Scotland's National Naloxone Programme was associated with a 36% reduction in opioid-related deaths after prison release and a 22% reduction after hospital discharge between 2006-2010 and 2011-2013. The number of rough sleepers in England increased 30% from 2014 to 2015, totaling 3,569. In drug-related deaths in Scotland between 2009-2014, 60% of individuals had a known psychiatric condition in the prior 6 months, most commonly depression or anxiety.

1. Interesting things about
alcohol and other drugs
April 2016
ANDREW BROWN
@ANDREWBROWN365

2. Outcomes for Scotland’s National Naloxone Programme
– Opioid Deaths within 4 weeks of release/discharge
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
2006-10 (baseline) 2011 2012 2013
Prison release Prison or hospital discharge
Source: Bird, S. M., Mcauley, A., Perry, S., And Hunter, C. (2016) Effectiveness Of Scotland's National Naloxone Programme For Reducing Opioid-related Deaths: A Before
(2006–10) Versus After (2011–13) Comparison. Addiction, Doi: 10.1111/Add.13265.
Scotland's National Naloxone Programme
had prison release opioid-related deaths as
its primary outcome: they decreased by 36%
from 9.8 to 6.3% and the secondary
outcome (which includes the primary) from
19 to 14.9% (22% reduction).
Both are in line with the prior plausible
effectiveness-range for naloxone of 20–30%.
As Scotland's NNP accelerated (2500 kits in
2011, 3900 in 2012, 5500 in 2013), reduction
in the primary outcome was enhanced
approximately pro rata.
Period of National Naloxone Programme

3. Street counts and estimates of rough sleeping in
England, Autumn 2010 - 2015
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
London Rest of England
Source: Rough sleeping in England: autumn 2015 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/rough-sleeping-in-england-autumn-2015
Rough sleeping counts and estimates are single
night snapshots of the number of people sleeping
rough in local authority areas. Local authorities
decide whether to carry out a count or an estimate.
The autumn 2015 total of street counts and
estimates in England is 3,569. This is an increase of
30% from the 2014 figure of 2,744.
The autumn 2015 total comprises a figure from
every local housing authority in England, with 44
authorities conducting a count and 282 providing
an estimate. This compares to 49 and 277
respectively in 2014, and 48 and 278 respectively in
2013. The 44 authorities conducting a count
reported 823 rough sleepers (23% of the total)
while those compiling an estimate reported 2,746
rough sleepers (77% of the total).

4. The cost and number of prescriptions of Disulfiram (to
treat alcohol disorders) in England
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
£-
£20,000.00
£40,000.00
£60,000.00
£80,000.00
£100,000.00
£120,000.00
£140,000.00
£160,000.00
£180,000.00
Cost Items
Source: OpenPrescribing.net - https://openprescribing.net/chemical/0410010B0

5. Frequent drinking (at least 5 days in last week) by
income
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
Up to
£9999
"£10000
up to
£14999"
"£15000
up to
£19999"
"£20000
up to
£29999"
"£30000
up to
£39999"
"£40000
or more"
Source: Adult Drinking Habits In Great Britain: 2014 - http://bit.ly/1OYlAKU
Individuals with an annual income of £40,000
and over were more than twice as likely (18%)
to be frequent drinkers compared with those
with an annual income less than £10,000 (8%).
Almost 4 out of every 5 people (78%) in the
highest income band (income of £40,000 or
more) said they had drunk alcohol in the last
week and alcohol consumption generally falls
as income falls. Almost 3 in 10 (29%) people
in the lowest income band classed themselves
as teetotal (that is, they do not drink alcohol
at all), compared with less than 1 in 10 (9%)
for the highest income band.

6. Number of ESA and IB/SDA claimants by specified
primary medical conditions Obesity, Alcohol Misuse,
Drug Misuse and Reaction to Severe Stress: May 2015
1,750
57,940
32,310
47,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Obesity Alcohol
Misuse
Drug
Misuse
Reaction to
Severe
Stress
Source: http://bit.ly/1UeFXdv
Please note the medical condition recorded on the
claim form does not itself confer entitlement to
Incapacity Benefit/Severe Disablement Benefit
(IB/SDA) or Employment and Support Allowance
(ESA). So, for example, a decision on entitlement for
a customer claiming on the basis of drug misuse
would be based on their ability to carry out the
range of activities related to physical and mental
function, assessed by the Personal/Work Capability
Assessment.
Medical condition is based on evidence provided at
the start of the claim and may not represent a
claimant’s most recent medical condition. Where
someone has more than one diagnosis or disabling
condition only the predominant one is used.
The total number of claimants
for these benefits in May 2015
was 2,550,080

7. Number of Drug-Related Deaths in Scotland by
psychiatric condition experienced in the six months prior
to death
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Any psychiatric condition No known psychiatric conditions
Source: The National Drug-related Deaths Database (Scotland) Report: Analysis Of Deaths Occurring In 2014 http://bit.ly/21qkqdf
There were 346 cases in the cohort
(60%) where a specific psychiatric
condition had been recorded in
the six months prior to death. This
percentage increased over the time
series (2009: 40%, 2010: 40%, 2011:
47%, 2012: 56%, 2013: 60%).
In 2014, 44% (253) were recorded
as suffering from depression, 30%
(171) from anxiety and 6% (37)
from other psychiatric disorders.

8. Percentage of Drug-Related Deaths in Scotland by
victim of domestic violence and known sexual abuse
prior to death
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Victim of Domestic Violence
Male Female
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Known Sexual Abuse
Male Female
Source: The National Drug-related Deaths Database (Scotland) Report: Analysis Of Deaths Occurring In 2014 http://bit.ly/21qkqdf

9. Percentage of Drug-Related Deaths in Scotland where
the deceased was a parent/parental figure to children
under 16 years
63%
23%
10%
5%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
No
children
1 child 2 children3 or more
children
Amongst people dying from drug related
deaths, a higher percentage of females
were likely to be a parent or parental
figure to a child or children aged under 16
(282/610, 46%) compared to males
(729/2,039, 36%).
Females were also more likely to be living
with a child at the time of death (86/607,
14%) than males (130/2,018, 6%).
Source: The National Drug-related Deaths Database (Scotland) Report: Analysis Of Deaths Occurring In 2014 http://bit.ly/21qkqdf

10. Defendants proceeded against at magistrates courts for
offences related to cannabis cultivation in England and
Wales
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2011 2012 2013 2014
The figures given relate to persons for
whom these offences were the principal
offences for which they were dealt with.
When a defendant has been found guilty
of two or more offences it is the offence
for which the heaviest penalty is imposed.
Where the same disposal is imposed for
two or more offences, the offence selected
is the offence for which the statutory
maximum penalty is the most severe.
Source: http://www.Parliament.Uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/commons/2016-03-17/31658/

11. Violence at work, 2014/15 – Influence of alcohol and
drugs
36%
30%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Alcohol Drugs
Threat or physical assault perceived
to be alcohol or drug related
In 2014/15 285,000 adults of working age in
employment experienced work related
violence including threats and physical
assault.
Respondents to the Crime Survey for England
and Wales suggested that, in the incidents in
which they experienced a threat or physical
assault at work, they considered the offender
to be under the influence of alcohol in 36%
of instances and drugs in 30% of incidents.
Source: Violence at work: Findings from the Crime Survey for England and Wales and the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences and Regulations - http://bit.ly/1VUPiIH