Inteleqtuali, 2020

saqarTvelos axalgazrda mecnierTa
sazogadoebrivi akademia
GEORGIAN SOCIAL ACADEMY OF
YOUNG SCIENTISTS
saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali
i n t e l e q t u a l i
International Scientific Journal
I n t e l l e c t u a l
@#40
Tbilisi
TBILISI
2020

ìnteleqtuali~, #40, 2020 ÌNTELLECTUAL~, #40, 2020
saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
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w i n a s i t y v a o b a
warmogidgenT saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnal ìnteleqtualis~ me-40
nomers.
saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali ìnteleqtuali~ saqarTvelos
axalgazrda mecnierTa sazogadoebrivi akademiis beWdviT organos warmoadgens.
Jurnali ìnteleqtuali~ 2005 wels dafuZnda. Jurnals miniWebuli aqvs
seriul gamocemaTa saerTaSoriso nomeri, saerTaSoriso grifi.
Jurnali ìnteleqtuali~ referirebulia rogorc qarTul (teqinformi), ise
rusul (винити) da saerTaSoriso eleqtronul gamocemebsa da monacemTa bazebSi,
rac xelmisawvdoms xdis mas saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvisac. Jurnali
gamoicema periodulad, sam TveSi erTxel (weliwadSi oTxi gamocema).
Jurnali ìnteleqtuali~ miznad isaxavs rogorc cnobil, ise axalgazrda
mecnierTa samecniero kvlevebis gacnobas mecnierebiT dainteresebuli farTo
sazogadoebisaTvis da aerTianebs maT naSromebs mecnierebis yvela sferos
mimarTulebiT (sabunebismetyvelo, teqnikuri, humanitaruli, socialuri da sxv.).
Jurnal ìnteleqtualis~ winamdebare nomerSi Sesulia Semdegi universite-
tebisa da saganmanaTleblo-kvleviTi dawesebulebebis warmomadgenelTa
samecniero statiebi: ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis
saxelmwifo universiteti, kavkasiis universiteti, aRmosavleT evropis
universiteti, Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso universiteti, korneli kekeliZis
saxelobis saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
Jurnal ìnteleqtualis~ redaqcia
q. Tbilisi, m. kostavas q.#77
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis administraciuli korpusi
tel.: (+995 599) 79-10-12
el_fosta giorgi_maduashvili@yahoo.com
www.inteleqtuali.ge

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P R E F A C E
Hereby we present the 40th number of the international scientific journal "INTELLECTUAL".
The International Scientific Magazine “Intellectual” is the printing authority of the Public
Academy of Young Scientists of Georgia.
The “Intellectual” was founded in 2005. It was granted international number of serial editions,
International Stamp.
The “Intellectual” has been reviewed as in Georgian (Techinform), as well as in Russian
(Винити) and in the international electronic publications and databases, which makes it easy to be
accessed for international society.
The “Intellectual” aims to introduce scientific researches and works of young as well as well-
known scientists for wide society. The magazine shall be edited once in every three months (four
publications in a year).
One more advantage of the “Intellectual” is that it combines scientific works of the young as
well as well-known scientists in all the directions of science (natural sciences, technical, humanities,
social and so on).
The present publication of the “Intellectual” includes the scientific articles of the following
Universities and educational and research institutions representatives: Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University, Georgian Technical University, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, Caucasus
University, East European University, International Black Sea University, Korneli Kekelidze Georgian
National Cente of Manuscripts.
Editorial staff of the Journal
“Intellectual”
77, M. Kosatava St, Tbilisi
Administrative Building of Georgian Technical University
Tel: (+995 599) 79-10-12
E_mail: giorgi_maduashvili@yahoo.com
www.inteleqtuali.ge

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П Р Е Д И С Л О В И Е
Представляем 40-ой номер международного научного журнала «ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛ».
Международный научный журнал «Интеллектуал» печатный орган общественной
академии молодых учёных Грузии.
Журнал «Интеллектуал» основан в 2005 году. Журналу присвоены международный
номер серийных издании, международный гриф.
Журнал «Интеллектуал» реферирован как в грузинских (техинформ), так и в русских
(винити) и международных электронных изданиях и в базах данных, что делает его доступным
и для международной общественности. Журнал издаётся периодически, один раз в три месяца
(в год четыре издания).
Журнал «Интеллектуал» ставит целью ознакомление заинтересованного общества с
научными трудами как известных, так и молодых учёных и объединает их работы по
направлению всех сфер науки (естествознание, техническая, социальная, гуманитарная и др.).
Настоящий номер журнала включает научные статьи представителей следующих
университетов и образовательно-научных учреждений: Тбилисский Государственный
Университет им. Иванэ Джавахишвили, Грузинский Технический Университет, Батумский
Государственный Университет им. Шота Руставели, Кавказский Университет, Восточно-
Европейский Университет, Международный Черноморский Университет, Грузинский
Национальный Центр Рукописей имени Корнелия Кекелидзе.
Редакция журнала
«Интеллектуал»
г. Тбилиси, ул. М. Костава, №77
Административный корпус Грузинского Технического Университета,
тел.: (+995 599) 791012
эл.почта: giorgi_maduashvili@yahoo.com
www.inteleqtuali.ge

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mTavari redaqtori EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ГЛАВНЫЙ РЕДАКТОР
giorgi maduaSvili GIORGI MADUASHVILI ГИОРГИ МАДУАШВИЛИ
saredaqcio kolegia
EDITORIAL BOARD
РЕДАКЦИОННАЯ КОЛЛЕГИЯ
Tamaz gamyreliZe Tamaz Gamkrelidze Тамаз Гамкрелидзе
ralf ilneri Ralph Illner Ральф Ильнер
vaJa papaskiri Vaja Papaskiri Важа Папаскири
Temur jagodniSvili Temur Jagodnishvili Темур Джагоднишвили
marina xaratiSvili Marina Kharatishvili Марина Харатишвили
zigfrid kraineri Siegfried Kreiner Зигфрид Краинер
vano Wiaureli Vano Chiaureli Вано Чиаурели
harald suma Harald Summa Гаральд Сума
qeTevan qoqraSvili Ketevan Kokrashvili Кетеван Кокрашвили
karlo Rurwkaia Karlo Gurtskaia Карло Гурцкаиа
nikolas Teodorisi Nikolas Theodoris Николас Теодорис
nugzar sixaruliZe Nugzar Sikharulidze Нугзар Сихарулидзе
rezo kldiaSvili Rezo Kldiashvili Резо Клдиашвили
Tengiz wivwivaZe Tengiz Tsivtsivadze Тенгиз Цивцивадзе
gogi fanculaia Gogi Pantsulaia Гоги Панцулаиа
rudi van meieri Rudi van Meier Руди ван Меиер
arCil mowoneliZe Archil Motsonelidze Арчил Моцонелидзе
levan klimiaSvili Levan klimiashvili Леван Климиашвили
lali RoReliani Lali Gogeliani Лали Гогелиани
arCil frangiSvili Archil Prangishvili Арчил Прангишвили
zurab wveraiZe Zurab Tsveraidze Зураб Цвераидзе
gela yifiani Gela Kipiani Гела Кипиани
ervin Svingi Erwin Schwing Ервин Швинг
daviT TavxeliZe David Tavkhelidze Давид Тавхелидзе
giorgi saluqvaZe Giorgi Salukvadze Гиорги Салуквадзе

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s a r C e v i
humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebi
Sorena TavaZe
/ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
korneli kekeliZis saxelobis saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri/
xelnaweris (A-682) struqturuli analizi da
konservacia-restavraciis Taviseburebani.........................................................................11
nia lomouri
/ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti/
axalcixuri filigrani.............................................................................................................................17
TinaTin wereTeli, marina kapanaZe
/saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti/
brinjaos warmoebis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi.............................................25
Tea xomasuriZe
konstantinopoli da „didi Turqi“
espaneTis universaluri monarqiis cnobierebaSi....................................................30
lana burkaZe
/baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti/
romauli samxedro dasaxlebebi
Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi...............................................................................37
rezo takiZe
/baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti/
axali cnobebi TeTrosnis eklesiis Sesaxeb..................................................................44
Sorena TurqiaSvili
marTlmadidebluri religiuroba da ojaxuri
cxovrebis zogierTi aspeqti...........................................................................................................49
nona popiaSvili
lingvisturi strategiebi monawileTa CarTulobis
wasaxaliseblad onlainforumebSi:
onlainkomunikaciis dinamika...........................................................................................................59
Tamar gurgeniSvili
/kavkasiis universiteti/
onlainganaTleba kovid-19 pandemiis pirobebSi, arsebuli
gamowvevebi da problemis gadaWris savaraudo gzebi........................................68

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lia metreveli
swavlebis distanciuri teqnologiebis
mmarTvelobiTi safuZvlebi...............................................................................................................76
diana WankotaZe
franguli media ganaTleba da Jurnalisturi eTikis normebi.................82
lela abduSeliSvili, TamTa utiaSvili
/Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso universiteti/
donald trampis komunikaciis stili....................................................................................89
nino cixisTavi-xuciSvili
saqarTvelos samSvidobo infrastruqtura da
qalTa monawileoba 1990-2008 wlebSi......................................................................................96
nino cixisTavi-xuciSvili
akademiuri mecnierebis roli saqarTvelos konfliqtebis
mogvarebis, mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi.......................................107
ela kusiani
/aRmosavleT evropis universiteti/
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo da
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba..........................................................................................116
miranda gogilaSvili
/aRmosavleT evropis universiteti/
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis kanonismieri winapirobebi
upiratesad ssk-is 405-e muxlis magaliTze......................................................................140
teqnikuri da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi
omar qomurjiSvili
funqcionaluri Q - sivrcisa da Sesabamis geometriul
figuraTa mcireodeni damatebis Sesaxeb............................................................................151

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C O N T E N T S
THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
SHORENA TAVADZE
/IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY,
KORNELI KEKELIDZE GEORGIAN NATIONAL CENTE OF MANUSCRIPTS/
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MANUSCRIPT (A-682) AND
PECULIARITIES OF CONSERVATION...........................................................................11
NIA LOMOURI
/IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY/
FILIGREE OF AKHALTSIKHE.........................................................................................17
TINATIN TSERETELI, MARINA KAPANADZE
/GEORGIAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY/
BRONZE IN ANCIENT GEORGIA.....................................................................................25
TEA KHOMASURIDZE
CONSTANTINOPLE AND THE "GREAT TURK"
IN THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE UNIVERSAL SPANISH MONARCHY..............30
LANA BURKADZE
/BATUMI SHOTA RUSTAVELI STATE UNIVERSITY/
ROMAN MILITARY SETTLEMENTS
ON THE NORTHEASTERN BLACK SEA COAST……………………………..……………………..37
REZO TAKIDZE
/BATUMI SHOTA RUSTAVELI STATE UNIVERSITY/
NEW INFORMATION ABOUT THE TETROSANI ST. GEORGE’S CHURCH.........44
SHORENA TURKIASHVILI
ORTHODOX RELIGION AND SOME ASPECTS OF FAMILY LIFE..........................49
NONA POPIASHVILI
LINGUISTIC STRATEGIES TO KEEP PARTICIPANTS ENGAGED IN
ONLINE FORUMS: DYNAMICS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION...........................59

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TAMAR GURGENISHVILI
/CAUCASUS UNIVERSITY/
ONLINE EDUCATION AMID COVID-19 PANDEMIC,
ITS CHALLENGES AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS..........................................................68
LIA METREVELI
BASICS OF DISTANCE LEARNING TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT....................76
DIANA CHANKOTADZE
NORMS OF JOURNALISTIC ETHICS IN FRENCH MEDIA EDUCATION..............82
LELA ABDUSHELISHVILI, TAMTA UTIASHVILI
/INTERNATIONAL BLACK SEA UNIVERSITY/
DONALD TRUMP’S COMMUNICATION STYLE..........................................................89
NINA TSIKHISTAVI-KHUTSISHVILI
INFRASTRUCTURES FOR PEACE OF GEORGIA AND WOMEN’S
PARTICIPATION IN 1990-2008..........................................................................................96
NINA TSIKHISTAVI-KHUTSISHVILI
THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC SCIENCE IN GEORGIA'S CONFLICT
RESOLUTION, PEACE AND SECURITY ISSUES........................................................107
ELLA KUSIAN
/EAST EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY/
THE JURY AND THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL........................................................116
MIRANDA GOGILASHVILI
/EAST EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY/
THE LEGAL PRECONDITIONS FOR WITHDRAWAL FROM THE
CONTRACT ARE PREDOMINANTLY BASED ON THE EXAMPLE
OF ARTICLE 405 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE..............................................................140
SCIENCES OF TECHNICAL AND NATURAL STUDIES
OMAR QOMURJISHVILI
ABOUT SMALL ADDITION OF Q- SPACE
OF THE APPROPRIATE GEOMETRICAL FIGURES.................................................151

