greenfield investments or acquisitions.
- Both global FDI flows and stocks have increased over the last 20 years, with Asia, China, and Latin America seeing more inflows.
- Firms prefer FDI over exporting or licensing when they want more control over operations and to protect proprietary knowledge.
- Benefits of FDI for host countries include capital investment and economic growth, while costs can include loss of sovereignty; home countries
This document provides an overview of foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign portfolio investment (FPI) in India. It defines FDI and FPI, discusses their advantages and disadvantages, and compares the key differences between them. FDI refers to direct investment in facilities and assets in a foreign country, while FPI is the purchase of stocks and bonds on foreign exchanges. The document outlines India's policies and limits on FDI in different industries, as well as factors influencing FDI inflows into India.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) can be profitable for both the investing company and host country. For companies, FDI allows access to new markets, technology, and cheaper production facilities. Host countries benefit from foreign funds, job creation, and transfer of technology. Common forms of FDI include setting up subsidiaries, acquiring shares of overseas companies, or through mergers and joint ventures. Developing countries have seen large increases in annual FDI inflows in recent decades. The retail industry in India is highly fragmented, with 97% of business run by small unorganized retailers. However, organized retail is growing and accounts for around 15% of India's GDP. FDI in retail has created opportunities for both domestic and international companies in
Similar to International Business 10eBy Charles W.L. HillCopy.docx (20)
Assist with first annotated bibliography. Assist with f.docxnormanibarber20063
Assist with first
annotated bibliography
.
Assist with first
annotated bibliography
.
(Thesis topic: Psychotherapy)
. Each submission must also include a brief critique of the source (e.g., how could the study be improved, criticism of the author(s) assertions, ideas for future studies, etc.).
summary of the article, including the purpose/hypothesis of the study, a statement about the participants and methods utilized in the study, results and implications for future research, as well as the methodological limitations/critique of the study.
.
Assistance needed with SQL commandsI need assistance with the quer.docxnormanibarber20063
Assistance needed with SQL commands
I need assistance with the query commands assigned to an assignment. I have the databases properly created and do not need assistance with the commands associated with creating the databases. Here is the complete assignment. I have attached the database information.
The structure of the movies database is as follows:
Director (
DIRNUB
, DIRNAME, DIRBORN, YR-DIRDIED)
STAR (
STARNUB
, STARNAME, BIRTHPLACE, STARBORN, YR-STARDIED)
MOVIE (
MVNUB
, MVTITLE, YRMDE, MVTYPE, CRIT, MPAA, NOMINATIONS, AWRD,
DIRNUB
)
MOVSTAR (
MVNUB
,
STARNUB
, AMTPAID)
MEMBER (
MMBNUB
, MMBNAME, MMBADD, MMBCITY, MMBST, NUMRENT, BONUS, JOINDATE)
TAPE (
TAPENUM,
MVNUB, PURDATE, TMSRNT,
MMBNUB
)
Create Video Store database as discussed in the class. Make sure to correct column widths/types before creating tables. Use SQL to form queries to produce the following reports
:
** List the names and numbers of directors whose names begin with the alphabet ‘K’.
List the tape no, movie title, and the membership number and name of members, who are currently borrowing tapes numbered below 20. Arrange the report in descending order by tape number.
List the names and respective numbers of stars and directors who have worked together.
** List the tape numbers for movies of movie type: ‘HORROR’.
List the name of the director who has received the maximum number of total awards considering all his/her movies: AWRD.
** List the names of all members who have not borrowed any movie currently.
List the movie type and number of tapes for each type in the database.
** For each movie list total how many times it has been rented: TMSRNT.
Report the total times rented (TMSRNT) for each movie type.
The database administrator discovers that the name of director whose number is 7 in the database should be spelt as ‘JOHNNY FORD’. Make corrections to the data.
Delete the movie number 14 and all its tapes. Print both tables to verify.
List all tape numbers and their movie titles, and indicate the member number and member name if the tape is currently rented out.
13. List all tape numbers, and also indicate the member’s city if a tape is currently rented out by a member.
14. Who is the youngest director?
How many movies did he/she direct?
15. Grant access to me (joshi) to your movstar table for select and update.
16. Create a unique index on movstar table.
17. For each movie type list the average age of movies given the current year is 2011.
18. ** Create a view MEMB_TAPES that includes the currently rented movies and the members who are renting them, include movie type.
19. ** Use the view MEMB_TAPES to find all currently rented “COMEDY” type movies and members who are renting them.
20. ** List all tape numbers, along with movie name and member name if rented out (leave member name blank if not rented out).
.
assingment Assignment Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet or .docxnormanibarber20063
assingment
Assignment: Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet or Talking Points Brief
It may seem to you that healthcare has been a national topic of debate among political leaders for as long as you can remember.
Healthcare has been a policy item and a topic of debate not only in recent times but as far back as the administration of the second U.S. president, John Adams. In 1798, Adams signed legislation requiring that 20 cents per month of a sailor’s paycheck be set aside for covering their medical bills. This represented the first major piece of U.S. healthcare legislation, and the topic of healthcare has been woven into presidential agendas and political debate ever since.
As a healthcare professional, you may be called upon to provide expertise, guidance and/or opinions on healthcare matters as they are debated for inclusion into new policy. You may also be involved in planning new organizational policy and responses to changes in legislation. For all of these reasons you should be prepared to speak to national healthcare issues making the news.
In this Assignment, you will analyze recent presidential healthcare agendas. You also will prepare a fact sheet to communicate the importance of a healthcare issue and the impact on this issue of recent or proposed policy.
To Prepare:
Review the agenda priorities of the
current/sitting U.S. president and the two previous presidential administrations.
Select an issue related to healthcare that was addressed by each of the last three U.S. presidential administrations.
Reflect on the focus of their respective agendas, including the allocation of financial resources for addressing the healthcare issue you selected.
Consider how you would communicate the importance of a healthcare issue to a legislator/policymaker or a member of their staff for inclusion on an agenda.
The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Comparison Grid, 1-Page Analysis, and 1-page Fact Sheet)
Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid
Use the Agenda Comparison Grid Template found in the Learning Resources and complete the Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid based on the current/sitting U.S. president and the two previous presidential administrations and their agendas related to the public health concern you selected. Be sure to address the following:
Identify and provide a brief description of the population health concern you selected and the factors that contribute to it.
Describe the administrative agenda focus related to the issue you selected.
Identify the allocations of financial and other resources that the current and two previous presidents dedicated to this issue.
Explain how each of the presidential administrations approached the issue.
Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis
Using the information you recorded in Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid on the template, complete the Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis portion of the template, by addressing the following:
Which administrative agency would most likely be respons.
Assimilate the lessons learned from the dream sequences in Defense o.docxnormanibarber20063
Assimilate the lessons learned from the dream sequences in Defense of Duffer's Drift.
The Lieutenant's dream sequences help him understand his tactical problem and make decisions when faced with a new problem. The Lieutenant had virtually no knowledge of the terrain, the weather, civilians, enemy, etc. If an intelligence section had been made available to the Lieutenant, how might have he used such a staff to help him avoid the painful (and deadly) consequences of poor decision making in his dream sequences?
.
Assignmnt-500 words with 2 referencesRecognizing the fa.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignmnt:-
500 words with 2 references
Recognizing the fact usernames passwords are the weakest link in an organization’s security system because username and password are shareable, and most passwords and usernames are vulnerable and ready to be cracked with a variety of methods using adopting a record number of devices and platforms connected to the Internet of Things daily and at an alarming rate.
Provide the all-inclusive and systematic narratives of the impact of physical biometric operations on the current and future generation.
500 words with 2 references
Discussion:-
Discussion
Effective and efficient use of biometric technology will play a key role in automating method of identifying living persons based on individual physiological and behavioral characteristics.
Provide the comprehensive narratives on the advantages and disadvantages of a physical biometric system?
.
Assignmnt-700 words with 3 referencesToday, there is a crisi.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignmnt-700 words with 3 references
Today, there is a crisis about organizations’ inability to resolve the age-old problem of how to control the abuse of trust and confidence given to authorized officials to freely logon onto the organization’s system, Many such officials , turn around to betray the organization by committing cybercrimes. Vulnerability stems from interactions and communications among several system components and categorized as deficiency, weakness and security cavity on
network data center.
To what extent do internal threats constitute a key factor against any organization’s ability to battle insider threats caused by people who abuse assigned privilege?
What is the most effective mechanism for organizations to combat internal threats?
Why should disgruntled employees must be trained on the danger of throwing wastepaper and electronic media in a bin within and outside the facility?
Discussion:
400 words with 2 references
Per Fennelly (2017-182), “Why do Employees steal?” employee stealing is a multiple part operation.
Most organizations are often intolerant and impatient to verify employee’s identity and background and establish trust due to the time-consuming nature of daily assignments.
Most organizations often ignore to establish and adopt on-board ecological waste management action plans to deal with discarded materials, shredded left-over documents and magnetic media and placing fragments in isolated location.
