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Internal control 2010 ic 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 弗洛依德 (Sigmund Freud 1856-1939)本我 (id)是與生俱來的它既是無組織的,也是無統一意志的是一種生物性的衝動,本我不知道價值、善惡或道德,一心追求個人的快樂,耍求滿足本能欲望。但它必須通過自我來實現 6. 弗洛依德(Sigmund Freud 1856-1939)自我 (ego)是從本我中的一部份發展來的,自我與外界發生聯系,能根據現實的原則代表外界的要求自我具有認識、判斷與執行的功能自我的重要任務是滿足本我的欲望是本我的忠實奴隸,但是自我也想根据外界現實原則來控制與約束本我,因力量不夠,所以在幼兒期還出現了超我。 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Need, Want & Goal基本需要 (Need)生存的要求欲望 (Want)合理的及不合理的道德的與不道德的可實現的和不可實現的目標 (Goal)可實現的,但並未實現有路徑,但有時間性能宣之於口,有自我尊重的成份为善无近名,为恶无近刑。 12. 13. 14. 社會交換理論 – 霍曼斯 (1910~)強調社會互動過程中的社會行為是一種交換人們所付出的行為要麼是為了獲得報酬,要麼是為了逃避懲罰人們是按照盡量縮小代價而盡量提高收益的方式行動的要是一個人在社會互動中給予別人的多,他就要設法從別人那里多獲取一些東西作為報酬,所以人們總是試圖保持”帳目”的平衡Is exchange voluntary? 15. 16. 17. 18. Why rationalizing?Deep need for consistencyWhen doing something, we need to have consistency and alignment between our actions and our beliefWhere there is inconsistency, either changewhat they are doing; orWhat they believeWorry about what people think about us if inconsistentExcessive money reward is an excuse of wrong-doing 19. 20. Johari Window (約哈裡視窗)Joe and Harry suggested, be a better functioning person if you could make pane D as large as possibleNobody is as smart as everybody 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 意義意志 (will to meaning)人的本質是追求人生的意義和價值, 作為一個人, 最根本的一點是對自己在生活中的責任要有明確的認識和堅定的信心人不會滿足自我平衡, 無任何壓力狀態, 只有當富有責任感應付困難, 處理問題時, 人才會感到生活的意義和幸福<Victor Frankl> 26. Why?There are no exception to the rule that everybody likes to be an exception to the rule (Charles Osgood) 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.