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С О Д Е Р Ж А Н И Е
ГУМАНИТАРНЫЕ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ НАУКИ
ШОРЕНА ТАВАДЗЕ
/ТБИЛИССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМ. ИВАНЭ ДЖАВАХИШВИЛИ,
ГРУЗИНСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ЦЕНТР РУКОПИСЕЙ ИМЕНИ КОРНЕЛИЯ КЕКЕЛИДЗЕ/
СТРУКТУРНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ РУКОПИСИ (A-682) И
ОСОБЕННОСТИ КОНСЕРВАЦИИ-РЕСТАВРАЦИИ…………………………………………….11
НИА ЛОМОУРИ
/ТБИЛИССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМ. ИВАНЭ ДЖАВАХИШВИЛИ/
АХАЛЦИХСКАЯ ФИЛИГРАНЬ……………………………………………………………………………….17
ТИНАТИН ЦЕРЕТЕЛИ, МАРИНА КАПАНАДЗЕ
/ГРУЗИНСКИЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ/
К ИСТОРИИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА БРОНЗЫ В ГРУЗИИ.................................................25
ТЕА ХОМАСУРИДЗЕ
КОНСТАНТИНОПОЛЬ И «ВЕЛИКИЙ ТУРОК»
В СОЗНАНИИ ВСЕМИРНОЙ ИСПАНСКОЙ МОНАРХИИ………………………….………30
ЛАНА БУРКАДЗЕ
/БАТУМСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМ. ШОТА РУСТАВЕЛИ/
РИМСКИЕ ВОЕННЫЕ ПОСЕЛЕНИЯ НА
СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОМ ПОБЕРЕЖЬЕ ЧЕРНОГО МОРЯ………………………….………..37
РЕЗО ТАКИДЗЕ
/БАТУМСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМ. ШОТА РУСТАВЕЛИ/
НОВАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О ТЕТРОСАНСКОЙ ЦЕРКВИ
СВЯТОГО ГЕОРГИЯ..........................................................................................................44
ШОРЕНА ТУРКИАШВИЛИ
ПРАВОСЛАВНАЯ РЕЛИГИОЗНОСТЬ И НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ
СЕМЕЙНОЙ ЖИЗНИ..........................................................................................................49
НОНА ПОПИАШВИЛИ
ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ СТРАТЕГИИ ДЛЯ ПОДДЕРЖАНИЯ
ВОВЛЕЧЕННОСТИ УЧАСТНИКОВ В ОНЛАЙН-ФОРУМЫ:
ДИНАМИКА ОНЛАЙН-ОБЩЕНИЯ………………………………………………………………...………59

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ТАМАР ГУРГЕНИШВИЛИ
/КАВКАЗСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ/
ОНЛАЙН ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПАНДЕМИИ КОВИД-19,
ЕЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ РЕШЕНИЯ………………………………………………..…….68
ЛИA МЕТРЕВЕЛИ
ОСНОВЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯМИ
ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ.................................................................................76
ДИАНА ЧАНКОТАДЗЕ
НОРМЫ ЖУРНАЛИСТСКОЙ ЭТИКИ В МЕДИООБРОЗОВАНИЙ……………………82
ЛЕЛА АБДУШЕЛИШВИЛИ, ТАМТА УТИАШВИЛИ
/МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ ЧЕРНОМОРСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ/
СТИЛЬ КОММУНИКАЦИИ ДОНАЛЬДА ТРАМПА...................................................89
НИНА ЦИХИСТАВИ-ХУЦИШВИЛИ
ИНФРАСТРУКТУРА МИРА ГРУЗИИ И УЧАСТИЕ
ЖЕНЩИН В 1990-2008 ГГ. ................................................................................................96
НИНА ЦИХИСТАВИ-ХУЦИШВИЛИ
РОЛЬ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКИ В УРЕГУЛИРОВАНИИ
КОНФЛИКТОВ, ВОПРОСАХ МИРА И БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ГРУЗИИ....................107
ЭЛЛА КУСИАН
/ВОСТОЧНО-ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ/
СУД ПРИСЯЖНЫХ И ПРАВО НА СПРАВЕДЛИВЫЙ СУД................................116
МИРАНДА ГОГИЛАШВИЛИ
/ВОСТОЧНО-ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ/
ПРАВОВЫЕ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ ДЛЯ РАСТОРЖЕНИЯ ДОГОВОРА
В ОСНОВНОМ ОСНОВАНЫ НА ПРИМЕРЕ СТАТЬИ 405
УГОЛОВНОГО КОДЕКСА..............................................................................................140
ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ И НАУКИ ПРИРОДОВЕДЕНИЯ
ОМАР КОМУРДЖИШВИЛИ
О МАЛЫХ ДОПОЛНЕНИИ ФУНКЦИОАНАЛЬНОГО
Q -ПРОСТРАНСТВА И СООТВЕТСТВУЮЩИХ
ГЕОМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ ФИГУР.........................................................................................151

humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebi THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
11
PECULIARITIES OF CONSERVATION
SHORENA TAVADZE
PHD STUDENT OF IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY
SCIENTIFIC EMPLOYEE OF KORNELI KEKELIDZE GEORGIAN
NATIONAL CENTRE OF MANUSCRIPTS
Conservation and restoration of medieval book includes complex and codicological
study of the manuscript. This gives chance to observe not only agreed and systematic
activities of creative group working in the library, but also to get acquinted with cultural-
historical process on which basis Georgian book tradition was developed. Each medieval
Georgian manscript reflects chronological stages of working on it.
Complex, structural-codicological research and archaeographic study of manuscripts is
important in conservation-restoration process. This includes: archaeographic description,
studying of manuscript material - which ink color is used on the manuscript, number of lines
on one page, which alphabet is used for the text, calligraphic side of the text, size and forms
of graphemes, distance between letters and lines, date of the manuscript-in which century it
was written, what is it’s processing and damage quality, what kind of damages does it have,
which method of ruled lines is used.
From XI century people in Georgia started to use cheap paper material together with
parchment. The paper wasn’t of a local production. Semi-processed paper was imported
and finally it was processed (“starched”) by the copyist or his assistant. Different kinds of
paper, produced in different countries are used in Georgian manuscripts [3, 45-48]. Specific
of its production was different in the countries producing paper [1, 39; 1, 394]. These
characteristics are much considering while restoration of paper manuscripts, as wrong method
can damage the manuscript.
Among the paper manuscripts preserved at K.Kekelidze National Center of Manuscripts
is ascetic-hagiographic-homiletic collection (A-682) dated by the XIII-XIV centuries, brought
from the Gelati Monastery and handed over to the Church Museum Foundation A [7].
According to the testament, Ephrem Mtsire (Ephraim the Lesser) translated the manuscript
from Greek (183v).
During the archaeographic study of the manuscript we received the following picture:
General condition of the manuscript/description – there are several traces of
restoration on the manuscript. One of them is dated by late middle years and the second won
by 70s of XX century. Book cover – black leather book cover stretched on wood; number of
sheets - 295 pieces; size of sheet- 36,7X29,8; material - paper; type of alphabet –
calligraphic Nuskhuri; ink – brown, the part written later in black; number of handwriting-
two; place of rewriting manuscript - unknown; date of rewriting- dated by XIII-XIV cc
according to handwriting; number of columns - two; column size - 7-8 cm; separation of
columns from the sides (sizes are different) – from the spine - 3,7-4 cm, from the side-
3,5-4 cm, from the top 1,5-2-3 cm, from the bottom - 4-5 cm, between the columns - 2-2.5
cm; number of lines - 38, in some parts 35 or less; pagination – the manuscript has two

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paginations: 1. Relevant to the manuscript, consisting 8 pages; 2. Written in Arabic numerals;
owner of the manuscript – at this stage the manuscript is preserved at K.Kekelidze National
Center of Manuscripts. Card with number N649 and Russian inscription „Ц. Муз.“ is attached
on 4 r. This means that manuscript department of the museum received it from Gelati
Academy [2, 4].
inc. „mravliT JamiTgan meneba dumili mravalTa mizezaTaTÂs da
ara aRebad pirisa … “
des. „… da ixilveT da moaqcieT uflisai da daemorCileT sjulsa
missa amin“ (1r-188v).
The passage below describes structural characteristics of the manuscript discussed in
archaeographic part:
Literary design – The manuscripts isn’t distinguished by literary design, ornamnets
and miniatures. The first letters (rubrication) are written with red ink and some of them are
lengthened downwards to the next line, also hand pointing to the text and inscription in
Mkhedruli alphabet „see“ (74r). Each article starts with paragraph. Beginning of some
chapters are seperated (34r, 95v), in some parts titles of the chapters are written later with
different handwriting.
There are different marks in the manuscript text to point out several chapters: horizontal
ellipses (), sinuous lines (); marks ※, ∴ ,∺, ჻, , > in rubrication ; full stop,
double dots, ellipses are used in the text as punctuation marks as well as they decorate the
text. The text of this code and beginings of text are seperated by simple decorations (÷, , :,
჻).
Ruled lines – As it is known ruled lines were made with equal spaces. Drawing lines
helps to keep symmetry and regulates vertical and horizontal lines of the manuscript. Ruled
lines in this code are made carefully and the paper isn’t damaged (cut). Although we can see
lines for the text and first letters on the paper. Outer margins of the sheets are wider than the
inner ones.
French scientists Sautel and Leroy have studied characteristics of ruled lines in detail.
According to characteristics of ruled lines they created scheme-groups and gave universal
codes to each of them. According to the system of Sautel and Leroy 01D2b is the code of A-
682 manuscript.
Pagination- Paper pagination on the right of the top of the page made in Nuskhuri
alphabet is remaining on majority of pages of the code. Each copybook has new paging
from a(ა) to E(À). At the end of each copybook on v of the 8th
sheet, we see pagination of
ending the copybook. (e.g. g(გ) is written on 20v that means that the third copybook has
finished, on 28v we see d(დ), meaning the end of the forth copybook and etc.
There are several paginations of the manuscript:
1. The first one is made during restoration (XVII-XVIII cc.) with black ink, Arabic
numerals on the right top corner.
2. The second pagination is made while moving the manuscript to the Georgian
manuscript collection of Church Museum-Arabic numerals, brown ink, right top
corner of the page that was later crossed out.
3. During the second restoration (70s of XX c.) with Arabic numerals, brown ink in the
top ending of the sheet in the middle.