Nonetheless, organizations must learn to support and train employers who are assigned to work and protect the organization data center, facilities and resources. Large segments of any organizations’ facility managers are often none-aggressive and choose short cuts in discharging assigned services by posting passwords on the screen and leaving confidential documents lying out on the table and uploading same document to associates, husbands, loved ones and competitors. Most authorized users within the organization are often the puniest linkage in any security operation.
Per Fennelly (2017-182), “Why do Employees steal?”
employee stealing is a multiple part operation.
Disgruntled employees can install sniffers on organizations’ data file server via polite phone calls
They can gain required user identification and password to access the organization’s secured data center.
Most organization retain an employee on the same salary for twenty years and they pay new a newly hired employee the salary of the actively existing employee.
Most organizations often ignore to establish and adopt on-board ecological waste management action plans to deal with discarded materials, shredded left-over documents and magnetic media and placing fragments in isolated location.
.
Assignment For Paper #2, you will pick two poems on a similar th.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment:
For Paper #2, you will pick two poems on a similar theme to
compare and contrast
. Your paper will explain how the poems use some of the poetic devices we’ve been discussing to express distinct attitudes towards their common subject. It will point out the
similarities and differences
in the ways the two poems do
this
. Therefore, you will need to compare and contrast the general tones of the poems as well as how they use poetic devices to create those tones. Poetic devices you might want to consider include diction, imagery, figurative language, sound (including rhyme, alliteration, assonance, rhythm, and meter), and form.
Your
audience
for this paper is other students in the class who have read these poems. You can assume that your reader has the poems in front of him or her, so you don’t need to quote the whole poem, though a brief paraphrase might be useful. You will need to quote specific lines, phrases, or words in order to point out specific features of the poems. Your
purpose
is to help your reader see the
differences and similarities
in the two poems and, consequently, to better understand how each one works to create its particular effects or meanings.
Your paper should be
800 – 1000 words long, typed and double-spaced, with 1” margins all around
.
Use of secondary sources (other than our own textbook) is not allowed
for this assignment. If you have questions about the poem, ask other students or the instructor.
Here are some
suggested topics
:
1. Compare and contrast the ways Whitman’s “To a Locomotive in
Winter
” (p. 504) and Dickinson’s “I like to see it lap the Miles” (p. 504-05) represent their common subject: a locomotive. What claims does each poem make about the locomotive? What tone or attitude is taken towards the locomotive? How does each poem use specific poetic devices to create its tone?
2. Compare and contrast the ways Lovelace’s “To
Lucasta
” (p. 521) and Owens’ “
Dulce
et
Decorum
Est
” (p. 521-22) represent their common subject: war. What claims does each poem make about war? What tone or attitude is taken towards war? How does each poem use specific poetic devices to create its tone?
3. Compare and contrast the ways
any two
love poems in our reading represent their common subject. What claims does each poem make about love? What tone or attitude is taken towards love? How does each poem use specific poetic devices to create its tone? (Please check the two poems you pick with the instructor before proceeding.)
4. Compare and contrast the ways
any two
of the following poems represent God:
·
Donne’s “Batter my Heart, Three-
Personed
God” (p. 531),
·
Hopkins’ “God’s Grandeur” (p. 624),
·
Herbert’s “Easter Wings” (p. 676),
·
Blake’s “The
Tyger
” (p. 824-25).
What claims does each poem make about God? What tone or attitude is taken towards God? How does each poem use specific poetic devices to create its tone?
5. Compare and contrast the ways.
Assignment Write an essay comparingcontrasting two thingspeople.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment:
Write an essay comparing/contrasting two things/people/places/ideas, etc. This should not simply be a list of their similarities and differences, but a cohesive essay written in paragraph form with a thesis, introduction, body, and conclusion.
Remember, a compare/contrast thesis can be formulated in one of the following ways:
1) One thing is better than another
2) Two things that seem to be similar are actually different
3) Two things that seem different are actually similar
Parameters:
*Typed
*Double-Spaced
*Times New Roman
*12 Point Font
*1 Inch Margin
*3 pages (not even a word shorter)
*2 outside sources
.
Assignment Travel Journal to Points of Interest from the Early Midd.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment :Travel Journal to Points of Interest from the Early Middle Ages, Romanesque, and Gothic World
Travel Journal to Points of Interest from the Early Middle Ages, Romanesque, and Gothic World
Travel was one of the social characteristics that helped shape the Early Middle Ages and the Romanesque period—either to the Middle East to fight in the Crusades or throughout Europe as part of extensive pilgrimages.
For this assignment, put yourself in the place of a person living during this time who traveled extensively throughout Europe by selecting six pieces of art or architecture that you found personally to be the most interesting and important examples that date from this period in history. You should have 2 examples from each of the time periods specific to the Middle Ages: two examples from the Early Middle ages, two that represent the Romanesque, and two that represent Gothic art.
Your objects need to date between 400 CE and 1300 CE—the time span that encompasses the Early Middle Ages, Romanesque, and Gothic periods.
You are going to create a travel journal and itinerary for other students who will travel with you to your points of interest. Create a PowerPoint presentation of seven slides, including an introduction, your five destinations, and a conclusion. On each slide, include the image of the artwork or architecture, and the following information about the image:
Its location
Its name
The period of time it was created
Three interesting points about the artwork/building
What people viewing the image could learn about the Early Middle Ages, the Romanesque period, or Gothic art and architecture.
Why you selected this image
THIS MUST BE FOLLOWED
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Selected two images representative of the early Middle Ages style, from between 400 CE and 1000 CE.
10
Provided location, name, and period of time created for the early Middle Ages images.
12
Explained why you selected each early Middle Ages image, and offered three interesting points about each image and what people could learn from viewing each image.
15
Selected two images representative of the Romanesque style, from between 1000 CE and 1100 CE.
10
Provided location, name, and period of time created for the Romanesque style images.
12
Explained why you selected each Romanesque style image, and offered three interesting points about each image and what people could learn from viewing each image.
15
Selected two images representative of the Gothic style, from between 1100 CE and 1300 CE.
10
Provided location, name, and period of time created for the Gothic style images.
12
Explained why you selected each Gothic style image, and offered three interesting points about each image and what people could learn from viewing each image.
15
The PowerPoint presentation meets length requirements and contains correct spelling and grammar.
.
Assignment What are the factors that influence the selection of .docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment
What are the factors that influence the selection of access control software and/ or hardware? Discuss all aspects of access control systems.
DQ requirement:
initial posting to be between 200-to-300 words.
All initial posts must contain a properly formatted in-text citation and scholarly reference.
Reply post 100-to-150 words.
No plagarism
.
Assignment Write a research paper that contains the following.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment:
Write a research paper that contains the following:
Discuss the visual assets such as charts, interactive controls, and annotations that will occupy space in your work.
Discuss the best way to use space in terms of position, size, and shape of every visible property.
Data representation techniques that display overlapping connections also introduce the need to contemplate value sorting in the z-dimension, discuss which connections will be above and which will be below and why. Show example using any chart or diagram of your choice.
Your research paper should be at least 3 pages (800 words) excluding cover page and reference page. It should be double-spaced, have at least 2 APA references, and typed in Times New Roman 12 font. Include a cover page and a table of content.
.
Assignment Talk to friends, family, potential beneficiaries abou.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment
Talk to friends, family, potential beneficiaries about your idea. Do they agree that you deeply understand what the proposed beneficiaries are doing currently to manage/endure their problem? Explain. What are your proposed beneficiaries doing currently to manage/endure their problem? How would you get buy-in from others to sign on to your proposed Beneficiary Experience table (reference Chapter 4)? Include research to support your social entrepreneurship idea.
Minimum 2 pages
Minimum 2 scholarly sources
APA formatted
.
Assignment The objective of assignment is to provide a Power .docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment:
The objective of assignment is to provide a
Power Point Presentation
about
all vaccines including the Flu vaccine in the pediatric population
. Your primary goal as a
Family Nurse Practitioner
is to educate parents about the importance of vaccination and understanding their beliefs and preference by being cultural sensitive in regards this controversial topic. This is an individual presentation and must include
a minimum of 8 slides with a maximum of 10 slides
.
This presentation must include a “Voice Presentation”. Please, this part includes
as a note in each slide
, so I can read it. Thank you.
and the following headings:
*Voice attached in all slides. Please use notes, so I can read it.
ALL REFERENCES FROM USA and within 5 years.
1.
Introduction
(Clearly identifies the topic and Establishes goals and objectives of presentation)
2.
Clinical Guidelines Evidence Based Practice per CDC
– (Presents an insightful and through analysis of the issue (s) identified. Excellent Clinical guidelines)
3.
Population and Risk Factors
(The population is identified and addressed as well the topic(s) and issue(s)
4.
Body and Content
: (Makes appropriate and powerful connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied. Very creative and Supports the information with strong arguments and evidence.
5.
Education
– (Presents detailed, realistic, and appropriate recommendations and education including parents/patients)
6.
