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Interaction Protocols
Martin Thompson - @mjpt777
Code
Are protocols the most
significant human discovery?
protocol
noun  ˈprō-tə-ˌkȯl 
Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/
protocol
noun  ˈprō-tə-ˌkȯl 
: a code prescribing strict adherence to
correct etiquette and precedence
Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/
protocol
noun  ˈprō-tə-ˌkȯl 
: a code prescribing strict adherence to
correct etiquette and precedence
: a set of conventions governing the
treatment and formatting of data in an
electronic communications system
Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/
Evolutionary Biology
Facial Expressions
Etiquette & Manners
Hygiene
Evolution of Communities
Disease<=>
Hygiene
Courtesy
Evolution of Communities
Disease
Society
<=>
<=>
Hygiene
Courtesy
Norms
Evolution of Communities
Disease
Society
Trust
<=>
<=>
<=>
“What is acceptable”
Rules of Engagement
“What is acceptable”
“Good conditions to succeed”
Rules of Engagement
“What is acceptable”
“Good conditions to succeed”
“Jus ad bellum, Jus ad bello”
Rules of Engagement
Concurrent & Distributed
Systems
How do components Interact?
IETF
(Internet Engineering Task Force)
418
“I'm a teapot”
How should we document our
protocols?
API vs Protocol
Open, *[Read | Write], Close
Open, *[Read | Write], Close
1. Open: ...
2. Read: ...
3. Write: ...
4. Close: ...
Think events and then consider:
pre, post, and invariant
conditions
“What can possibly go wrong?”
Multicast Example
ACK / NAK Implosion
Where should we focus?
Many Aspects to Consider
• Layering
• Versioning
• Encoding
• Addressing
• Error Handling
• Flow Control
• Congestion Control
• Feedback
• Sequencing
• Batching
• Sync/Async
• Validation
• Trust
• Privacy
Who cares about waste?
Encoding
Don’t use text codecs!
Please use binary codecs
Encoding
“…but it’s human readable…”
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|R| Frame Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-------------------------------+
| Version |B|E| Flags | Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-------------------------------+
|R| Term Offset |
+-+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| Session ID |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Stream ID |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Term ID |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Encoded Message ...
... |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Versioning
Versioning/Identity
• Protocols: What conversation?
Versioning/Identity
• Protocols: What conversation?
• Messages: What encoding?
Versioning/Identity
• Protocols: What conversation?
• Messages: What encoding?
• State: What instance?
MPMC Queue
http://www.1024cores.net/
Sync vs Async
Synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
Synchronous
What’s Happening?
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
Asynchronous
What’s Happening?
“But, but, synchronous
is so much easier...”
...it’s all about managing state
via feedback
Events model the real world,
i.e. it’s distributed,
in space and time
When designing an API,
wrap Async with Sync
if you must
RPC / HTTP / TCP
TCP → TCP Fast Open → QUIC
HTTP/1.1 → SPDY → HTTP/2
TLS 1.2 → TLS 1.3
0-RTT and replay attacks
Batching
Etiquette of a request
100 GigE ?
Syscalls
sndmmsg, rcvmmsg()
Onload, VMA
DPDK, ef_vi, RDMA Verbs
Future of Syscalls
Natural Batching &
Mechanical Sympathy
ORMs vs SQL
Snake Oil Protocols
2PC / XA
“Two-Phase Commit is not fault
tolerant because it uses a single
coordinator whose failure can
cause the protocol to block”
Guaranteed Delivery™
Applications should have
feedback & recovery protocols
Protocol Layering
Protocol Layering
Depend on behaviour,
not implementation
Know and take your
responsibilities seriously
Wrapping up…
Are protocols the most
significant human discovery?
Question, Hypothesis,
Prediction, Experiment,
Analysis
Why are protocols not
studied and practiced more?
Your next project =>
1. Frameworks? or Protocols?
2. ...
Code of Conduct
The Golden Rule
@mjpt777
https://github.com/real-logic/aeron
“A distributed system is one in which the failure
of a computer you didn't even know existed
can render your own computer unusable.”
- Leslie Lamport
Questions?

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Interaction Protocols: It's all about good manners