13
4. In 2010 -with ordinary pencil during repeated discription of the manuscript, Arabic
numerals on the right of the sheet. At that time sheets of the manuscript were
disordered because of incorrect binding.
It’s worth mentioning that the new restoration of the manuscript revealed the initial
pagination (XVII c. and Church Museum) that was covered with restoration paper.
Postscripts – We can see writings in Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli alphabets made in
different times, although the most important is inscription on bottom ending with black ink:
„this copybook is missing two papers“ (164r). The added text in the manuscript is also
written with black ink. Presumebly author of the inscription is the restorer as the added text
and inscription are paleographicaly similar. The letters are of similar shape, inclined to the
left, oval part of letter are a bit thicker.
Before restoration – As it is known at first writing material was selected while making
manuscript code, the exact size of the sheet was determined, it was ruled and prepared for
writing text.
As we have mentioned above the manuscript is restored twice. During the first
restoration that took place approximately in XVII-XVIIIcenturies, damaged parts of the
manuscript were cut off as sides of the pages are unequal and the format is reduced.
The second restoration of the manuscript took place in 60-70 s of the XX century. The
old restoration material is removed and manuscript papers are renewed with white restoration
papers that was used in 1960-70 years. This paper is a bit thicker and brittle. Damaged parts
of the paper are mainly covered with this material. Almost every sheet of the manuscript, on
which restoration paper is sticked, is broken and stuffed. Restoration paper is brown (28r, 40r,
43v, 44r, 52rv, 55v, 60r, 77v, 78-79r, 111rv, 113v, 117v, 146 -147r, 154r, 156r, 166-
167r,169v, 170rv, 176r, 182v, 185rv, 187r, 189v 192r, 194v, 195r, 204rv, 205r, 207v, 210r,
214r, 215v, 216v, 218r, 219r, 227r, 231r, 232r, 236r, 240rv, 241rv, 242v 243rv). The stuffed
parts of the damaged manuscript are preserved by brown condenser and mikalent paper.
(104r, 105r, 235, 237v, 238r).
The sheets of the manuscript are damaged etymologically. There are the following
damages: a. The surface of the paper is peeled (p. 69), broken (p. 150), stuffed and cut (p.p.
6, 118); b. Text ink is shabby and erased. (199v), some damaged letters and words can’t be
read (160v). c. There are spots of light, fat and dampness (5r-6r). d. There are spots of glue as
a result of restoration. This is proved by dark pigmentation on the spine. (p.p. 16-17, 25, 71-
72, 125-126, 187, 226). e. Text and postscript on some pages are covered with restoration
paper (11rv, 78v, 79rv, 80-82rv, 119v, 164v), letters (8r); f. It’s impossible to read some
letters and words. Perhaps the ink is erased because of dampness (9rv, 10rv, 11r, 12r, 13rv),
the ink is percolated (168-169), the first letters written with red ink are erased and percolated
(9v, 148v). g. On 7v part of the text is bolded with black ink.
After restoration (XX c. 1970 year) the manuscript was binded and covered with book
cover according to the pagination of that time. The new description of the manuscript (2010
year) showed that sheets were paginated incorrectly and the text was filled because of several
reasons: a. During being in Church Museum the new papers from other manuscripts were
added to the above-mentioned code (ff. 1-13, 250-258, 264-266, 275, 177, 283, 184, 284,
286-289, 293-295). b. papers from other manuscripts with handwriting and different ink were
added to the manuscript (101, 157, 158, 163, 168, 169). c. The manuscript was filled with
pages from other manuscripts, among them pages 1-13, 177, 250-258, 264-266, 275, 283,
284, 286-289 are taken from A-749 manuscript. Pages 100, 157-158, 163, 168, 169 are moved

14
from A-750 g manuscript and page 184 from- H-673. d. Often pages in the binded part
weren’t arranged correctly (p. 105 was put after page 125 by mistake, page 237 was after
258). Because of this some pages were cut out the manuscript and moved to another parts.
The above-mentioned reasons made it necessary to start the new restoration-dismantling
of old restoration and conservation-restoration with the new paper material.
Cover- The manuscript is covered with restored leather book cover stretched on wood,
size: 37X28; only main part of top and bottom are preserved. There is Golgotha Cross with
appropriate symbolics on the front cover, flourishing cross tree is imprinted with flowers.
The image of Andrew the Apostle is imprinted on the back cover. The cover of the manuscript
is restored, although in some places old and new leather is shabby. At this stage it is damaged.
The manuscript is binded on three strips, spine is rounded. Black, light brown, red and
light blue mouline threads are used.
Restoration - Restoration of manuscripts has its stages. Each sheet needs individual
attitude and decision-making. This depends which material is used during restoration -
parchment or paper, what kind of damage do we have. Often restorers make original, different
decisions because of this.
Pre-restoration survey precedes restoration process of literary text. At the first stage it is
necessary to determine level of damage on the basis of structural-codicological survey, find
out reasons of damage, plan conservation-restoration process, select material and method. [5].
Archaeographic-structural study of manuscript lead us to the dismantling the code,
removing old material, condenser, mikalent and restoration paper (Gellan Gum Kelcogeel
CG-LA), pressing and restoration-conservation according to new Japanese material (shinobi
25g/m). As for the damaged parts they were repaired with conservation paper (gampi12g/m),
and glue from wheat starch. As a result these materials merged with paper structure. It was
placed under heaviness for stabilization of condition.
Manuscript parts were prepared for binding. It was binded on 3 strips and new cover
was prepared. Finally, conservation-restoration process of the code was successfully finished.
Thus, this process revealed that study and diagnostics of the manuscripts is one of the
important fields and it needs complex, structural-codicological survey.
l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
Л и т е р а т у р а
1. Gogashvili, D., The history of preparing writing material according to data preserved
in Georgian manuscripts, dissertational work, 2004, Tbilisi, p. 39; Gogashvili, D.,
Paper and its preparation into writing material, polycephalion XXI, 2015, p. 394
2. Danelia, K., Sarjveladze, Z., Georgian Paleography, Tbilisi, 1997
3. Pataridze, R., Paper processing issue in Feudal Georgia, paleographic research 1,
Tbilisi, 1965, p 45-48
4. Javakhishvili, Iv., Georgian Paleography, Book IX, „Science”, Tbilisi, 1996
5. Giovannini Andrea. 2010. De Tutela Librorum, La conservation des livres et des
documents d’archives, Baden.

15
6. Sautel-Leroy, Répertoire de réglures dans les manuscrits grecs sur parchemin. Base de
donnees établie par J.-H. Sautel à l’aide du fichier Leroy et des catalogues récents,
Bibliologia, 13, Brepols, Turnhout, 1995.
7. Жордания, Ф., Описание рукописей Тифлисского церковного музея Карталнно-
кахетинского духовенство, Кн.1, Тифлис, изд. Церк. Музея, 1907.
S U M M A R Y
PECULIARITIES OF CONSERVATION
SHORENA TAVADZE
Conservation and restoration of medieval book includes complex and codicological
study of the manuscript. This gives chance to observe not only agreed and systematic
activities of creative group working in the library, but also to get acquinted with cultural-
historical process on which basis Georgian book tradition was developed. Each medieval
Georgian manscript reflects chronological stages of working on it. Complex, structural-
codicological research and archaeographic study of manuscripts is important in conservation-
restoration process.
r e z i u m e
xelnaweris (A-682) struqturuli analizi da konservacia-
restavraciis Taviseburebani
Sorena TavaZe
Sua saukuneebis xelnaweri wignis konservacia-restavracia
iTvaliswinebs xelnaweris rogorc paleografiuli, aseve
kodikologiuri da mxatvruli Rirebulebis kompleqsur Seswavlas. es
saSualebas iZleva, Tvali gavadevnoT ara marto calkeul samwignobro
keraSi moRvawe SemoqmedebiTi jgufis SeTanxmebul da ukiduresad
gaazrebul saqmianobas, aramed, zogadad, im kulturul-istoriul
process, romlis safuZvelzec viTardeboda Zveli qarTuli
samwignobro tradicia. Sua saukuneebis TiToeuli qarTuli xelnaweri,
romelmac arsebobis xangrZlivi gza gaiara, asaxavs masze muSaobis
qronologiur etapebs. xelnawerebis kompleqsuri, struqturul-
kodikologiuri kvleva, arqeografiuli Seswavla mniSvnelovania
xelnawerebis konservacia-restavraciisa da maTi movla-dacvis saqmeSi.

16
Р Е З Ю М Е
СТРУКТУРНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ РУКОПИСИ (A-682) И ОСОБЕННОСТИ
КОНСЕРВАЦИИ-РЕСТАВРАЦИИ
ШОРЕНА ТАВАДЗЕ
Консервация-реставрация средневековой рукописной книги предусматривает
комплексное изучение рукописи, как палеографическое, так и кодикологическое и
художественное. Это дает возможность, отслеживать не только слаженную и
чрезвычайно продуманную работу творческой группы, работающей в отдельных
книжных направлениях, но и вообще, за тем культурно-историческим процессом, на
основании которого развивалась старинная грузинская книжная традиция. Каждая
средневековая грузинская рукопись, прошедшая долгий путь существования, отражает
хронологические этапы работы над ней. Комплексное, структурно-кодикологическое
исследование, археографическое изучение рукописей, важны в деле консервации-
реставрации рукописей, их ухода и хранения.

17
axalcixuri filigrani
nia lomouri
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
xelovnebaTmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti
statia Sesrulebulia SoTa rusTavelis
erovnuli samecniero fondis 2019 wlis
doqtoranturis saganmanaTleblo programebis
dafinansebis sagranto konkursSi gamarjvebuli
proeqtis “filigrani XIX-XX saukuneebis qarTul
liTonmqandakeblobaSi” (#PHDF-19-1869) farglebSi
ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT.
oqromWedlobas qarTul kulturaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia.
Zvirfas liTonze muSaobis tradicia aTaswleulebis manZilze
viTardeboda da ra Tqma unda, epoqebis Sesabamisad icvlida xasiaTs.
amas xels uwyobda is faqtic, rom Cveni qveynis teritoriaze
arsebobda Zvirfasi liTonebis sakmaod didi resusrsi, jer kidev
apolonius rodoseli (Zv.w. III ს.) moixseniebs kolxeTs – “oqromraval
kolxeTad”, eposSi argonavtikis Sesaxeb (i.koSoriZe, 2013). swored am
ganviTarebis gzaze Camoyalibda Cveni liTonmqandakeblobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSanTvisebebi: zomierebis gansakuTrebuli
SegrZneba, simetriulba, ramdenime teqnikis erTdrouli gamoyeneba da
motivebis ganmeoreba.
XIX-XX saukuneebSi, Tbilisis, goris, quTaisis da sxva
dawinaurebuli oqromWedlobis centrebs Soris gamorCeuli adgili
ekava axalcixes, romelic cnobili iyo filigranis Wviruli
namuSevrebiT da inovaciuri repertuariT. aRniSnuli skolis Sesaxeb
fundamenturi kvleva dRemde ar gamoqveynebula, mxolod rusudan
yenia moixseniebs mas statiaSi: “Tbiliseli oqromWedlebis
Semoqmedeba (giorgi xandamaSvili, Zmebi Toma da ambrosi jiqiebi)”.
garda amisa, saqarTvelos xalxuri da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis
saxelmwifo muzeumis arqivSi inaxeba kavkasiis Sinamrewvelobis
komitetis dakveTiT Sesrulebuli ori Canaweri: akop vancianis ese
„материалы об Ахалцихской филиграни“ da 1945 wels i.v. qurCiSvilis mier
Sedgenili naSromi „кустарные ремесла в город Ахалцихе“, orive naSromi
aRweriTi xasiaTisaa da moicaven zogad cnobebs saxelosno saqmis da
saamqro wyobis Sesaxeb, arc erTi maTgani ar gvaZlevs avtorebis
Sesaxeb informacias, namuSevrebis sistematizacias, mxatvrul da
teqnikur analizs.
xalxuri da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis muzeumis fondSi daculi
axalcixuri namuSevrebis, saarqivo Canawerebis, eskizebisa da