Conclusion
. Excellent Conclusion clearly supported by the information presented
.
Assignment During the on-ground, residency portion of Skill.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment:
During the on-ground, residency portion of Skills Lab II, you will have attended sessions covering topics relevant to advanced clinical social work practice. During Skills Lab II, you join with a group of three to four students to present a clinical case. You will create your own case—this case will be a situation you have faced in practice or one you create. During the presentation, you and each group member are expected to demonstrate knowledge, awareness, and skills appropriate to a concentration-year master’s student.
The presentation should include the following:
· The identification of the individual/family or group with background information including:
o Presenting problem or concern
o History of the presenting problem
o Social history
o Family history
o Previous interventions
· Your assessment of the client/family/group
· Your engagement of the client/family/group
o Specify the specific social work practice skills that were or would be used in your engagement.
This is the right up about this project
Tiffany, a 17-year-old African American female resides in Huston Texas with her mother (48 years old) and 2 brothers (20 years old and 10 years old). Tiffany was raised by her mother. Her father went to prison for selling drugs when Tiffany was 5 years old. Tiffany has been having trouble sleeping, her grades have dropped, she is no longer interested in sports or her after school club activities. Tiffany is also afraid to go outside and she does not want to leave her mother’s side. Tiffany reports she gets nervous and has heart palpitations when she sees a police car or hears police sirens. Tiffany’s mother is concerned about the sudden change of behavior in her daughter and thus, took her in to see a therapist.
Tiffany was very active in school. She had good grades, active in sports and after school clubs. The teachers spoke very highly of Tiffany, however, expressed concerns to her mother when they noticed a change in her grades. Additionally, the school staff noticed Tiffany withdrawing from her friends appeared to be isolating herself from others. Tiffany and her family were active within their church community. Tiffany and her family live in a low-income community. Tiffany’s mother does work full time, however, she still receives SNAP and Medicaid services. They also live in Section 8 housing. Tiffany lives in a community with a high crime rate. She often witnesses and hears stories of police brutality. Tiffany’s mother had to explain to her children how to respond to a police officer with they are ever stopped. Tiffany’s other brother has a history of police involvement.
.
Assignment PurposeThe first part of this assignment will assist.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment Purpose:
The first part of this assignment will assist you in identifying a topic which you will work with for subsequent activities in the course. The second part of the assignment helps you articulate what constitutes plagiarism.
Part 1:
In this course you will be using a variety of resources and research tools. This activity will guide you in formulating a topic to use for later assignments in this course.
1. What is something you are curious about? What is something you see out in the world that you want to know more about? Perhaps think of health, business, or socio-cultural issues. Write it here:
_______________________________________________________________________
(Need help selecting a topic? Review the Research Topic Starting Points for EN 104, EN 106, EN 111, and EN 116 guide from the Herzing University Library. Browse some of the resources linked there for generating topic ideas. http://herzing.libguides.com/research_topic_starting_points)
2. Create a Mind Map for your topic in the Credo Reference Database available through the Herzing University Library. You can access the link to that database and view a brief tutorial in the Research Topics Starting Points guide at http://herzing.libguides.com/research_topic_starting_pointsIf you need assistance using this tool, contact the Herzing University Librarians using the contact information in that guide. You might need to play around with how you word your topic.
Did the Mind Map help you narrow your topic? Describe your experience with the Mind Map feature and indicate your narrowed topic:
3. Write at least three research questions related to your topic and circle or somehow indicate the one you are most interested in answering:
4. Create a thesis statement for your research project. Be sure it meets the characteristics of a “strong” thesis statement as described in the reading for this unit.
Characteristics of a Strong Thesis Statement
· Answers the research question and is adequate for the assignment.
· Takes a position – doesn’t just state facts.
· It is specific and provable.
· It passes the “so what?” test.
Include your thesis statement here:
Part 2:
The following paragraph is from this source:Spiranec, S., &Mihaela, B. Z. (2010). Information literacy 2.0: Hype or discourse refinement? Journal of Documentation, 66(1), 140-153. doi:http://dx.doi.org.prx-herzing.lirn.net/10.1108/00220411011016407
Web 2.0 is currently changing what it means to be an information literate person or community…. The erosion did not begin with Web 2.0 but had started considerably earlier and became evident with the first web document without an identifiable author or indication of origin. Generally, this erosion comes naturally with the advancement towards electronic environments. In the era of print culture the information context was based on textual permanence, unity and identifiable authorship, and was therefore stable. The appearance of Web 1.0 has already undermined .
Assignment PowerPoint Based on what you have learned so .docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment:
PowerPoint:
Based on what you have learned so far in this course, create a PowerPoint presentation that addresses each of the following points. Be sure to completely answer all the questions for each bullet point. Use clear headings that allow your professor to know which bullet you are addressing on the slides in your presentation. Support your content with at least four (4) citations throughout your presentation. Make sure to reference the citations using the APA writing style for the presentation. Include a slide for your references at the end. Follow best practices for PowerPoint presentations related to text size, color, images, effects, wordiness, and multimedia enhancements.
Title Slide (1 slide)
At each stage of development, culture can have a distinct impact on basic aspects of life. Based on your reading thus far, describe how cultural influences impact development throughout the lifespan. Include the following aspects of life:
Cognition (2-3 slides)
Acceptance of cultural traditions (2-3 slides)
Biological health (2-3 slides)
Personality(2-3 slides)
Relationships (2-3 slides)
References (1 slide)
Each slide should have a graphic and very few words. In a separate Word file, create a script to use when giving this presentation (about 50 words per content slide - 500 words total). Submit both files to the dropbox.
.
Assignment In essay format, please answer the following quest.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment: In essay format, please answer the following questions:
On your second In-Class Assignment, which was on John Stuart Mill's freedom of thought and discussion, you were asked to provide your own opinion on any moral issue.
1) Your task is to write an essay
DEFENDING
the
the OPPOSITE opinion.
2) Please structure your essay in the following format: (SEE ATTACHED FILE FOR MORE DETAILS ON WHAT EACH OF THESE MEAN)
I. Introduction/Thesis Statement
II. Body - Include at least two reasons why one would support this position
III. Counter-Argument - What is the argument against that position?
IV. Reply to Counter-Argument - Why could the counter-argument be wrong?
V. Conclusion
.
Assignment Name:
Unit 2 Discussion Board
Deliverable Length:
150-500 words (not including references) 2 Peer Responses
Details:
The Discussion Board (DB) is part of the core of online learning. Classroom discussion in an online environment requires the active participation of students and the instructor to create robust interaction and dialogue. Every student is expected to create an original response to the open-ended DB question as well as engage in dialogue by responding to posts created by others throughout the week. At the end of each unit, DB participation will be assessed based on both level of engagement and the quality of the contribution to the discussion.
At a minimum, each student will be expected to post an original and thoughtful response to the DB question and contribute to the weekly dialogue by responding to at least two other posts from students. The first contribution must be posted before midnight (Central Time) on Wednesday of each week. Two additional responses are required after Wednesday of each week. Students are highly encouraged to engage on the Discussion Board early and often, as that is the primary way the university tracks class attendance and participation.
The purpose of the Discussion Board is to allow students to learn through sharing ideas and experiences as they relate to course content and the DB question. Because it is not possible to engage in two-way dialogue after a conversation has ended, no posts to the DB will be accepted after the end of each unit.
A. Questions for weekly discussions and conversations (not part of the required Discussion Board assignment)
These questions can serve as the starting point for your discussions during the week. They are “thought starters,” so that you can explore some ideas associated with the discussion board and unit topics. Answers are not required, and should not be submitted with your required assignment. Answers are not graded.
1. What images do we use today that originated from creations by early civilizations for religious ceremonies?
2. What historical art images do we use today, from creations by early civilizations, for cultural celebrations?
B. Required Discussion Board assignment.
From the list below, choose one Greek work of art and one Roman work of art and
compare and contrast
them according to the criteria listed:
Greek Art
Roman Art
The
Doryphoros
(Polykleitos, 450 BCE)
Augustus of Primaporta
(c. 20 BCE)
The Laocoon Group
(1
st
Century, CE)
Marcus Agrippa with Imperial Family
(South frieze from the Ara Pacis, 13-9 CE)
Nike of Samothrace
(c. 190 BCE)
She-Wolf
(c. 500 BCE)
The Temple of Athena
(427–424 BCE)
The Colosseum
(72–80 CE)
The Parthenon
(447–438 BCE)
The Arch of Constantine
(313 CE)
Answer the following list of questions in a comparative essay to evaluate your choices. Be sure to introduce the works you have chosen.
What is the FORM of the work?
Is it a two-dimensional or three-dimensional work of art?
What materials are us.
Assignment In essay format, please answer the following questions.docxnormanibarber20063
Assignment: In essay format, please answer the following questions:
1) Briefly summarize Stirner's Egoism.
2) Look at some contemporary moral issues in the news, either current or past, and apply his Egoist theory to the issue. How would he view the issue?