18
fotomasalis interdisciplinaruli kvlevis, mxatvruli da teqnikuri
analizis safuZvelze SevecdebiT aRvadginoT axalcixuri filigranis
skolis ganviTarebis etapebi da gamovavlinoT is inovaciebi, rac
axalcixelma xelosnebma danerges XIX-XX saukuneebis saoqromWedlo
saqmianobaSi.
sanam uSualod sakiTxis ganxilvaze gadavalT, aucileblad unda
ganvmartoT Tavad filigranis teqnikis arsi:
filigrani Zvirfasi liTonis mxatvruli damuSavebis erT-erTi
uZvelesi da urTulesi saiuveliro teqnologiaa, romelic
warmoadgens wvrili mavTulis rCilviT Seqmnil kompoziciebs.
arsebobs filigranis ramdenime saxe:
foniani filigrani: rodesac winaswar momzadebul liTonis
zedapirze erCileba sasurveli ornamenti. liTonis zedapiri SeiZleba
iyos brtyeli an moculobiTi.
Wviruli (aJuruli) filigrani: warmoadgens liTonis fonisgan
Tavisufal, mavTulebisgan Seqmnil myar formebs. (s. gvelesiani, 2016
w.)
filigranis dasamzadeblad iyeneben sufTa metalebs: oqros,
vercxls da spilenZs. maTi Senadnobebi ar gamoiyeneba naklebad
plastiurobisa da dabali dnobis temperaturis gamo.
axalcixeli oqromWedlebi upiratesobas Wvirul filigrans
aniWebdnen, ornamentebi Zalian Txeli, lilvSi gatarebuli vercxlis
mavTulebisgan mzaddeboda da cvaras mirCilvis wesiT magrdeboda
erTmaneTze. maTi repertuari sxva saoqromWedlo centrebis
namuSevrebisgan swored am niSniT gamoirCeoda, namuSevrebi mnaxvelSi
gansakuTrebuli simsubuqis da daxvewilobis SegrZnebas toveben. 1879
wels axalcixeSi sxvadasxva profiliT momuSave 29 saaqmro arsebobda
(И. В. Курчишвили, 1945), maT Soris filigranis ramdenime saamqro (zusti
raodenoba ucnobia). XIX saukunis bolomde eskizebic da sxvadasxva
daniSnulebis nivTebic adgilobrivad, axalcixeSi arsebul
saamqroebSi mzaddeboda. realizebasa da popularizaciaze fiqric
Tavad avtorebs uwevdaT.
axalcixuri filigranis saxelosnoebisTvis sruliad axali etapi
daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac am skoliT kavkasiis Sinamrewvelobis komiteti
dainteresda (XX saukunis dasawyisi). zogadad am centris aRmoCena,
Seswavla, ganviTareba da saboloo jamSi saintereso koleqciad
formireba didwilad Sinamrewveobis komitetis saqmianobis Sedegia.
Kkomiteti saqarTveloSi (romelic im dros ruseTis imperiis nawils
warmoadgenda) 1899 wels soflis meurneobis saministrosTan Seiqmna da
mis mTavar mimarTulebas adgilobrivi potencialis gansazRvra,
saxelosno-saxelovnebo kerebis aRnusxva-aRwera da maTi ganviTarebis-
Tvis xelis Sewyoba warmoadgenda. maT daiwyes kvleviTi eqspediciebis
mowyoba, agrovebdnen uiSviaTes nimuSebs, garda amisa xels uwyobdnen
teqnologiuri siaxleebis danergvas da arsebuli nawarmis
realizebas. Aam TvalsazrisiT maTTvis saintereso aRmoCnda

19
axalcixis saamqroebis masaliT, romelic mniSvnelovani saeqsporto
nawarmi SeiZleba gamxdariyo. Ppirvel rigSi komiteti saxelosnoebis
kvlevas Seudga, mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyes bazris moTxovnebis
gansazRvra, raTa SeeqmnaT aqtualuri, inovaciuri, moTxovnadi da
realizebadi xazi. axalcixuri filigranisTvis eskizebze
specialurad Seqmnil saeqsperimento samxatvro laboratoriebSi
profesionali mxatvrebi muSaobdnen. iqmneboda namuSevrebis Canaxate-
bis katalogebi sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis nivTebisa, Tu saiuve-
liro nawarmisaTvis (1918-22 wlebSi komitetis samxatvro saxelosnos
saTaveSi edga latvieli mxatvari- iuli straume). isini cdilobdnen
SeeqmnaT gansxvavebuli dizaini tradiciuli elementebiT, romelic
misaRebi iqneboda adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvisac da saerTaSoriso
gamofena-bazrobebze konkurencias gauwevda msoflios wamyvan qveynebs.
eqsperimentebi teqnologiasac Seexo, rac filigranTan erTad sxva
qarTuli tradiciuli teqnikis CarTvas gulisxmobda. namuSevrebi
mTlianad Wviruli filigraniT iqmneboda, xolo damxmare mxatvrul
teqnikebad gamoiyeneboda cvara, inkrustacia da mosevadeba. unda
aRiniSnos, rom qarTul liTonmqandakeblobaSi filigranis teqnikas
wamyvani roli arasodes hqonia, igi yovelTvis gaformebisTvis, CarTu-
li saxiT gamoiyeneboda. axalcixuri namuSevrebi swored am niSniT
iqceven yuradRebas da gansxvavdebian sxva saoqromWedlo centrebisgan.
siaxleebi gaCnda namuSevris mxatvruli damuSavebis Tvalsazri-
siTac. mcenareul, Tu geometriul ornamentebTan erTad vxvdebiT
saxovan gamosaxulebebs CarTuls kompoziciis centralur areSi, an
mTlianad nivTi dafarulia TxrobiTi xasiaTis siuJeturi scenebiT.
siuJetur kompoziciebs aramxolod qarTul, aramed msoflios saoqro-
mWedlo namuSevrebzec iSviaTad SevxvdebiT, radgan maTi Sesruleba
did gamocdilebas, sizustes da gansakuTrebul ostatobas moiTxovs.
sainteresoa, zardaxSis eskizi xalxuri da gamoyenebiTi
xelovnebis muzeumis arqividan, romelic filigranis teqnikisTvisaa
gaTvlili. zardaxSis kedlebze warmodgenilia sakvanZo monakveTebi
afxazuri zRapridan “zRvis mefe haitze”. eskizis mixedviT Seqmnilma
namuSevarma Cvenamde ver moaRwia, Tumca igi axalcixuri filigranis
skolis ganviTarebis umaRles safexurs warmoadgens. namuSevari
saintereso sakvlevi obieqtia istoriul-politikur, Tu socialur-
ekonomikur WrilSi, radgan sakuTar TavSi aerTianebs axalcixeli
xelosnebis ostatobisa da afxazuri folkloris unikalur aspeqtebs.
zRapari 1935 wels gamocemul “Zvel afxazur zRaparTa”
krebulSia Sesuli, romelic Tavs uyris axalgazrda mecnierTa
jgufis mier Segrovebul Zvvel afxazur zRaprebs. Eeqspediciis
Sedegebis amsaxveli zRaprebis wignis ilustraciebi da gansaxilveli
zardaxSis eskizebi erTi mxatvris mieraa Sesrulebuli im
gansxvavebiT, rom misi inicialebi sxvadasxvagvaradaa miTiTebuli,
kerZod 1935 wlis zRaprebis krebulis ilustraciebze ikiTxeba
l.CaCba, xolo zardaxSis eskizze a.ServaSiZe. eskizis ukana mxares

20
ikiTxeba siuJetis mcire aRwerebi mxatvrebis: g.mesxisa da miloxovis
xelmowerebiT. eskizis damzadebis adgilad miTiTebulia
Sinamrewvelobis muzeumi.
sanam zardaxSis mxatvrul analizze gadavalT, vfiqrob
saintereso iqneba, Tu mcired mimovixilavT zRapris Sinaarss.
siuJeti Semdegnairad viTardeba: moxucs da mis cols mxolod
erTi vaJi hyavdaT. rodesac biWi gaizarda moxucma igi xelobis
Sesaswavlad waiyvana. zRvis napirs miuyvebodnen, roca biWi waiqca,
moxucma ki SesZaxa- hait!. uecrad zRva gaixsna da siRrmidan ucnobi
mamakaci gamoCnda. Eucnobi, zRvis xelmwife Hhaiti iyo. Hhaitma
SeSinebul muxucs hkiTxa sad mihyavda Svili, gaigo ra moxucis
ganzraxva zRvis xelmwifem SesTavaza, rom biWs erTi wliT waiyvanda,
yvelanair xelobas aswavlida da daTqmul droSi ukan
daabrunebda.Mmoxuci dasTanxmda da Sin marto dabrunda. erTi wlis
Semdeg isev im adgilas mivida da SesZaxa- haiat!. Hhaiti gamoCnda da
moxucic zRvaSi Seiyvana Svilis dasabruneblad. Uuzarmazar
sasaxleSi misulebs karibWesTan erTnairad Semosili 12 ymawvili
daxvdaT. Mmoxucs arc ki warmoedgina, rom maTgan erT-erTi misi vaJi
iyo. RamiT moxucis saZinebelSi mwerad gadaqceuli Svili mifrinda da
gaafrTxila, rom momdevno dRes haiti 12 ymawvils erT mwkrivad
daayenebda da Tu moxuci ver icnobda Tavis Svils maSin martos
mouwevda Sin dabruneba. Svilma uTxra mamas, rom is ymawvili iqneboda,
visac mxarze mweri ajdeboda. Mmeore dRes mamam Svili amoicno, haiti
mixvda, rom biWma xriks mimarTa, magram rogor amas ver xvdeboda. Sin
dabrunebul mama-Svils Hhaiti sxvadasxva gansacdels uwyobs, radgan
biWs ver patiobs motyuebas. sabolood biWi haitze Wkviani aRmoCndeba
da daamarcxebs zRvis xelmwifes.
zardaxSis kedlebze
siuJetis sakvanZo monakve-
Tebia gamosaxuli. Tavsa-
farze warmodgenilia,
zRvasTan mdgari moxuci,
romelic Tavis Svils
ixutebs da Tan zRvisken
ixedeba. zRvaSi xelmwife
haitia gamosaxuli mkacri
gamometyvelebiT, kver-
TxiT xelSi. kompozicias
avsebs stilizebuli sana-
piros kenWebis, talRebi-
sa da Rrublebis gamosa-
xulebebi. marcxena kuTxeSi palmis totebi Cans. centralur
kompozicias CarCos saxiT samkuTxedebis uwyveti zoli miuyveba, rasac
delfinebis da talRebis rigi mosdevs centrSi niJariT.

21
SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli
samecniero fondis 2019 wlis
doqtoranturis saganmanaTleb-
lo programebis dafinansebis
sagranto konkursSi gamarjve-
buli proeqtis “filigrani
XIX-XX saukuneebis qarTul
liTonmqandakeblobaSi” (#PHDF-
19-1869) farglebSi, SevecadeT
zRapris sakvanZo ilustracia
Tanamedrove interpretaciiT
warmogvedgina, ilustraciaze
imuSava mxatvarma Tamar
nadiraZem. namuSevarze gamosa-
xulia personaJebi zardaxSis
Tavsaxuris kompoziciidan.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi axalcixuri filigrani ukve
konkurentunariani skola iyo (А. Ванцян,1943). rogorc, aRvniSneT
komiteti zrunavda nawarmis realizebasa da popularizaciaze. 1900
wels safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi gaimarTa saerTaSoriso gamofena XIX
saukunis miRwevebis aRsaniSnavad da momavali saukunis ganviTarebis
dasaCqareblad. am masStabur RonisZiebaSi monawileobas iRebdnen
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebi. gamofenaze 76 000 stendi iyo
warmodgenili da aqedan erT-erTi kavkasiis kuTxes ekuTvnoda. sxva
namuSevrebTan erTad warmodgenili iyo axalcixuri filigranis
teqnikiT Sesrulebuli eqsponatebic. parizis gamofenas axalcixuri
skolisTvis ormagi mniSvneloba hqonda. garda imisa, rom es iyo
araCveulebrivi SesaZlebloba nawarmis sakmaod didi masStabiT
realizeba-popularizaciisTvis, sxva qveynebis miRwevebis naxva mravali
aspeqtiT ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleoda.
Sesabamisad SemTxveviTi araa axalcixur namuSevrebze dasavluri
stilebisa da skolebis gavlenebi, romlebic swored parizis
gamofenis Semdeg Cndeba. sainteresoa msgavseba italiur da axalcixur
filigraniT damuSavebul nivTebs Soris. italiis CrdiloeTi nawili,
qalaqi genua XIX-XX saukuneebisTvis filigranis erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes centrs warmoadgenda. italiaSi Seqmnili peplis
formis gulsabnevi mxatvruli da teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalian
hgavs axalcixeSi Seqmnil amave formis gulsabnevs, msgavseba imdenad
didia, rom araprofesionali TvalisTvisac advili SesamCnevia.
Llogikuria vifiqroT, rom parizis gamofenaze nanaxi italiuri
nawarmi STagonebis wyaro gamxdariyo axalcixeli ostatebisTvis. saqme
mxolod erT magaliTs, rom exebodes SeiZleba ubralo damTxvevad
CagveTvala (TviTon filigranis teqnikis specifikidan gamomdinare
motivebisa da formebis gameoreba gasakviri arcaa), magram gavlena
sxva namuSevrebSic mkafiod mJRavndeba.

22
axalcixuri skolisTvis XX saukunis meore naxevari sakmaod
rTuli aRmoCnda. werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, 1943 wels
axalcixeSi mxolod erTi saamqro iyo darCenili, sadac ori
oqromWedeli agrZelebda moRvaweobas. Semcirda damkveTis raodenoba
da miRebuli SekveTebis damzadebisTvis vercxlis misaRebad TveobiT
uwevdaT lodini (А. Ванцян,1943). ra Tqma unda, es yvelaferi socialur-
politikuri mdgomarebis Sedegi iyo. garTulebuli yofiTi pirobebis
gamo Seicvala moTxovnebi da Sesabamisad mniSvnelovanma filigranis
centrma, romelic saerTaSoriso gamofenebze konkurencias uwevda
sakmaod maRali donis skolebs, dakarga aqtualoba da nel-nela
daviwyebas mieca.
rom ara kavkasiis Sinamrewvelobis komitetis mier Segrovebuli
masala, Zneli saTqmelia SevZlebdiT Tu ara qarTuli oqromWedlobis
am mniSvnelovan centrze raime Rirebuli faqtobrivi masalis moZiebas
da misi ganviTarebis xazis aRdgenas. Aunda aRiniSnos, rom muzeumma
2018 wels specialuri dakveTiT Seqmna axalcixuri namuSevrebis zusti
aslebi. aslebis Sesasruleblad mowveul iqna oqromWedelebi nana
aziziani da Tornike arabiZe. 2019 wlidan ki SoTa rusTavelis
erovnuli samecniero fondis finansuri mxardaWeriT xorcieldeba
aRniSnuli kvleviTi proeqti, romelic miznad isaxavs am
saoqromWedlo centris Seswavlas, sistematizacias, atribuciasa da
popularizacias.
l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
1. amiranaSvili S. “qarTuli xelovnebis istoria”, Tbilisi,
“xelovneba”, 1961, 556gv.
2. gvelesiani s. “iuveliri”, (studentis saxelmZRvanelo), Tbilisi,
2016, 143 gv.
3. koSoriZe i. “dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovneba: dargebi,
stilebi, epoqebi”, Tbilisi, “universali”, 2013, 261 gv.
4. yenia r. qarTuli xelovneba, “Tbiliseli oqromWedlebis
Semoqmedeba”, Tbilisi, “mecniereba”, 1987.
5. Ванцян А. „материалы об Ахалцихской филиграни“, Кустарний музей, Тбилиси,
1943, 1-12 стр.
6. Курчишвили И. В., „кустарные ремесла в город Ахалцихе“, Тбилиси, 1945, 1-
47 стр.
7. Хашба А. „Абхазские сказки“, Сухум, „Абниика“ 1935, 1-220 стр.

23
r e z i u m e
axalcixuri filigrani
nia lomouri
XIX-XX saukuneebis qarTul oqromWedlobaSi mniSvnelovani
adgili ukavia mravalferovani teqnikiT Semkul, sxvadasxva
daniSnulebis vercxlis nakeTobebs. Aam namuSevrebs Soris gamoirCeva
filigranis teqnikiT Sesrulebuli nivTebi, romlebic teqnikisa da
mxatvruli damuSavebis TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebis piks axalcixuri
filigranis skolaSi aRweven. statiaSi warmodgenilia saqarTvelos
xalxuri da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis muzeumis fondSi daculi
filigranis koleqciis kvlevis Sedegebi.
koleqcias safuZvlad udevs kavkasiis Sinamrewvelobis komitetis
mier Segrovebuli masala, romelic ganuzomeli mniSvnelobisaa,
rogorc qarTuli aseve mTlianad kavkasiis regionis kulturis
ganviTarebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia,
komitetis wevrebi kavkasiis masStabiT agrovebdnen unikalur masalas,
romelsac popularizacias uwevdnen msoflio masStabiT. nivTebi
gahqondaT saerTaSoriso gamofenebze, magaliTad 1900 wlis parizis
universalur eqspoziciaze. Ggarda imisa, rom koleqcia inovaciuri,
sruliad gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa teqnikuri da mxatvruli
damuSavebis TvalsazrisiT, filigraniT Semkuli nivTebi asaxaven
Tanadrouli periodis maxasiaTeblebs. maTSi tradiciul elementebTan
erTad TvalsaCinoa aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulturebis
gavlebnebi, rac mJRavndeba namuSevrebis xasiaTsa da mxatvruli
dekoris gadawyvetaSi.
Temis aqtualobas xazs usvams is faqtic, rom filigranis
aRniSnuli koleqcia da saarqivo masalebi dRemde safuZvlianad araa
Seswavlili, Sesabamisad vfiqrob maTi kvleva da sistematizacia
mniSvnelovan adgils daikavebs XIX-XX saukuneebis qarTuli
oqromWedlobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.
S U M M A R Y
FILIGREE OF AKHALTSIKHE
NIA LOMOURI
In Georgian metalwork of 19th
and 20th
century we can find variety of silver household
items and examples of applied arts decorated in different kind of techniques. Among them
catches attention works of Filigree technique which in the view of the technique and artistic
processing riches the peaks of development in the Akhaltsikhe filigree school. In this article
we represent research results of the filigree collection works kept in State museum of folk
and applied arts of Georgia.

24
The materials collected through the Caucasia by members of “Caucasian handcraft
committee” became basis for the establishment of Crafts museum and collection of filigree.
Members of committee assisted to Caucasian craftsmen in popularization of their works and
helped them to participate in International exhibitions, such as the 1900 Universal
Exposition of Paris. The objects contain characteristic elements of Georgian culture and also
reflect influences of eastern and western cultures which appear in the character of artistic
decoration.
The fact that the collection hasn’t been studied yet makes the topic much more
important. Therefore, we think that research will gain significant place in the history of
Georgian metalwork of 19th
-20th
century.
Р Е З Ю М Е
АХАЛЦИХСКАЯ ФИЛИГРАНЬ
НИА ЛОМОУРИ
В грузинском ювелирном деле XIX-XX веков важное место занимают
декорированные в разнообразной технике, разного назначения изделия из серебра.
Среди этих работ выделяются выполненные в технике филиграни изделия, которые с
точки зрения техники и художественной обработки достигают пика развития в
Ахалцихской филигранной школе.
В статье представлены результаты исследования коллекции филиграни,
хранящейся в фондах Грузинского национального и прикладного музея. Коллекция
основана на собранных Кавказским комитетом внутренней промышленности
материалах, что имеет неизмеримое значение с точки зрения изучения развития как
грузинского языка, так и культуры Кавказского региона в целом. Насколько нам
известно, члены комитета собирали уникальный материал со всего Кавказа, который
популяризировали во всем мире. Предметы экспонировались на международных
выставках, таких как универсальная выставка в Париже 1901 года и других. Помимо
того, что коллекция является инновационной, совершенно иной с точки зрения
технической и художественной обработки, изделия, декорированные филигранью,
отражают черты современного периода. В них наряду с традиционными элементами
заметны влияния восточной и западной культуры, что проявляется в характере работ и
решении художественного декора.
Актуальность темы подчеркивается тем, что указанная филигранная коллекция и
архивные материалы еще не изучены досконально, поэтому мы считаем, что их
исследование и систематизация займут важное место в истории развития грузинского
ювелирного дела XIX-XX веков.

25
brinjaos warmoebis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi
TinaTin wereTeli
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
sainJinro ekonomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da
socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtoranti
marina kapanaZe
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori
brinjaos xana winaistoriul da istoriul feradliTonwarmoebis
mniSvnelovan periods moicavs. kavkasia, axlo aRmosavleTi da egvipte
pirveli regionebia, romlebmac aiTvises brinjaos masala Zv.w. IV
aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi, Seqmnes saocari arqiteqturuli Zeglebi,
religiuri centrebi, danerges savaWro-ekonomikuri sistemebi,
safuZveli Cauyares astronomias, maTematikas da astrologias,
SeimuSaves damwerlobis sistema da a.S.
Zveli brinjao aris spilenZis Senadnobi dariSxanTan, anTimonTan,
tyviasTan. Tanamedrove brinjaos aseve miakuTvneben spilenZis
Senadnobebs aluminTan, beriliumTan, tyviasTan da sxva elementebTan.
mniSvnelovania spilenZis Senadnobi TuTiasTan - TiTberi da nikelTan
- kupronikeli. brinjaoSi minarevis saxiT umniSvnelo raodenobiT
gvxvdeba TuTia, tyvia, fosfori da sxv. arsebobs mravalkomponentiani
brinjao - Senadnobi ramdenime legirebis elementis SemcvelobiT.
brinjao antikoroziuli da antifriqciulia, rac ganapirobebs mis
gamoyenebas qimiur da mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargSi – manqanaTmSeneb-
lobaSi, aviaciaSi, gemTmSeneblobaSi da sxv. brinjaos iyeneben sxmu-
lebis (qandakebebis) misaRebad, radganac masala xanmedegi da mdgradia
atmosferuli cvlilebebisa da meqanikuri dazianebebis mimarT.
istoriulad, pirveli brinjao iyo spilenZis Senadnobi
dariSxanTan e.w. dariSxaniani brinjao. Tavisi fizikur-meqanikuri
TvisebebiT dariSxaniani brinjao ar Camouvardeboda kalians, xolo
sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis da saritualo nawarmis saxeobebis
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda kidec. rogorc arqeologiuri liTonis
kvlevis monacemebma aCvena, adre brinjaos xanis dariSxaniani brinjao
gabatonebuli iyo TiTqmis mTeli evraziuli kulturis sivrceSi.
dariSxaniani brinjaos warmoeba Sewyda gviani brinjaos xanis
miwuruls da dariSxani mTlianad Caanacvla kalam. aRniSnuli
teqnikur-teqnologiuri cvlileba ganpirobebuli iyo: dariSxaniani
brinjaos warmoebis maRali toqsikurobiT; Senadnobis meoradi
gamoyenebis SeuZlebelobiT (gadadnobisas dariSxanis nawili

26
qroldeba an gamoiyofa widis saxiT, brinjao xdeba myife);
dariSxaniani sabadoebis naklebad gavrcelebiT.
kaliani brinjao aris spilenZis Senadnobi kalasTan (spilenZis
fuZeze) da feradi liTonis metalurgiis erT-erTi pirveli
Senadnobia. sufTa spilenZTan SedarebiT kalian brinjaos axasiaTebs
simtkice, cveTamedegoba da dabali dnobis temperatura.
brinjaos simkvrive markisa da CanarTi minarevebis gaTvaliswine-
biT Seadgens 7800-8700 kg / m³-s, xolo dnobis temperatura - 930–1140°C-s.
kalis dnobis dabalma temperaturam (231,9°C) da spilenZis
SedarebiT zomierma dnobis temperaturam (10830
C) Zvel metalurgebs
SesaZlebloba misca Zv.w. III aTaswleuliT daTariRebuli keramikuli
Rumelebi gamoeyenebinaT, romlebSic SesaZlebeli iyo 1000-1200°C-is
temperaturuli reJimis Seqmna.
kaliani brinjaos wnevT damuSaveba (Wedva, tvifrva da a.S.)
teqnologiurad rTulia, amdenad brinjao samsxmelo liTonia. mas aqvs
1% Cajdoma, maSin rodesac TiTberisa da Tujis Cajdoma Seadgens 1,5%-
s, xolo foladis - 2%-s. amitom, miuxedavad likvaciisadmi
midrekilebisa da SedarebiT dabali denadobisa, brinjaos warmatebiT
iyeneben rTuli konfiguraciis mxatvruli nakeTobebis Camosasxmelad.
kaliani brinjao damatebiT SeiZleba legirebuli iyos TuTiiT,
nikeliT, fosforiT, dariSxaniTa da sxva liTonebiT. TuTias umateben
araumetes 10%-sa (am odenobiT is TiTqmis ar cvlis brinjaos Tvise-
bebs, magram mas ufro iafs xdis). TuTiis damatebiT izrdeba brinjaos
koroziamedegoba zRvis wyalSi. tyvia da fosfori aumjobeseben
brinjaos antifriqciul Tvisebebs da WriTa da wneviT damuSavebas.
saqarTveloSi dariSxaniani brinjaos warmoeba daiwyes Zv.w. III
aTaswleulidan. klasikuri brinjaos ZiriTad komponentebs spilenZi
da kala warmoadgens. im qveynebSi, sadac es liTonebi ar moipoveboda,
metalurgia damyarebuli iyo gadamuSavebul liTonze da mza
produqciis importze.
kala kavkasiuli brinjaos warmoebaSi imports warmoadgens. mis
nacvlad warmatebiT gamoiyeneba anTimoni [1,2,3].
saqarTvelos teqnikur universitetis qimiuri teqnologiisa da
metalurgiis fakultetze wyaltubos mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi
dacul brinjaos or artefaqts Cautarda kompleqsuri gamokvleva.
qimiuri analizis SedegebiT dadasturda kalian brinjaos Senadnobi
(cxrili № 1).
qimiuri analizis mixedviT, garda malegirebeli komponentis -
elementi kalis (Sn) procentuli Semadgenlobisa, nimuSebis kazmSi
arsebiTi sxvaoba ar aris. nivTi №1-is (naklebad dazianebuli) kazmi
Seicavs 14,98% kalas, xolo nivTi №2 (metad dazianebuli) - 33,98%-s.
rogorc vxedvT, es sakmaod didi sxvaobaa.