3) Do you agree with the way Stirner would view the issue? Why or why not?
All together, the answers must total up to about 500-700 words. Assignments
MUST
have the following format: Name, Class, and Essay Subject & Date in the upper left hand corner.
Double Spaced
, 12pt Times New Roman or Arial font. If you use outside sources, it must include a works cited page.
.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
2. countryacquisitions or mergers with existing firms in the
foreign country
*
Greenfield operation:mostly in developing nations
Mergers and acquisitions:quicker to executeforeign firms have
valuable strategic assetsbelieve they can increase the efficiency
of the acquired firmmore prevalent in developed nations
The Opening Case: Foreign Retailers in India describes the
challenges faced by foreign retailers that are trying to gain a
foothold in India, despite political objections from local
officials.
8-*
What Is FDI?The flow of FDI - the amount of FDI undertaken
over a given time period Outflows of FDI are the flows of FDI
out of a countryInflows of FDI are the flows of FDI into a
countryThe stock of FDI - the total accumulated value of
foreign-owned assets at a given time
*
LO 1: Recognize current trends regarding foreign direct
investment (FDI) in the world economy.
8-*
What Are The Patterns Of FDI?Both the flow and stock of FDI
have increased over the last 35 yearsMost FDI is still targeted
towards developed nations United States, Japan, and the EUbut,
3. other destinations are emergingSouth, East, and South East Asia
especially China Latin America
*
Country Focus: Foreign Direct Investment in China explores
investment opportunities in China. In the late 1970s, China
opened its doors to foreign investors. By the mid 2000s, China
attracted $60 billion of FDI annually. China’s large population
is a magnet for many companies and because high tariffs make
it difficult to export to the Chinese market, firms frequently
turn to foreign direct investment. However, many companies
have found it difficult to conduct business in China, and in
recent years investment rates have slowed. In response, the
Chinese government, hoping to continue to attract foreign
companies has established a number of incentives for would-be
investors.
8-*
What Are The Patterns Of FDI?
FDI Outflows 1982-2012 ($ billions)
*
Source: Calculated by the author from United Nations World
Investment Report, various editions.
8-*
What Are The Patterns Of FDI?
FDI Inflows by Region 1995-2011 ($ billion)
4. *
Source: Calculated by the author from United Nations World
Investment Report, various editions.
8-*
What Are The Patterns Of FDI?The growth of FDI is a result of
a fear of protectionismwant to circumvent trade barriers
political and economic changesderegulation, privatization,
fewer restrictions on FDI
new bilateral investment treatiesdesigned to facilitate
investment
the globalization of the world economymany companies now
view the world as their marketneed to be closer to their
customers
*
8-*
What Are The Patterns Of FDI?Gross fixed capital formation -
the total amount of capital invested in factories, stores, office
buildings, and the like the greater the capital investment in an
economy, the more favorable its future prospects are likely to
be So, FDI is an important source of capital investment and a
determinant of the future growth rate of an economy
5. *
8-*
What Are The Patterns Of FDI?
Inward FDI as a % of Gross Fixed Capital Formation 1992-2008
*
8-*
What Is The Source Of FDI?Since World War II, the U.S. has
been the largest source country for FDIthe United Kingdom, the
Netherlands, France, Germany, and Japan are other important
source countriestogether, these countries account for 60% of all
FDI outflows from 1998-2011
*
8-*
What Is The Source Of FDI?
Cumulative FDI Outflows 1998-2011 ($ billions)
6. *
Source: Calculated by the author from United Nations World
Investment Report, various editions.
8-*
Why Do Firms Choose Acquisition Versus Greenfield
Investments?Most cross-border investment is in the form of
mergers and acquisitions rather than greenfield
investmentsbetween 40-80% of all FDI inflows per annum from
1998 to 2011 were in the form of mergers and acquisitionsbut in
developing countries two-thirds of FDI is greenfield investment
fewer target companies
*
8-*
Why Do Firms Choose Acquisition Versus Greenfield
Investments?Firms prefer to acquire existing assets because
mergers and acquisitions are quicker to execute than greenfield
investmentsit is easier and perhaps less risky for a firm to
acquire desired assets than build them from the ground upfirms
believe that they can increase the efficiency of an acquired unit
by transferring capital, technology, or management skills
*
7. 8-*
Why Choose FDI?Question: Why does FDI occur instead of
exporting or licensing?
Exporting - producing goods at home and then shipping them to
the receiving country for sale exports can be limited by
transportation costs and trade barriers FDI may be a response to
actual or threatened trade barriers such as import tariffs or
quotas
*
LO 2: Explain the different theories of FDI.
Why do firms invest rather than use exporting or licensing to
enter foreign markets?
FDI is more attractive when transportation costs or trade
barriers make exporting unattractive.
Management Focus: Foreign Direct Investment by Cemex
explores why foreign direct investment made more sense for the
Mexican cement maker than exporting. For Cemex, exporting is
too costly.
8-*
Why Choose FDI?
Licensing - granting a foreign entity the right to produce and
sell the firm’s product in return for a royalty fee on every unit
that the foreign entity sells Internalization theory (aka market
imperfections theory) - compared to FDI licensing is less
attractivefirm could give away valuable technological know-
how to a potential foreign competitordoes not give a firm the
8. control over manufacturing, marketing, and strategy in the
foreign country the firm’s competitive advantage may be based
on its management, marketing, and manufacturing capabilities
*
A firm will favor FDI over licensing when it wishes to maintain
control over its technological know-how, or over its operations
and business strategy, or when the firm’s capabilities are simply
not amenable to licensing.
8-*
What Is The Pattern Of FDI?Question: Why do firms in the
same industry undertake FDI at about the same time and the
same locations?Knickerbocker - FDI flows are a reflection of
strategic rivalry between firms in the global
marketplacemultipoint competition -when two or more
enterprises encounter each other in different regional markets,
national markets, or industries
*
With regard to horizontal FDI, market imperfections arise in
two circumstances:when there are impediments to the free flow
of products between nations which decrease the profitability of
exporting relative to FDI and licensingwhen there are
impediments to the sale of know-how which increase the
profitability of FDI relative to licensing
9. 8-*
What Is The Pattern Of FDI?Question: But, why is it profitable
for firms to undertake FDI rather than continuing to export from
home base, or licensing a foreign firm? Dunning’s eclectic
paradigm - it is important to considerlocation-specific
advantages - that arise from using resource endowments or
assets that are tied to a particular location and that a firm finds
valuable to combine with its own unique assets externalities -
knowledge spillovers that occur when companies in the same
industry locate in the same area
*
FDI is expensive because a firm must bear the costs of
establishing production facilities in a foreign country or of
acquiring a foreign enterprise.
FDI is risky because of the problems associated with doing
business in another culture where the rules of the game may be
different.
8-*
What Are The Theoretical Approaches To FDI?The radical view
- the MNE is an instrument of imperialist domination and a tool
for exploiting host countries to the exclusive benefit of their
capitalist-imperialist home countries in retreat almost
everywhere The free market view - international production
should be distributed among countries according to the theory
of comparative advantage embraced by advanced and
developing nations including the United States and Britain, but
no country has adopted it in its purest form
10. *
LO 3: Understand how political ideology shapes a government’s
attitudes towards FDI.
The radical view lacked support by the end of the 1980s because
of: the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe the poor
economic performance of those countries that followed the
policy a growing belief by many of these countries that FDI can
be an important source of technology and jobs and can stimulate
economic growth the strong economic performance of
developing countries that embraced capitalism rather than
ideology
8-*
What Are The Theoretical Approaches To FDI?Pragmatic
nationalism - FDI has both benefits (inflows of capital,
technology, skills and jobs) and costs (repatriation of profits to
the home country and a negative balance of payments
effect)FDI should be allowed only if the benefits outweigh the
costsRecently, there has been a strong shift toward the free
market stance creatinga surge in FDI worldwide an increase in
the volume of FDI in countries with newly liberalized regimes
*
Management Focus: DP World and the United States explores
the reaction to the bid by DP World, a Dubai-based ports
operator, to acquire P&O, a British firm that runs a network of
global marine terminals. An acquisition of P&O would give DP
World management of six U.S. ports. While the Bush
administration claimed the acquisition posed no threat to
national security, several prominent U.S. Senators raised
11. concerns about the acquisition. Ultimately, DP World pulled
out of the deal, but stated that it would look for alternative
ways to enter the U.S. market.
8-*
How Does FDI Benefit
The Host Country?There are four main benefits of inward FDI
for a host country
Resource transfer effects - FDI brings capital, technology, and
management resources
Employment effects - FDI can bring jobs
*
LO 4: Describe the benefits and costs of FDI to home and host
countries.
8-*
How Does FDI Benefit
The Host Country?