27
cxrili 1
nivTebis koroziuli dazianeba (orive nivTis damzadebis SesaZlo
teqnologiuri sqema analogiuria, orive nivTi imyofeboda erTnair
mikrogaremoSi da klimatur pirobebSi) brinjaos kazmis gansxvavebuli
qimiuri SedgenilobiT aris gamowveuli [4].
dariSxanisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic saqarTvelos teritoriaze
didi raodenobiT moipoveba, importuli liTonuri kala SezRuduli
unda yofiliyo. kalis didi raodenobiT gamoyeneba savaraudoa ostats
liTonis samsxmelo Tvisebebis gasaumjobeseblad dasWirda.
teqnologiuri siaxle sawarmoo ZiebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
Tanamedrove samecniero - teqnikur literaturaSi, anTimons
miakuTvneben im liTonebs, romlebsac uZvelesi droidan iyenebdnen
liTonuri saxT da legirebis mizniT. anTimonis Semcveli cnobili
artefaqtebi samxreT kavkasiidan damzadebulia sameurneo
daniSnulebisa da sakulto-saritualo daniSnulebis nivTebis saxiT.
erT-erTi uZvelesi samTamadno da metalurgiuli warmoebis kera
aRmoCenilia zemo raWaSi (mdinareebis rionisa da zofxiTuras
saTaveebSi), romelsac gasuli saukunis 30-ani wlebidan ikvlevda
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutis
arqeologiuri eqspedicia (xelmZRvaneli g. gobejiSvili). gaTxrebis
Sedegad aRmoCenilia da Seswavlilia anTimonis ori aTeuli uZvelesi
sabado da maRaro-gamonamuSevari. brilis samarovanze mikvleulia
anTimonisgan damzadebuli mravalricxovani artefaqti [5,6].
brilis samarovanze aRmoCenili uZvelesi liTonis nivTebis
umetesoba naWedi an Camosxmulia anTimoniani brinjaosagan. qimiurma
analizebma gamoavlina SenadnobSi anTimonis maRali procentuli Sem-
cveloba (4-12%). aris agreTve wminda anTimonis samkaulebi. eWvgareSea,
rom nawarmi adgilobrivi nedleulis gamoyenebiT aris damzadebuli.
mTiani raWis samTo - metalurgiuli funqcionirebda gviani brinjaos
xanidan da xasiaTdeboda maRali sawarmoo maCveneblebiT.
uZvelesi maRaroelebis maRalkvalificiurobaze miuTiTebs is
faqti, rom maT vizualurad SeeZloT anTimonis ZarRvebidan SeerCiaT
gamodnobisaTvis ufro gamosadegi madnis SedarebiT mdidari da
Sesaferisi minerali.

28
Zveli qarTveli metalurgebi iyenebdnen ra aRniSnul zemo raWis
ned-leuls, aseve amuSavebdnen yazbegis raionis adgilobriv sabadoebs,
rom-le¬bic warmodgenilia Tixa-fiqalebSi anTimonitisa da piritis
CanarTebiTa da qve¬ZarRvebiT [7].
SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom rionis saTaveebSi mikvleuli anTimoniani
brinjaos Semcveli mdidari samarxeuli kompleqsebi, liTonsadnob
saxelosnoTa naSTebi da spilenZ-anTimonis maRaro-gamonamuSevrebi, md.
rionis zemo welze damowmebuli arqeologiuri Zeglebi
umniSvnelovanes masalas Seicaven uZvelesi qarTuli samTo saqmisa da
metalurgiis istoriuli ganviTarebis donis gansazRvrisaTvis.
Seswavlili samTo-metalurgiuli kerebi, arqeologiuri binjaos
mdidari masala, dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenil
nakeTobaTa analizebi da warmoebis masStabebi umniSvnelovanes
masalas Seicavs da gansazRvravs maT adgils Zveli msoflios
metalurgiis istoriis saganZurSi.
l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
1. afaqiZe a. anTimonis warmoebis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi. ssmm,
XIII-B., Tb., 1944.
2. inaniSvili g. qarTuli metalurgiis saTaveebTan. ,,saqarTvelos
teqnikuri universiteti’’, Tb., 2018.
3. abesaZe c., baxtaZe r., dvali T., jafariZe o. „spilenZ-brinjaos
metalurgiis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi“, „conda“. Tb. 1958.
4. miqaberiZe l. arqeologiuri warmoSobis brinjaos artefaqtebis
konservacia da kvleva“. ap. quTaTelaZis sax. saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademiis samecniero naSromebis seria, saqarTvelos
akademiuri gamomcemloba, Tb., 2016.
5. gobejiSvili g. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sabWoTa
saqarTveloSi.Tb., 1952.
6. inaniSvili g., maisuraZe b., gobejiSvili g. saqarTvelos uZvelesi
samTamadno da metalurgiuli warmoeba (Zv.w. III-I aTaswleulSi).
Tb., 2010.
7. Капанадзе М.Б., Цирекидзе Г.Г., Чагунава Р.В. К истории производства
металлической сурьмы в древней Грузии. saqarTvelos sainJinro
siaxleni. #2 (70) 2014.

29
r e z i u m e
brinjaos warmoebis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi
TinaTin wereTeli, marina kapanaZe
Zv.w. III aTaswleuliT daTariRebuli saqarTvelos arqeologiuri
Zeglebi ganekuTvneba materialuri kulturis ganviTarebis im safe-
xurs, rodesac adamiani eufleba spilenZisa da brinjaos metalurgias.
Cveni qveyana mdidaria aRmoCenili arqeologiuri brinjaos masa-
liT. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mikvleuli artefaqtebisa da
mTiani raWis spilenZ-anTimon-dariSxanis sabadoebis kompleqsuri
analizebiT dasturdeba dariSxaniani, kaliani da anTimoniani brinjaos
nakeTobaTa adgilobrivi warmomavloba. gamokvleuli nawarmi
umniSvnelovanes masalas warmoadgens Zveli qarTuli samTo saqmisa da
metalurgiis istoriuli ganviTarebis WeSmariti SefasebisaTvis.
S U M M A R Y
BRONZE IN ANCIENT GEORGIA
TINATIN TSERETELI, MARINA KAPANADZE
The archaeological sitesof Georgia dating back to the III millennium BC belong to the
stage of development of the material culture when a human gradually mastered copper and
bronze metallurgy.
Our country is very rich in archeological bronze artifacts. Complex analysis of artefacts
found in the territory of Western Georgia and copper-antimony-arsenic deposits of
mountainous Racha confirmed that the arsenic, tin and antimony bronze artifacts are of local
origin. The investigated products are considered the most important materials for the
assessment of historical development of mining and metallurgy in ancient Georgia.
Р Е З Ю М Е
К ИСТОРИИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА БРОНЗЫ В ГРУЗИИ
ТИНАТИН ЦЕРЕТЕЛИ, МАРИНА КАПАНАДЗЕ
Датированные III тысячелетием до н. э. археологические памятники Грузии
относятся к той ступени развития материальной культуры, когда человек осваивает
металлургию меди и бронзы.
Наша страна богата обнаруженными бронзовыми археологическими материалами.
На основе комплексного анализа артефактов, найденных на территории Западной
Грузии и месторождений меди, антимона и мышьяка в Горной Раче,подтвеждается
наличие местного производства изделий из мышьяковой, оловянной и амонитовой
бронзы. Исследованные изделия представляют собой важный материал для истинной
оценки исторического развития древнегрузинского горного дела и металлургии.

30
espaneTis universaluri monarqiis cnobierebaSi
Tea xomasuriZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis istoriis programis doqtoranti
konstantinopolis dacema espaneTis istoriaSi xuan II-is (1406–1454)
mmarTvelobis xanas emTxveva. kastiliis da leonis mefe istoriuli
movlenidan erT weliwadSi, 1454 wlis 21 ivliss gardaicvala. misi
cxovrebis istoria erT matianed jerac araa gamocemuli. mocemul
periodis istoriografiisTvis mxolod alkoneros JamTaaRmwerlis,
pedro karilio de uetes qronikaa daculi. matianes Sevseba moxda
kuenkis episkoposis lope barientos (1382-1469) mier. Tumca,
qronologiurad arc erT versiaSi ar Sedis konstantinopolis dacemis
weli. alkoneros qronika 1420-1400 wlebs moicavs, xolo barienteseuli
Sevsebuli nawili ki 1398-1439 wlebs aRwers. XVI saukuneSi lorenso
galindes de karvaxalis mier fernando aragonelis dabadebasTan
dakavSirebul qronikaSi Cawerialia pirveli SeniSvna bizantiis
dedaqalaqis dakargvaze: ,,am wels, xuTSabaTs, aT maiss, daibada
ufliswuli don fernando, mefe don xuan aragonelis vaJi, romelic
Semdeg gaxda sesilias [kastilia] mefe, da axla aris espaneTis umetesi
nawilis patroni. amave wels, qristianobis codvebis gamo, Turqebma
aiRes konstantinopolis didi qalaqi da daikaves trapezuntis
imperia“.1
sxva mematiaaneebi, alvaro de lunasi da alfonso martines
de toledo, aseve asaxeleben bizantiis imperiis dacemas. Tumca,
winamdebared SeniSnulis msgavsad, mxolod mmarTvelTa qronologiiT
Semoifarglebian da Turqebis gaaqtiurebas farTio saxiT ar
exmaurebian. espaneli mefeebi da mematianeebi zedapirulad uyurebdnen
bizantiis imperiis Turqebis xelSi gadasvlas. diego enrike del
kastilios Canawerebi ,,qronika“ amisi kidev erTi magaliTia. mematiane
aRiSnavs, Tu rogor wavida mefe eskalonis agarakze Sobis
dResaswaulis aRsaniSnavad, am dros ki bizantias Turqebi ikavebdnen,
xolo romis papi pius II daxmarebas iTxovda.2
magram faqtiurad XV
saukunidan romis papebi ukve simbolurad warmoadgendnen religiur
suverenittets, maTi tiaraseuli simbolizaciiT sami xelisuflebis
gaerTianeba da ,,RmerTis nacvlad“ miwaze mmarTveloba ukve
avtoritets iyo moklebuli.3 sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, aRsaniSnavia
1
Rosell, 1953, gv. 681.
2
Enríquez del Castillo, Diego de, 1481-1502, gv. 165.
3
xubaSvili, 2013, gv. 340.