Balance of payments effects - FDI can help a country to achieve
a current account surplus
Effects on competition and economic growth - greenfield
investments increase the level of competition in a market,
driving down prices and improving the welfare of consumerscan
lead to increased productivity growth, product and process
innovation, and greater economic growth
*
12. 8-*
What Are The Costs Of
FDI To The Host Country?Inward FDI has three main costs:
Adverse effects of FDI on competition within the host nation
subsidiaries of foreign MNEs may have greater economic power
than indigenous competitors because they may be part of a
larger international organization
*
8-*
What Are The Costs Of
FDI To The Host Country?
Adverse effects on the balance of paymentswhen a foreign
subsidiary imports a substantial number of its inputs from
abroad, there is a debit on the current account of the host
country’s balance of payments
Perceived loss of national sovereignty and autonomydecisions
that affect the host country will be made by a foreign parent
that has no real commitment to the host country, and over which
the host country’s government has no real control
13. *
8-*
How Does FDI Benefit
The Home Country?The benefits of FDI for the home country
include
The effect on the capital account of the home country’s balance
of payments from the inward flow of foreign earnings
The employment effects that arise from outward FDI
The gains from learning valuable skills from foreign markets
that can subsequently be transferred back to the home country
*
8-*
What Are The Costs Of
FDI To The Home Country?
The home-country’s balance of payments can sufferfrom the
initial capital outflow required to finance the FDIif the purpose
of the FDI is to serve the home market from a low cost labor
locationif the FDI is a substitute for direct exports
*
14. 8-*
What Are The Costs Of
FDI To The Home Country?
Employment may also be negatively affected if the FDI is a
substitute for domestic productionBut, international trade theory
suggests that home-country concerns about the negative
economic effects of offshore production (FDI undertaken to
serve the home market) may not be validmay stimulate
economic growth and employment in the home country by
freeing resources to specialize in activities where the home
country has a comparative advantage
*
8-*
How Does Government
Influence FDI?Governments can encourage outward
FDIgovernment-backed insurance programs to cover major
types of foreign investment riskGovernments can restrict
outward FDIlimit capital outflows, manipulate tax rules, or
outright prohibit FDI
*
LO 5: Explain the range of policy instruments that governments
use to influence FDI.
15. The rationale underlying ownership restraints is twofold: first,
foreign firms are often excluded from certain sectors on the
grounds of national security or competitionsecond, ownership
restraints seem to be based on a belief that local owners can
help to maximize the resource transfer and employment benefits
of FDI for the host country
8-*
How Does Government
Influence FDI?Governments can encourage inward FDIoffer
incentives to foreign firms to invest in their countriesgain from
the resource-transfer and employment effects of FDI, and
capture FDI away from other potential host
countriesGovernments can restrict inward FDIuse ownership
restraints and performance requirements
*
8-*
How Do International
Institutions Influence FDI?Until the 1990s, there was no
consistent involvement by multinational institutions in the
governing of FDIToday, the World Trade Organization is
changing this by trying to establish a universal set of rules
designed to promote the liberalization of FDI
*
16. 8-*
What Does FDI
Mean For Managers?Managers need to consider what trade
theory implies about FDI, and the link between government
policy and FDIThe direction of FDI can be explained through
the location-specific advantages argument associated with John
Dunninghowever, it does not explain why FDI is preferable to
exporting or licensing, must consider internalization theory
*
LO 6: Identify the implications for managers of the theory and
government policies associated with FDI.
8-*
What Does FDI
Mean For Managers?
A Decision Framework
*
8-*
What Does FDI
18. 7-*
What Is The Political Reality
Of International Trade?Free trade occurs when governments do
not attempt to restrict what citizens can buy from another
country or what they can sell to another country many nations
are nominally committed to free trade, but intervene to protect
the interests of politically important groups
*
The Opening Case: China Limits Exports of Rare Earth Metals
explores China’s decision to the limit the export of rare earth
metals, which are key components in the manufacture of high-
technology products including wind turbines, iPhones, and
batteries used in hybrid cars. China claims it lowered the export
quotas because several of its manufacturers didn’t meet
environmental standards; however, developed countries saw this
move as an opportunity for China to give its domestic
manufacturers a cost advantage and to encourage foreign
manufacturers to move production to China—to gain access to
lower-cost supplies of rare earth metals.
7-*
How Do Governments
Intervene In Markets?Governments use various methods to
intervene in markets including
Tariffs - taxes levied on imports that effectively raise the cost
of imported products relative to domestic products Specific
19. tariffs - levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good
imported Ad valorem tariffs - levied as a proportion of the value
of the imported good
*
LO 1: Identify the policy instruments used by governments to
influence international trade flows.
Tariffs are the oldest form of trade policy; they fall into two
categories:Specific tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each
unitAd valorem tariffs are levied as a proportion of the value of
the imported good
7-*
How Do Governments
Intervene In Markets?Tariffs increase government
revenuesforce consumers to pay more for certain importsare
pro-producer and anti-consumerreduce the overall efficiency of
the world economy
*
Tariffs are good for government because they generate revenue.
But, while they protect domestic producers, they reduce
efficiency and create higher prices for consumers.
7-*
How Do Governments
Intervene In Markets?
20. Subsidies - government payments to domestic
producersSubsidies help domestic producerscompete against
low-cost foreign importsgain export marketsConsumers
typically absorb the costs of subsidies
*
Subsidies are government payments to domestic producers.
They can be in the form of:Cash grantsLow-interest loansTax
breaksGovernment equity participation in the company
Subsidy revenues are generated from taxes.
Subsidies encourage over-production, inefficiency, and reduced
trade.
7-*
How Do Governments
Intervene In Markets?
Import Quotas - restrict the quantity of some good that may be
imported into a country Tariff rate quotas - a hybrid of a quota
and a tariff where a lower tariff is applied to imports within the
quota than to those over the quota A quota rent - the extra
profit that producers make when supply is artificially limited by
an import quota
*
7-*
How Do Governments
21. Intervene In Markets?
Voluntary Export Restraints - quotas on trade imposed by the
exporting country, typically at the request of the importing
country’s governmentImport quotas and voluntary export
restraintsbenefit domestic producers raise the prices of imported
goods
*
7-*
How Do Governments
Intervene In Markets?
Local Content Requirements - demand that some specific
fraction of a good be produced domestically benefit domestic
producersconsumers face higher prices
Administrative Policies - bureaucratic rules designed to make it
difficult for imports to enter a country polices hurt consumers
by limiting choice
*
7-*
22. How Do Governments
Intervene In Markets?
Antidumping Policies–also called countervailing duties–punish
foreign firms that engage in dumping and protect domestic
producers from “unfair” foreign competitiondumping - selling
goods in a foreign market below their costs of production, or
selling goods in a foreign market below their “fair” market
value enables firms to unload excess production in foreign
markets may be predatory behavior - producers use profits from
their home markets to subsidize prices in a foreign market to
drive competitors out of that market, and then later raise prices
*
Management Focus: U.S. Magnesium Seeks Protection explores
the dumping charged levied by U.S. Magnesium against Chinese
and Russian producers. According to U.S. Magnesium, the sole
American producer of magnesium, Russian and Chinese
producers were selling magnesium significantly below market
value in an effort to drive U.S. Magnesium out of business. The
company failed a complaint with the International Trade
Commission (ITC) which ultimately ruled in favor of U.S.
Magnesium.
7-*
Why Do Governments
Intervene In Markets?There are two main arguments for
government intervention in the market
Political arguments - concerned with protecting the interests of
certain groups within a nation (normally producers), often at the
expense of other groups (normally consumers)
Economic arguments - concerned with boosting the overall
23. wealth of a nation – benefits both producers and consumers
*
LO 2: Understand why governments sometimes intervene in
international trade.
7-*
What Are The Political Arguments For Government
Intervention?
Protecting jobs - the most common political reason for trade
restrictions results from political pressures by unions or
industries that are "threatened" by more efficient foreign
producers, and have more political clout than consumers
*
7-*
What Are The Political Arguments For Government
Intervention?
Protecting industries deemed important for national security -
industries are often protected because they are deemed
important for national securityaerospace or semiconductors
*
7-*
24. What Are The Political Arguments For Government
Intervention?
Retaliation for unfair foreign competition - when governments
take, or threaten to take, specific actions, other countries may
remove trade barriersif threatened governments do not back
down, tensions can escalate and new trade barriers may be
enactedrisky strategy
Protecting consumers from “dangerous” products – limit
“unsafe” products
*
Country Focus: Trade in Hormone-Treated Beef describes the
trade battle between the United States and the European Union
over beef from cattle that have been given growth hormones. It
outlines the basic issues that led to the dispute, and shows how
the World Trade Organization has treated the case.
7-*
What Are The Political Arguments For Government
Intervention?
Furthering the goals of foreign policy - preferential trade terms
can be granted to countries that a government wants to build
strong relations with trade policy can also be used to punish
rogue states
*
The U.S. has used trade policy against countries like Libya,
Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Cuba.
25. 7-*
What Are The Political Arguments For Government
Intervention?
Protecting the human rights of individuals in exporting
countries – through trade policy actions
Protecting the environment – international trade is associated
with a decline in environmental qualityconcern over global
warmingenforcement of environmental regulations
*
7-*
What Are The Economic Arguments For Government
Intervention?