31
sevilieli raindis, pedro tafuris Canawerebi. igi 1436-1439 wlebSi
ierusalimSi momlocvelad imyofeboda. imogzaura italiaSi,
germaniaSi, flandriaSi, rodossa da palestinaSi. mogzaurTaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Cveuli maneriT, igi konstantinopols Tavis
,,mogzauroba“-Si zogadi StrixebiT aRwers.1
amgvari istoriuli
buranidan gamosvla da realobis aRqma moxda kaTolike mefeebis
zeobis xanaSi. konstantinopolis dacema zogi mkvlevarisTvis
alegoriulad ori imperatoris, ori samyaros piradi dapirispirebas
gadmogvcems.2 aRmosavleTidan wamosuli ,,urCxulis“ Sesaxeb romis
papma pius II-m (1458-1464) ganacxada: ,,es aris homerosis da aseve
platonis meore sikvdili, axla mahamadi mefobs. Turquli saSiSroeba
Cvens Sorisaa gavrcelebuli“.3
konstantine XI paleologma
daxmarebisTvis evropas mimarTa. bizantiis gadarCena damokidebuli iyo
papis sityvebis gaazrebaze. sabolood, veneciis senatma bizantielebis
dasaxmareblad 400 jariskaci da 15 xomaldi gamoyo, romlebic
konstantinopolisken 1453 wlis 8 aprils gaeSurnen. bizantielebis
mier wminda sofias taZris simdidre SeiaraRebis xarjebs moxmarda.
espaneTidan kardinali isidoro gacilebiT adre, 1452 wlis noemberSi
200 neapoleli jariskaciT evropas bizantiis gadasarCenad
mouwodebda. vin daexmareboda bizantias ukve maraTonul Sejibrs
emsgavseboda. genuam 700 jariskaci wargzavna jovani justinianis
meTaurobiT. genuis interesi piradi mizeziTac iyo ganpirobebuli,
vinaidan mas ekuTvnoda galaTa, konstantinopolis dasavleTi nawilis
cixe-simagre. aRniSnul samxedro ZalebTan erTad, bizantiis
diplomatiac Tu ver gadaarCenda dedaqalaqs, maSin imperatori
konstntine Zvirfas ZRvensac sTavazobda sultans.4
osmalTa
SeiaraRebis moqniloba gacilebiT did upiratesobas warmoadgenda,
vidre mTeli evropis aseuli jariskacis koaliacia. maTi mZime
SeiaraReba, zarbazanebis saxiT, dReSi 100-150 gasrolas axorcialebda.5
bizantiis dedaqalaqis dakargva gardauvali iyo. 1451 wels, murad II-is
gardacvalebidan, rodesac taxtze 19 wlis mehmed II avida,
konstnatntinopoli daswayisSive gadaiqca axali sultnis mTavar
samizned. 1453 wels, konstantinopolis dakavebamde mcire xniT adre,
osmaleTis didma vezirma Candarli halil faSam sultans saCuqrad
oqros monetebi miarTva, sultanma ki miugo: ,,me mxolod erTi minda,
1
Bádenas de la Peña, 2003, gv. 326.
2
Emecen, 2011, 1453, gv. 44-51.
3
https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-conquista-musulmana-constantinopla-agonizante-resistencia-cristiandad-
ignoro-gritos-auxilio-201706060212_noticia.html - La conquista musumana de Constantinopla, la agonizante
Resistencia de una cristianidad desnuda
4
Thackeray; Findling, 2012, gv. 213.
5 Asutay-Effenberger; Rehm, 2009, gv 212. aqve aRsaniSnavia saxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
xangrZlivobiT isrodnen qvemexebs osmalebi. qristianuli wyaroebi miuTiTeben yovel
20 wuTSi erTxel, xolo Turquli cnobebis mixedviT - yovel erT saaTSi erTxel.

32
konstantinopoli“.1 mehmed II-s miaCnda, rom ,,TurqeTis imperia
verasdros iqneboda dazRveuli, vidre konstantinopols“ ar
daipyrobdnen.2 zogadad, osmaleTis sultnebs bizantiis sruli
teritoriuli dauflebis daucxromeli wadili gaaCndaT.3
am survils
emsaxureboda mehmed II-is ,,brwyinvale strategiis“ sazRvao moqmedebebi.4
konstantinoplis dacemis Semdeg, 1480 wels, rodesac Turqebma
samxreT italiaSi otrantoc daikaves, xmelTaSua zRva ukve osmaleTis
Sida tbad gadaiqca.5 cxadi iyo, dampyroblebis agresias evropa ver
gadaurCevoda. Sua saukuneebis Semdeg evropa amjerad gareSe mtrisgan
moicva sibnelem. sultnebi WiSkridan WiSkramde uaxlovdebodnen roms.
SeiZleba iTqvas, ase gagrZelda konstantinopoilidan lepantomde.
miuxedavad imisa, rom XIV saukunis dasawyisidan bizantiis imperia
daSlis process Turqebis gareSec adga, imperiis dacema Sida
problemebis gamo bunebriv istoriul faqtad iqneboda aRqmuli;6
magram
konstantinopolis aReba axali imperiis, sxva religiis mimdevrebis
mier iyo Semzaravi, amaRelvebeli faqti; aziasa da evropas Soris
urTierTobaSi axali gaurkveveli eris dasawyisi. dadebiTi kuTxiT,
kolosalurma viTarebam biZgi misca axal grandiozul procesebs
xmelaSua zRvaze. aRmosavleTis savaWro gzebis Caketvam gamoiwvia
dasavleTis karibWis gaxsna, sxva sazRvao gzebis Zieba, rasac,
Sesabamisad, sanaosno sistemis ganviTareba da samxedro industriis
daxvewa erTvoda. yvelaze did Sedegs mainc warmoadgenda berZeni
swavlulebis italiaSi migracia, axali naTeli eris, renesansis
dasawyisi, italiur freskebze berZeni filososfosebis gamoCena.
islamuri al-andalusis kulturis qristianuli kastiliis samefosTan
SeTvisebam axali epoqis safuZveli kidev metad gaamyara.7
bizantiis
imperiis dacemam dasaleTis kulturaze eTno-lingvisturi gavleniTac
imoqmeda elinizmis (ena, literatura, filosofia, Teologia) da
romanuli (samarTali, samxedro sistema, diplomatia) mimarTulebebiT.8
italiel humanistebs saSualeba miecaT uSualod gascnobodnen berZen
filosofosTa naazrevebs.9
konstantinopolis dacemamde arsebuli
xelnawerebis gaSifrva devnili berZeni swavlulebis daxmarebiT gaxda
SesaZlebeli. da mainc, neapolis, veneciis Tu genuas sisuste
osmalebis winaaRmdeg dapirispirebaSi yovel mxriv, yvela sferoSi iyo
gamokveTili. saWiro iyo safrangeTis an espaneTis monarqebis mier
1
Runciman, 1973, gv. 47.
2
Runciman, Ib., gv. 57.
3
David, 2007, gv. 174.
4
Philippides; Hanak, 2011, gv. 429.
5
Howard, 2017, gv. 113.
6
Runciman, 1973, gv. 12.
7
Harvey, 2005, gv. 14.
8
Baynes, 1951, gv. 195.
9
Geankopolos, 1966, gv. 118.

33
evropis gadarCena. venecia, romelic meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobis
dros Tavad ebrZoda bizantias, misi daSlis Semdeg TviTonc sakmaod
dasustebuliyo. italiur qalaq-saxelmwifoebs moSlili hqondaT
aRmosavleTis sayrdeni, maSin, rodesac xmelTaSua zRvidan mteri maT
sanapiroebze gadmodioda.1
venecias unda daecva aseve mis
daqvemdarebaSi arsebuli berZnuli teritoriebi: kreta, Tesaolniki,
kviprosidan albaneTamde miwebi. 1453 wlis Semdeg osmalebis mxridan
wamosuli saSiSroeba yvelaze relauri da pirdapiri kursiT italiur
qalaqebs emuqreboda, vatikans da Semdeg ukve evropul qristianul
samyaros.
rac Seexeba espaneTs, rogorc avRniSneT, kaTolikur monarqiaSi
bizantiis imperiis dacemis jer kidev poeturi asaxva gvxvdeba, mTeli
Tavisi metaforuli ieriT, im mcire gamonaklisebis garda, rac mefeTa
qronikebSi zedapirulad aris naxsenebi.2
espaneTis mefeebisTvis
konstantinopolis dacema geografiuli siSoris istoriuli
gamoZaxili iyo. maT iberiis naxevarkunZulis espanuri miwebis
gaerTianeba jer dasrulebuli ar hqondaT da sakuTari Sida
saxelmwifoebrivi problemebi gaaCndaT.3
bizantiis dedaqalaqis dacemis
Sesaxeb espanur cnobebSi TiTqmis yvelgan miTiTebulia, rom mizezs
qristianTa codvebi warmoadgenda, rasac aseve alegoriuli datvirTva
gaaCnda: istoriuli movlenisTvis miTologiuri mantiis mosxma da
evropis aRmosavleT karibWesTan arsebuli tragikuli viTarebisgan
ganrideba. Turqebis gamoCenas gansxvavebuli interpretacia mohyva
espaneTis samefo karze, espanur literaturasa da ,,cnobis
furclebze“. informaciuli saTave Turqebsa da iberiis
naxevarkunZuls Soris iyo konstantinopoli - diadi qalaqi, berZnebis
Semdeg laTinelebis uSualo memkvidre, berZnuli civilizaciis
ukanaskneli Suqura; romis warsuli didebis aRmosavluri gamoZaxili,
da ara rogorc ,,Turqebis qalaqi“. informacia ZiriTadad espaneli
mogzaurebis meSveobiT miiReboda, aseve tyved myofi da Semdeg
samSobloSi dabrunebuli pirebisgan; mogvianebiT ki, rodesac
saxelmwifoebrivi institutebis formireba ganxorcielda, felipe II-is
mier Camoyalibebuli moqnili sadazvervo qselis daxmarebiT. diego
galan eskobaris, antonio de sosas, ucnobi avtoris ,,TurqeTis
mogzaurobis“ da naSromSi gamoyenebuli saarqio cnobebis garda,
sayuradReboa, madridis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi xelnaweri
qronika ,,Turqebis cxovrebisa da Cveulebebis Sesaxeb“.4
es
informaciuli krebuli warmoadgens erTad Tavmoyril mogzaurTa,
sasuliero pirebis, ZiriTad hospitalierTa ordenis berebis mier
1
Pullan, 1973, gv. 117.
2
Weiner, 2005, gv. 45.
3 Hermenegildo, 1983, gv. 37.
4
BNM, Ms. (xelnaweri) 2794. xelnawer masalaze wvdoma SesaZlebelia sasazRvro
arqivis internet gverdis saSualebiT. ADF, DE LA VIDA Y COSTUMBRES DE LOS TURCOS.

34
gadmocemul cnobebs. 87 gverdisgan Semdgari qronika
konstantinopolis cxovrebis, osmalTa yofis TiToeul detals
asaxavs;1
sayuradReboa, ramdenad didi fenomeni iyo osmaleTis imperia
evropisTvis, misi Zlierebidan gamomdinare, ,,sxva samyaros“ Sesaxeb
informaciis Segroveba XVI saukunis ,,Turqomaniis“ sazRvrebs
scdeboda. espanur wyaroebSi naklebad gvxvdeba ,,sultani“ an
,,osmalo“. cnobebSi miTiTebuli ,,Turqi“ da ,,didi Turqi“ (el Turco, el
Gran Turco), konteqstis mixedviT, sultans an zogadad mTlianad
imperias gulisxmobs. espaneli Teologis, jariskacis, poetis vasko
diasis mier sultnis darbazis aRwerac ki detalebis mxriv friad
sainteresoa. aqve gamoikveTeba osmaleTis imperiis ZiriTadi
politikuri ideologia: ,,did Turqs suleimans Tavis oTaxSi kedelze
Camokidebuli aqvs abra sartyeliT, romelzec mamamisi selimi aris
gamosaxuli. Tavze laTinur enaze epiTeti aweria: Selim Ottoman Rex Regum.
Dominus Dominantium. Princeps Principum. Nepos Dei.2
fexebTan aqvs sxva epiTeti
Turqul enaze: Tu Tavad princi ar midis saqmeze, rom is gaarTulos,
maSin kargi Sedegi ar eqneba. marjvena xelTan berZnul enaze aseTi
warweraa: WeSmariti mmarTveloba aris axloblebis mimarT eWvis ar
qona. marcxena xelTan slavur enazea sxva warwera: Zveli tanjvis
atana aris axlis gamowveva. es aris kanoni da mogoneba, rac selim
otomanma Tavis Svils suleimans dautova.“3
evropaSi bizantiis dedaqalaqis msgavsi qalaqi ar moiZebneboda.
felipe II-is mier dawyebuli eskorialis kompleqsis mSenebloba
erTgvar mcdelobas warmoadgenda, espaneTis monarqiaSi aRmosavleTis
dedaqalaqTan gaigivebuli imperiuli centri SeeqmnaT. Tumca, mefis
pirad rezidenciad gamoiyeneboda da ara imperiis dedaqalaqad. mas ar
gaaCnda ,,diadi istoriuli warsuli“. es iyo adgili kulturuli
moRvaweobisTvis, imperiis saTaTbiro centri. mediteranizmis epoqaSi
arsad arsebobda konstantinopolis analogi qalaqi, romelic mas
istoriul-politikuri masStabebiT an civilizaciuri simdidriT
gauTanabrdeboda. erTaderTi, kordovas SeeZlo gapaeqreboda, magram
ramdenad misaRebi iyo saxalifos dedaqalqis kaTolike monarqebis
imperiis centard ganmeoreba?! meore SesaZlebloba iyo granada.
evropas ,,imperiuli qalaqebis“ variaciebad mxolod vena, praRa da
niurnbergi SeeZlo warmoedgina - rogorc axali istoriis
realobisTvis yvelaze ganviTarebuli qristianuli, humanisturi
qalaqebi.4
1
san xuan de bautista, antonio menavio, pedro velonio da beri antonio vaesi arian
cnobebis mTavari avtorebi.
2
,,selim otomani mefeTa mefe. mbrZanebelTa mbrZanebeli. princTa princi. RmerTis
ZmiSvili“.
3
Díaz Tanco, Vasco. 1547, fol. 41v, Libro intitulado Palinodia de la nefanda y fiera nación de los Turcos y de su
cruel modo y arte engañoso de guerrear. Y de los imperios, reinos y provincias que han sujetado y poseen con
inquieta ferocidad. Orense: impresión del propio autor.
4
Fernandez Armesto, 2009, gv. 2.