The infant industry argument - an industry should be protected
until it can develop and be viable and competitive
internationally accepted as a justification for temporary trade
restrictions under the WTO
*
Oldest argument - Alexander Hamilton, 1792.
Protected under the WTO.
Only good if it makes the industry efficient.
Brazil automakers - 10th largest - wilted when protection was
eliminated.
Requires government financial assistance.
Today if the industry is a good investment, global capital
markets would invest.
26. 7-*
What Are The Economic Arguments For Government
Intervention?Question: When is an industry “grown up” ?Critics
argue that if a country has the potential to develop a viable
competitive position, its firms should be capable of raising
necessary funds without additional support from the government
*
7-*
What Are The Economic Arguments For Government
Intervention?
Strategic trade policy – first-mover advantages can be important
to successgovernments can help firms from their countries
attain these advantages governments can help firms overcome
barriers to entry into industries where foreign firms have an
initial advantage
*
Strategic trade policy suggests that: government should use
subsidies to protect promising firms in newly emerging
industries with substantial scale economiesgovernments benefit
if they support domestic firms to overcome barriers to entry
created by existing foreign firms
7-*
When Should Governments
27. Avoid Using Trade Barriers?Paul Krugman argues that strategic
trade policies aimed at establishing domestic firms in a
dominant position in a global industry are beggar-thy-neighbor
policies that boost national income at the expense of other
countriescountries that attempt to use such policies will
probably provoke retaliationKrugman argues that since special
interest groups can influence governments, strategic trade
policy is almost certain to be captured by such groups who will
distort it to their own ends
*
LO 3: Summarize and explain the arguments against strategic
trade policy.
7-*
How Has The Current World Trading System Emerged?Until the
Great Depression of the 1930s, most countries had some degree
of protectionismSmoot-Hawley Act (1930)After WWII, the U.S.
and other nations realized the value of freer tradeestablished the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - a
multilateral agreement to liberalize trade
*
LO 4: Describe the development of the world trading system
and the current trade issues.
28. GATT - multilateral agreement established in 1948 under U.S.
leadership.
Objective is to liberalize trade by eliminating tariffs, subsidies,
and import quotas.
Nineteen original members grew to more than 120 nations.
7-*
How Has The Current World Trading System Emerged?In the
1980s and early 1990s protectionist trends emergedJapan’s
perceived protectionist (neo-mercantilist) policies created
intense political pressures in other countriespersistent trade
deficits by the U.Suse of non-tariff barriers increased
*
7-*
How Has The Current World Trading System Emerged?The
Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations began in 1986 focusing
on
Services and intellectual propertygoing beyond manufactured
goods to address trade issues related to services and intellectual
property, and agriculture
The World Trade Organizationit was hoped that enforcement
mechanisms would make the WTO a more effective policeman
of the global trade rules
29. *
GATT used ‘rounds of talks’ to gradually reduce trade barriers.
Uruguay Round GATT 1986-93
Mutual tariff reductions negotiated.
Dispute resolution only if complaints were received.
GATT regulations could be circumvented using voluntary
export restraints.
7-*
How Has The Current World Trading System Emerged?The
WTO encompassed GATT along with two sisters
organizationsthe General Agreement on Trade in Services
(GATS) working to extend free trade agreements to services the
Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS)working to develop common international rules
for intellectual property rights
*
7-*
How Has The Current World Trading System Emerged?The
WTO has emerged as an effective advocate and facilitator of
future trade deals, particularly in such areas as services 159
members in 2013so far, the WTO’s policing and enforcement
mechanisms are having a positive effectmost countries have
30. adopted WTO recommendations for trade disputes a magnet for
various groups protesting free trade
*
The WTO:
--had 159 in early 2013
--resolved more than 400 disputes between 1995 and 2012
--three fourths of the disputes are settled by informal
consultation
Because members believe that the protection of intellectual
property rights is an essential element of the international
trading system, TRIPS obliges WTO members to grant and
enforce patents lasting at least 20 years, and copyrights lasting
50 years.
7-*
What Is The Future Of The World Trade Organization?The
current agenda of the WTO focuses on the rise of anti-dumping
policiesthe high level of protectionism in agriculturethe lack of
strong protection for intellectual property rights in many
nationscontinued high tariffs on nonagricultural goods and
services in many nations
*
7-*
31. What Is The Future Of The World Trade Organization?The
WTO launched a new round of talks at Doha, Qatar in 2001 that
have already gone on for 12 years and are currently stalled.The
agenda includescutting tariffs on industrial goods and
servicesphasing out subsidies to agricultural producersreducing
barriers to cross-border investmentlimiting the use of anti-
dumping laws
*
Country Focus: Estimating the Gains from Trade for America
explores the results of a study by the Institute for International
Economics. The study, which estimated the gains to the
American economy from free trade, found that America’s GDP
was more than 7 percent higher as a result of reductions in trade
barriers than it would have been if the barriers remained. The
study also estimated that if tariffs were reduced to zero,
significant gains would still result.
7-*
What Do Trade Barriers
Mean For Managers?Managers need to consider how trade
barriers affect the strategy of the firm and the implications of
government policy on the firm
Trade barriers raise the cost of exporting products to a country
Voluntary export restraints (VERs) may limit a firm’s ability to
serve a country from locations outside that country
*
LO 5: Explain the implications for managers of developments in
33. International Trade Theory
*
6-*
Why Is Free Trade Beneficial?Free trade - a situation where a
government does not attempt to influence through quotas or
duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what
they can produce and sell to another country Trade theory shows
why it is beneficial for a country to engage in international
trade even for products it is able to produce for itself
*
6-*
Why Is Free Trade Beneficial?International trade allows a
countryto specialize in the manufacture and export of products
and services that it can produce efficientlyimport products and
services that can be produced more efficiently in other
countrieslimits on imports may be beneficial to producers, but
not beneficial for consumers
*
LO 1: Understand why nations trade with each other.
The Opening Case: Creating the World’s Biggest Free Trade
Zone illustrates the benefits of free trade and globalization.
President Obama has committed the United States to negotiating
a free trade deal with the European Union. The announcement
was greeted with enthusiasm that can be traced to widespread
acceptance of the key axiom of international trade—trade is
34. good for all countries involved in a free trade agreement.
6-*
Why Do Certain
Patterns Of Trade Exist? Some patterns of trade are fairly easy
to explain it is obvious why Saudi Arabia exports oil, Ghana
exports cocoa, and Brazil exports coffeeBut, why does
Switzerland export chemicals, pharmaceuticals, watches, and
jewelry? Why does Japan export automobiles, consumer
electronics, and machine tools?
*
6-*
What Role Does
Government Have In Trade?The mercantilist philosophy makes
a crude case for government involvement in promoting exports
and limiting imports Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin
promote unrestricted free trade New trade theory and Porter’s
theory of national competitive advantage justify limited and
selective government intervention to support the development of
certain export-oriented industries
*
Country Focus: Is China a Neo-Mercantilist Nation analyzes
claims that China is a neo-mercantilist nation. Exports are
largely responsible for China’s recent rapid economic growth.
The country, capitalizing on its cheap labor force, has been
focused on converting raw materials into products that are
35. exported to developing countries like the United States.
China’s trade surplus has started to contract [partly as a result
of allowing the Chinese currency (the yuan) to appreciate
against the US dollar] as export growth has slowed and imports
have increased.
6-*
What Is Mercantilism?Mercantilism (mid-16th century) suggests
that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade
surplus—to export more than it importsadvocates government
intervention to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade
Mercantilism views trade as a zero-sum game—one in which a
gain by one country results in a loss by another
*
LO 2: Summarize the different theories explaining trade flows
between nations.
Mercantilism suggests that countries should design policies that
lead to an increase in their holdings of gold and silver.
This was usually done by increasing exports and limiting
imports. This economic philosophy was used by Europeans from
about the 1500s to the late 1700s. It fueled colonialism in
Britain, France, the Netherlands and Spain.
Nations increase their wealth by maintaining trade surpluses.
The key problem with the mercantilist view is that it views
trade as a zero sum game, where if one country benefits the
other must lose. As an economic philosophy, mercantilism is
flawed.
Yet many political views today have the goal of boosting
exports while limiting imports by seeking only selective
liberalization of trade.
36. 6-*
What Is Smith’s Theory
Of Absolute Advantage?Adam Smith (1776) argued that a
country has an absolute advantage in the production of a
product when it is more efficient than any other country in
producing itcountries should specialize in the production of
goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade
these goods for goods produced by other countries
*
LO 2: Summarize the different theories explaining trade flows
between nations.
In 1776, Adam Smith attacked the mercantilist assumption that
trade is a zero-sum game and argued that countries differ in
their ability to produce goods efficiently, and that a country has
an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is
more efficient than any other country in producing it.
According to Smith, countries should specialize in the
production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage
and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other
countries.