35
l i t e r a t u r a
L i t e r a t u r e
1. xubaSvili, i. 2004. veneciisa da florenciis diplomatia XIII-XV
ss, Tbilisi: meridiani.
2. Asutay-Effenberger, N.; Rehm, U. 2009. Sultan Mehmed II Eroberer Konstantinopels
– der Patron der Künste, Köln: Bhölau.
3. Bádenas de la Peña, P.; Pérez Martín, P. 2003. Constantinopla 1453: mitos y
realidades, Nueva Roma 19, Madrid: CSIC Press.
4. Baynes, Norman H. 1951. El imperio Bizantino, México-Buenos Aires: Fondo de
Cultura Económica.
5. BNM. mss. 2.974.
6. David, N. 2007. The Fall of Constantinople, The Ottoman Conquest of Byzantium,
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7. Díaz Tanco, Vasco. 1547. fol. 41v, Libro intitulado Palinodia de la nefanda y fiera
nación de los Turcos y de su cruel modo y arte engañoso de guerrear. Y de los
imperios, reinos y provincias que han sujetado y poseen con inquieta ferocidad.
Orense: impresión del propio autor.
8. Emecen, F. M. 2011. 1453: La caída de Constantinopla, Madrid: Desperta Ferro,
Antigua de medieval, N. 4.
9. Enríquez del Castillo, Diego de, 1481-1502, (1994). Crónica de Enrique IV, Sánches
Martín, A. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.
10. Fernández Armesto, F. 2009. 1492, The Year the World Began, New York:
HarperOne.
11. Hermenegildo, A. 1983. Introduction to Tragedia de la destruyción de Constantinopla
by Gabriel Lobo Lasso de la Vega, Kassel: Reichenberger.
12. Howard, D. A. 2017. A History of The Ottoman Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
13. Geankopolos, D. J. 1966. Byzantine East and Latin West: Two Worlds of Christendom
in Middle Ages and Renaissance, New York: Harper & Row.
14. Rosell, C. 1953. Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla: desde don Alfonso el Sabio hasta
los Católicos don Fernando y Doña Isabella, Vol. II, Madrid: BAE. LXVIII.
15. Runciman, S. 1973. La caída de Constantinopla, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe.
16. Philippides, M.; Hanak, Walter K. 2011. The Siege and The Fall of Constantinople in
1453, Historiography, Topography, and Military Studies, Farnham, Surrey:
ASHGATE.
17. Pullan, B. 1973. History of Early Renaissance Italy, London: Lane.
18. Weiner, J. 2005. Cuatro ensayos sobre Gabriel Lobo Laso de la Vega (1555-1615),
Valencia: Universitat de Valencia.

36
r e z i u m e
espaneTis universaluri monarqiis cnobierebaSi
Tea xomasuriZe
winamdebare kvleva warmoadgens espaneTis universaluri monarqiis
sapasuxo reagirebis Seswavlas konstantinopolis dacemasa da
Turqebis mier bizantiis imperiis dakavebaze. ramdenad realisturad
aRiqmeboda xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleTis karibWeze axali muslimuri
talRis damkvidrebidan wamosuli saSiSroeba; ra interesi gamoixata
,,Turqis" Sesaxeb. mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sayuradReboa
avotoris mier qarTul istoriografiaSi espanuri wyaroebis Targmna
da damkvidreba.
S U M M A R Y
CONSTANTINOPLE AND THE "GREAT TURK"
IN THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE UNIVERSAL SPANISH MONARCHY
TEA KHOMASURIDZE
The present research represents the study of response of the Spanish Universal
Monarchy to the fall of Constantinople and the capture of the Byzantine Empire by the Turks.
How realistically perceived was the danger of a new Muslim wave on the eastern gates of the
Mediterranean. The article is also notable for the fact that the author translates and introduces
Spanish sources about the present issue.
Р Е З Ю М Е
КОНСТАНТИНОПОЛЬ И «ВЕЛИКИЙ ТУРОК»
В СОЗНАНИИ ВСЕМИРНОЙ ИСПАНСКОЙ МОНАРХИИ
ТЕА ХОМАСУРИДЗЕ
Данная исследование представляет собой изучение реакции испанской
универсальной монархии на падение Константинополя и захват Византийской империи
турками. Насколько реалистично воспринималась опасность новой мусульманской
волны у восточных ворот Средиземного моря. Статья примечательна еще и тем, что
автор переводит и представляет испанские источники по данной теме.

37
ROMAN MILITARY SETTLEMENTS
ON THE NORTH EASTERN BLACK SEA COAST
LANA BURKADZE
PHD STUDENT OF BATUMI SHOTA RUSTAVELY STATE UNIVERSITY
The Romans, led by Pompey, first entered Colchis in 65 BC, before that, Colchis was
under subordination of Mithridates of the Bosporus Kingdom. With Pompey's entry, naturally,
Colchis fell under the Roman governance. Pompey left Aristarchus in Colchis, but in 48 BC
the son of Mithridates Eupator, Pharnaces, who desired to restore father's Empire, took
possession of Colchis. However, Mithridates of Pergamon soon expelled him with the support
of Julius Caesar. Another Black Sea Empire, which included Pontus and Bosphorus, along
with Colchis, was created by Polemo I, dynasty of the city of Laodicea, who became a king
by the support of Antonius and later he was also supported by Augustus. Approximately in 8
BC, when Polemo I passed away, the kingdom was took over by his widow Pythodoros. She
married the governor of Cappadocia, Archelaos I, thus, she united the Colchis and
Cappadocia. In AD 17, after the death of Archelaos I, Cappadocia directly became under the
Romans subordination, while Pythodoros still ruled his old kingdom, including Colchis. Nero
has annexed the Kingdom of Polemo II in AD 63 (Braund 1994:220). The kingdom of Pontus
along with the Colchis, entered the province of Galatia. As the main reason for these events is
named the North Caucasian campaign conceived by Nero. In 66-67 AD, formation of the
special Legio I Italica has started, but the campaign has not been finished, because Nero died
in AD 69 (Kakhidze 2002).
It was clear that the appearance of the Romans in Colchis indicated that they would start
building military and defense systems. A clear example of this is Pliny's information, which is
indicating a long-term presence of the Roman soldiers in Colchis until 77 AD. Pliny
mentioned one castelum in Sebastopolis, near to Dioscuria and another in Apsarus (Plin.,
NH.VI, 14).
Arrian who was governor of Cappadocia, on his periplus mentions Apsarus, Phasis and
Sebastopolis in AD 132.
In the south-western Georgia, at modern Gonio, 15 km. to the south of the city of
Batumi at a strategically important site, where the roads leading to the east (to Sebastopolis,
modern Sukhumi) and to the south (via the Chorokhi river basin to Armenia Minor and
Adjaristskali gorge to eastern Georgia) join there today too stands a playing-card shape fort
(Plontke-Lüning 2003: 7). Its area being 4.75 ha., length 222 m. and width 195 m. The total
length of the fort walls in perimeter is 900 m., the height of the walls 5 m., while at the
corners, where the towers are erected 7 m. The lower part of the walls is faced with large-size
dressed quadratic stones. The western wall has symmetrically arranged counterforts, while a
later-time superstructure built of pebbles is visible in the upper part. At present the fort has 18
towers, but originally it had 22. Four main towers stand at the corners of the wall, with stone
stairs inside the fort. Formerly the fort had 4 entrances. Today all but the western gate are
bricked up. To the east, the fort was protected by the mountains, from the north, by the river,

38
while it was relatively unprotected from the south. That is why the walls of the fort are mostly
reinforced on this side. The ruins of a bath and the garrison mosque are preserved within the
extant fort, as well as the sewage, water conduits and cobblestone pavement.
According to Pliny (NH 6. 12), Apsarus was a functioning fort already in the seventies
of the 1st
century AD, which is confirmed by archaeological evidence as well. Copper coins
struck in the names of Tiberius, Nero, Vespasian and Domitian (Plontke-Lüning 2003:28-30)
have been discovered here, as well as amphoras, current in the 1st
AD and believed to have
been produced in Italy and Cos (Kakhidze 2002:52), dummy-handled red-glazed bowls,
Sinopean louteria, glass vessel (Djaparidze 2002:194), etc.
In AD 132 Arrian, the governor of Cappadocia, traveled around the Black Sea littoral.
He mentions five cohorts () stationed in Apsarus (Periplus 6). No doubt, they were
auxiliary units (Bosworth 1977:228; Speidel 1986:658; Lordkipanidze 1991:131;
Gamkrelidze 2006:66; Rowell 1937:1327; Mitford 1980:1169). Incidentally, a garrison of
this size (Gamkrelidze 2006:66) could be found only in a couple of castella of the Black Sea
littoral; e.g. only 400 élite soldiers were stationed in Phasis (Arr. Periplus 9) and just 20
horsemen in Hyssiporto, modern Canayeri, 26 km. east to Trapezus (Arr. Periplus 7). This
situation seems to be accounted for by the expansion of Iberia to the Black Sea Littoral. This
process was brought to fruition by the Zydritae, loyal to Pharasmanes II, king of Iberia (Arr.
Periplus 11; Boswarth 1993:250; Plontke-Lüning 2005:134). Other sources also report on the
Roman garrison at Apsarus. Thus, according to an inscription (ILS 2660) found at Abella,
Italy, Marcius Plaetorius Celer, decorated by Trajan for his participation in the Parthian war
(113-117), had praepositus numerorum tendentium in Ponto Absaro (Speidel 1986:658).
Importance also attaches to a fragment of a 2nd
century AD papyrus, written by a veteran of
Apsarus and discovered in Fayum, Egypt. The inscription refers to the veteran Martial who
had served in the cohors II Claudiana and stationed at Apsarus (Speidel 1983:657). Along
with this evidence, the deployment of that cohort at Apsarus is confirmed by a tile discovered
in 1995 with a 2nd
century Latin inscription. According to another tile and Italic bronze tripod
lamp with a Latin inscriptions we may consider that, there in 2nd
century might be stationed
cohors sagitarii and cohors Aurelia too (Plontke-Lüning 2003:12). The 3rd
century AD may
be considered a turning point in the history of Apsarus. In the mid-250s the Borani gained
access to the Black Sea by way of the Crimea (Zos. Hist. Nova 1.31; Luttwak 1976:147).
Zosimus tells about the raids of the Barbarians on the Colchian littoral in the mid-3rd century
(Hist. Nova 1.31-33). Historical sources say nothing about the devastation of Apsarus at the
time, but observation of the stratigraphy of the fort site shows that at the turn of the 4th
century the fort had temporarily ceased functioning. The cultural layers of this period bear
traces of destruction.
The last point named by Arrian is Sebastopolis, where Rome's influence was ended. The
journey took Arrian to Sebastopolis, he identifies this place with Dioscurias. Changing the
name of Dioscurias to Sebastopolis happened probably during the reign of the Polemonids:
The kings, friends of the Romans, were changing the names of towns, usually in honour of the
emperor (Braund 1994:117). However, Pliny, apparently distinguishes Dioscurias, which he
describes as an abandoned, from the nearby Sebastopolis, where he mentions fort and it is
quite possible that this was a Roman fort. D. Braund points out that the reason for the
confusion was the fact that the city of Dioscurias was located on a quite wide territory and
probably it was extended along the coastline from the modern Sokhumi to the west, at least,
till Eshera, where should be located its acropolis and administrative centre from the 1st

Inteleqtuali, 2020

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