6-*
How Does The Theory
Of Absolute Advantage Work?Assume that two countries,
Ghana and South Korea, both have 200 units of resources that
could either be used to produce rice or cocoaIn Ghana, it takes
10 units of resources to produce one ton of cocoa and 20 units
of resources to produce one ton of rice Ghana could produce 20
tons of cocoa and no rice, 10 tons of rice and no cocoa, or some
37. combination of rice and cocoa between the two extremes
*
6-*
How Does The Theory
Of Absolute Advantage Work?In South Korea it takes 40 units
of resources to produce one ton of cocoa and 10 resources to
produce one ton of riceSouth Korea could produce 5 tons of
cocoa and no rice, 20 tons of rice and no cocoa, or some
combination in between
*
6-*
How Does The Theory
Of Absolute Advantage Work?Without tradeGhana would
produce 10 tons of cocoa and 5 tons of riceSouth Korea would
produce 10 tons of rice and 2.5 tons of cocoaWith specialization
and tradeGhana would produce 20 tons of cocoaSouth Korea
would produce 20 tons of riceGhana could trade 6 tons of cocoa
to South Korea for 6 tons of rice
*
6-*
38. How Does The Theory
Of Absolute Advantage Work?After tradeGhana would have 14
tons of cocoa left, and 6 tons of riceSouth Korea would have 14
tons of rice left and 6 tons of cocoaIf each country specializes
in the production of the good in which it has an absolute
advantage and trades for the other, both countries gaintrade is a
positive sum game
*
6-*
How Does The Theory
Of Absolute Advantage Work?
Absolute Advantage and the Gains from Trade
*
6-*
What Is Ricardo’s Theory
Of Comparative Advantage?David Ricardo asked what happens
when one country has an absolute advantage in the production
of all goods The theory of comparative advantage (1817)—
countries should specialize in the production of those goods
they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce
less efficiently from other countrieseven if this means buying
39. goods from other countries that they could produce more
efficiently at home
*
LO 2: Summarize the different theories explaining trade flows
between nations.
6-*
How Does The Theory Of Comparative Advantage
Work?Assume Ghana is more efficient in the production of both
cocoa and riceIn Ghana, it takes 10 resources to produce one
ton of cocoa, and 13 1/2 resources to produce one ton of riceSo,
Ghana could produce 20 tons of cocoa and no rice, 15 tons of
rice and no cocoa, or some combination of the two
*
6-*
How Does The Theory Of Comparative Advantage Work?In
South Korea, it takes 40 resources to produce one ton of cocoa
and 20 resources to produce one ton of riceSo, South Korea
could produce 5 tons of cocoa and no rice, 10 tons of rice and
no cocoa, or some combination of the two
*
6-*
How Does The Theory Of Comparative Advantage Work?With
40. tradeGhana could export 4 tons of cocoa to South Korea in
exchange for 4 tons of rice Ghana will still have 11 tons of
cocoa, and 4 additional tons of riceSouth Korea still has 6 tons
of rice and 4 tons of cocoa if each country specializes in the
production of the good in which it has a comparative advantage
and trades for the other, both countries gain
*
6-*
How Does The Theory Of Comparative Advantage
Work?Comparative advantage theory provides a strong rationale
for encouraging free trade total output is higherboth countries
benefit Trade is a positive sum game
*
6-*
How Does The Theory Of Comparative Advantage Work?
Comparative Advantage and the Gains from Trade
*
6-*
Is Unrestricted Free Trade
41. Always Beneficial?Unrestricted free trade is beneficial, but the
gains may not be as great as the simple model of comparative
advantage would suggestimmobile resourcesdiminishing
returnsdynamic effects and economic growth the Samuelson
critiqueBut, opening a country to trade could increasea
country's stock of resources as increased supplies become
available from abroadthe efficiency of resource utilization and
so free up resources for other uses economic growth
*
LO 3: Recognize why many economists believe that unrestricted
free trade between nations will raise the economic welfare if
countries that participate in a free trade system.
The simple example of comparative advantage presented in the
text makes a number of assumptions: only two countries and
two goods; zero transportation costs; similar prices and values;
resources are mobile between goods within countries, but not
across countries; constant returns to scale; fixed stocks of
resources; and no effects on income distribution within
countries. While these are all unrealistic, the general
proposition that countries will produce and export those goods
that they are the most efficient at producing has been shown to
be quite valid.
6-*
Could A Rich Country Be
Worse Off With Free Trade? Paul Samuelson - the dynamic
gains from trade may not always be beneficialfree trade may
ultimately result in lower wages in the rich countryThe ability
to offshore services jobs that were traditionally not
internationally mobile may have the effect of a mass inward
migration into the United States, where wages would then
42. fallbut, protectionist measures could create a more harmful
situation than free trade
*
Country Focus: Moving U.S. White-Collar Jobs Offshore goes
to the heart of a debate that has been played out many times
over the past half century—the transference of jobs from the
United States to lower-wage countries. The difference now
however, is that rather than blue-collar jobs being transferred,
the new trend is for white-collar jobs to move, jobs associated
with the knowledge-based economy.
6-*
What Is The
Heckscher-Ohlin Theory? Eli Heckscher (1919) and Bertil Ohlin
(1933) - comparative advantage arises from differences in
national factor endowments the extent to which a country is
endowed with resources like land, labor, and capitalThe more
abundant a factor, the lower its cost
*
LO 2: Summarize the different theories explaining trade flows
between nations.
Basic factors:
Natural resources
Climate
Geographic location
Demographics
While basic factors can provide an initial advantage they must
be supported by advanced factors to maintain success.
Advanced factors:
The result of investment by people, companies, and government
43. are more likely to lead to competitive advantage. If a country
has no basic factors, it must invest in advanced factors.
6-*
What Is The
Heckscher-Ohlin Theory? The pattern of trade is determined by
factor endowmentsHeckscher and Ohlin predict that countries
willexport goods that make intensive use of locally abundant
factorsimport goods that make intensive use of factors that are
locally scarce
*
6-*
Does The Heckscher-Ohlin
Theory Hold?Wassily Leontief (1953) theorized that since the
U.S. was relatively abundant in capital compared to other
nations, the U.S. would be an exporter of capital intensive
goods and an importer of labor-intensive goods. However, he
found that U.S. exports were less capital intensive than U.S.
importsSince this result was at variance with the predictions of
trade theory, it became known as the Leontief Paradox.
*
6-*
44. What Is The
Product Life-Cycle Theory?The product life-cycle theory - as
products mature both the location of sales and the optimal
production location will change affecting the flow and direction
of tradeproposed by Ray Vernon in the mid-1960s At this time
most of the world’s new products were developed by U.S. firms
and sold first in the U.S.
*
LO 2: Summarize the different theories explaining trade flows
between nations.
6-*
What Is The
Product Life-Cycle Theory?According to the product life-cycle
theory the size and wealth of the U.S. market gave U.S. firms a
strong incentive to develop new productsinitially, the product
would be produced and sold in the U.S.as demand grew in other
developed countries, U.S. firms would begin to export demand
for the new product would grow in other advanced countries
over time making it worthwhile for foreign producers to begin
producing for their home markets
*
6-*
What Is The
Product Life-Cycle Theory?U.S. firms might set up production
45. facilities in advanced countries with growing demand, limiting
exports from the U.S.As the market in the U.S. and other
advanced nations matured, the product would become more
standardized, and price would be the main competitive weapon
*
6-*
What Is The
Product Life-Cycle Theory?Producers based in advanced
countries where labor costs were lower than the United States
might now be able to export to the United StatesIf cost
pressures were intense, developing countries would acquire a
production advantage over advanced countriesProduction
became concentrated in lower-cost foreign locations, and the
U.S. became an importer of the product
*
6-*
What Is The
Product Life-Cycle Theory?
The Product Life-Cycle Theory
*
Source: Adapted from Raymond Vernon and Louis T. Wells,
The Economic Environment of International Business, 5th
47. implications for international tradeCountries may specialize in
the production and export of particular products because in
certain industries, the world market can only support a limited
number of firmsnew trade theory emerged in the 1980sPaul
Krugman won the Nobel prize for his work in 2008
*
LO 2: Summarize the different theories explaining trade flows
between nations.
6-*
What Is New Trade Theory?
Through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase
the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the
average cost of those goodswithout trade, nations might not be
able to produce those products where economies of scale are
importantwith trade, markets are large enough to support the
production necessary to achieve economies of scaleso, trade is
mutually beneficial because it allows for the specialization of
production, the realization of scale economies, and the
production of a greater variety of products at lower prices
*
LO 3: Recognize why many economists believe that unrestricted
free trade between nations will raise the economic welfare if
countries that participate in a free trade system.
6-*
What Is New Trade Theory?
In those industries when output required to attain economies of
scale represents a significant proportion of total world demand,
the global market may only be able to support a small number of
48. enterprises first-mover advantages - the economic and strategic
advantages that accrue to early entrants into an
industryeconomies of scale first movers can gain a scale based
cost advantage that later entrants find difficult to match
*
6-*
What Are The Implications Of
New Trade Theory For Nations? Nations may benefit from trade
even when they do not differ in resource endowments or
technologya country may dominate in the export of a good
simply because it was lucky enough to have one or more firms
among the first to produce that good Governments should
consider strategic trade policies that nurture and protect firms
and industries where first-mover advantages and economies of
scale are important
*
6-*
What Is Porter’s Diamond Of Competitive Advantage?Michael
Porter (1990) tried to explain why a nation achieves
international success in a particular industry identified four
attributes that promote or impede the creation of competitive
advantage
Factor endowments - a nation’s position in factors of production
49. necessary to compete in a given industrycan lead to competitive
advantagecan be either basic (natural resources, climate,
location) or advanced (skilled labor, infrastructure,
technological know-how)
*
LO 2: Summarize the different theories explaining trade flows
between nations.
6-*
What Is Porter’s Diamond Of Competitive Advantage?
Demand conditions - the nature of home demand for the
industry’s product or serviceinfluences the development of
capabilitiessophisticated and demanding customers pressure
firms to be competitive
Relating and supporting industries - the presence or absence of
supplier industries and related industries that are internationally
competitivecan spill over and contribute to other
industriessuccessful industries tend to be grouped in clusters in
countries
*
6-*
What Is Porter’s Diamond Of Competitive Advantage?
Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry - the conditions governing
how companies are created, organized, and managed, and the
nature of domestic rivalry different management ideologies
affect the development of national competitive
advantagevigorous domestic rivalry creates pressures to
innovate, to improve quality, to reduce costs, and to invest in
50. upgrading advanced features
*
6-*
What Is Porter’s Diamond Of Competitive Advantage?
Determinants of National Competitive Advantage: Porter’s
Diamond
*
Source: Reprinted by permission of Harvard Business Review.
Exhibit from “The Competitive Advantage of Nations,” by
Michael E. Porter, March-April 1990, p. 77. Copyright 1990 by
the Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation; all rights
reserved.
6-*
Does Porter’s Theory Hold?Government policy canaffect
demand through product standardsinfluence rivalry through
regulation and antitrust lawsimpact the availability of highly
educated workers and advanced transportation infrastructure.
The four attributes, government policy, and chance work as a
reinforcing system, complementing each other and in
combination creating the conditions appropriate for competitive
advantage So far, Porter’s theory has not been sufficiently
tested to know how well it holds up
*
LO 4: Explain the arguments of those who maintain that
government can play a proactive role in promoting national
51. competitive advantage in certain industries.
Porter’s theory should predict the pattern of international trade
that we observe in the real world.
Countries should be exporting products from those industries
where all four components of the diamond are favorable, while
importing in those areas where the components are not
favorable.
6-*
What Are The Implications Of Trade Theory For Managers?
Location implications - a firm should disperse its various
productive activities to those countries where they can be
performed most efficientlyfirms that do not may be at a
competitive disadvantage
First-mover implications - a first-mover advantage can help a
firm dominate global trade in that product
Policy implications - firms should work to encourage
governmental policies that support free tradewant policies that
have a favorable impact on each component of the diamond
*
LO 5: Understand the important implications that international
trade theory holds for business practice.
6-*
What Is The
Balance Of Payments?A country’s balance-of-payments
accounts keep track of the payments to and receipts from other
countries for a particular time perioddouble entry
bookkeepingsum of the current account balance, the capital
account and the financial account should be zero
52. *
In the United States, the current account deficit has been
growing because of its imports of physical products, but the
country runs a current account surplus in trade in services.
6-*
What Is The
Balance Of Payments?There are three main accounts
The current account records transactions of goods, services, and
income, receipts and payments current account deficit - a
country imports more than it exportscurrent account surplus – a
country exports more than it imports
The capital account records one time changes in the stock of
assets
The financial account records transactions that involve the
purchase or sale of assetsnet change in U.S. assets owned
abroadforeign owned assets in the U.S.
*
In the United States, the current account deficit has been
growing because of its imports of physical products, but the
country runs a current account surplus in trade in services.
6-*
What Is The
Balance Of Payments?
United States Balance-of-Payments Accounts, 2011
53. *
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
6-*
Is A Current
Account Deficit Bad?Question: Does current account deficit in
the United States matter? A current account deficit implies a net
debtorso, a persistent deficit could limit future economic
growthBut, even though capital is flowing out of the U.S. as
payments to foreigners, much of it flows back in as investments
in assetsYet, suppose foreigners stop buying U.S. assets and sell
their dollars for another currencya dollar crisis could occur
*
A deficit on the current account is financed by a surplus on the
financial account– in other words, by selling assets to other
countries. Therefore, a persistent current account deficit raises
concerns that resources are being drained from the country,
which limits the ability to invest within the country.
*
*
*
*
LO 1: Understand why nations trade with each other.
The Opening Case: Creating the World’s Biggest Free Trade
Zone illustrates the benefits of free trade and globalization.
President Obama has committed the United States to negotiating
a free trade deal with the European Union. The announcement
54. was greeted with enthusiasm that can be traced to widespread
acceptance of the key axiom of international trade—trade is
good for all countries involved in a free trade agreement.
*
*
Country Focus: Is China a Neo-Mercantilist Nation analyzes
claims that China is a neo-mercantilist nation. Exports are
largely responsible for China’s recent rapid economic growth.
The country, capitalizing on its cheap labor force, has been
focused on converting raw materials into products that are
exported to developing countries like the United States.
China’s trade surplus has started to contract [partly as a result
of allowing the Chinese currency (the yuan) to appreciate
against the US dollar] as export growth has slowed and imports
have increased.
*
LO 2: Summarize the different theories explaining trade flows
between nations.
Mercantilism suggests that countries should design policies that
lead to an increase in their holdings of gold and silver.
This was usually done by increasing exports and limiting
imports. This economic philosophy was used by Europeans from
about the 1500s to the late 1700s. It fueled colonialism in
Britain, France, the Netherlands and Spain.
Nations increase their wealth by maintaining trade surpluses.
The key problem with the mercantilist view is that it views
trade as a zero sum game, where if one country benefits the
other must lose. As an economic philosophy, mercantilism is
flawed.
Yet many political views today have the goal of boosting
exports while limiting imports by seeking only selective
liberalization of trade.
*
55. LO 2: Summarize the different theories explaining trade flows
between nations.
In 1776, Adam Smith attacked the mercantilist assumption that
trade is a zero-sum game and argued that countries differ in
their ability to produce goods efficiently, and that a country has
an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is
more efficient than any other country in producing it.
According to Smith, countries should specialize in the
production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage
and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other
countries.
*
*
*
*
*
*
LO 2: Summarize the different theories explaining trade flows
between nations.
*
*
*
*
*
*
LO 3: Recognize why many economists believe that unrestricted
56. free trade between nations will raise the economic welfare if
countries that participate in a free trade system.
The simple example of comparative advantage presented in the
text makes a number of assumptions: only two countries and
two goods; zero transportation costs; similar prices and values;
resources are mobile between goods within countries, but not
across countries; constant returns to scale; fixed stocks of
resources; and no effects on income distribution within
countries. While these are all unrealistic, the general
proposition that countries will produce and export those goods
that they are the most efficient at producing has been shown to
be quite valid.
*
Country Focus: Moving U.S. White-Collar Jobs Offshore goes
to the heart of a debate that has been played out many times
over the past half century—the transference of jobs from the
United States to lower-wage countries. The difference now
however, is that rather than blue-collar jobs being transferred,
the new trend is for white-collar jobs to move, jobs associated
with the knowledge-based economy.
*
LO 2: Summarize the different theories explaining trade flows
between nations.
Basic factors:
Natural resources
Climate
Geographic location
Demographics
While basic factors can provide an initial advantage they must
be supported by advanced factors to maintain success.
Advanced factors:
The result of investment by people, companies, and government
are more likely to lead to competitive advantage. If a country
has no basic factors, it must invest in advanced factors.
*
58. *
*
Source: Reprinted by permission of Harvard Business Review.
Exhibit from “The Competitive Advantage of Nations,” by
Michael E. Porter, March-April 1990, p. 77. Copyright 1990 by
the Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation; all rights
reserved.
*
LO 4: Explain the arguments of those who maintain that
government can play a proactive role in promoting national
competitive advantage in certain industries.
Porter’s theory should predict the pattern of international trade
that we observe in the real world.
Countries should be exporting products from those industries
where all four components of the diamond are favorable, while
importing in those areas where the components are not
favorable.
*
LO 5: Understand the important implications that international
trade theory holds for business practice.
*
In the United States, the current account deficit has been
growing because of its imports of physical products, but the
country runs a current account surplus in trade in services.
*
In the United States, the current account deficit has been
growing because of its imports of physical products, but the
country runs a current account surplus in trade in services.
*
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
*
A deficit on the current account is financed by a surplus on the
financial account– in other words, by selling assets to other
countries. Therefore, a persistent current account deficit raises
59. concerns that resources are being drained from the country,
which limits the ability to invest within the country.