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‫مقدمة‬
‫الدقيقة‬ ‫األجهزة‬
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
‫القياس‬ ‫الي‬ ‫نحتاج‬ ‫لماذا‬
‫عنه‬ ‫تتحدث‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الشيء‬ ‫عن‬ ‫باألرقام‬ ‫والتعبير‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫على‬ ً‫ا‬‫قادر‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫عندما‬
‫تكون‬‫عندئذ‬‫بالموضوع‬ ‫الشيء‬ ‫بعض‬ ً‫ا‬‫ملم‬
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
‫هو‬ ‫القياس‬
‫جهاز‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫ما‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫تقدير‬ ‫أو‬ ‫فيزيائي‬ ‫متغير‬ ‫أو‬ ‫فيزيائية‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫إيجاد‬
ً‫ا‬‫عالمي‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫متفق‬ ً‫ا‬‫عياري‬ ً‫ا‬‫جهاز‬ ‫المستخدم‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫كان‬ ‫وإذا‬ ‫مناسبة‬ ‫أوأداة‬ ‫مناسب‬
‫عملية‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫اعتبرت‬‫عيارية‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫المقاسة‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫عندئذ‬ ‫وتكون‬ ،‫معايرة‬
‫القياس‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫فتكون‬ ً‫ا‬‫عياري‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫أما‬‫بالكمية‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬
‫قبل‬ ‫من‬ ‫معايرته‬ ‫تمت‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫في‬ ‫يستخدم‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫القياسية‬.
‫هي‬ ‫والمعايرة‬‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫عالمي‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫متفق‬ ‫عيارية‬ ‫بأجهزة‬ ‫المستخدمة‬ ‫األجهزة‬ ‫مقارنة‬
‫ظروف‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫ومحفوظة‬ ‫الدقة‬ ‫حيث‬‫محددة‬ ‫بيئية‬.
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
(‫الدقة‬) Accuracy
‫الحقيقية‬ ‫القراءة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫أقرب‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫قراءة‬ ‫إعطاء‬ ‫على‬ ‫مقدرته‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫دقة‬
"‫ية‬‫ر‬‫العيا‬."‫وكلما‬‫أعطى‬‫الجهاز‬‫الحقيقي‬ ‫المقدار‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫أقرب‬ ‫قراءة‬"‫ي‬‫العيار‬"‫للكمية‬
‫الجهاز‬ ‫كان‬ ‫كلما‬ ‫المقاسة‬‫دقيقا‬.
‫مثال‬:‫بأنه‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫ترمومتر‬‫يعطي‬
50 to 100 degree
‫هذا‬ ‫في‬±0.5° C 50 ) ‫هي‬ ‫دقته‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يقال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬° C to 100°C) ‫في‬
‫المدى‬±0.5° C ‫خطأ‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫قد‬
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
Precision ‫االحكام‬ ‫او‬ ‫الضبط‬
‫بنفس‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫تكرار‬ ‫عند‬ ‫القراءة‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫إعطاء‬ ‫على‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫مقدرة‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الضبط‬
‫وكلما‬ ،‫الجهاز‬‫كان‬ ‫الجهاز‬‫لنفس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يعطيه‬ ‫التي‬ ‫القراءات‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫كلما‬ ً‫ا‬‫مضبوط‬
‫متقاربة‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫تكرار‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الكمية‬‫مع‬‫البعض‬ ‫بعضها‬
‫مثال‬
65‫استخدم‬ ‫وعندما‬° C ‫سائل‬ ‫حرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫لقياس‬ ‫عياري‬ ‫ترمومتر‬ ‫استخدم‬
‫فوجدت‬‫تساوي‬64.5‫نفس‬ ‫يعطي‬ ‫الزئبقي‬ ‫الترمومتر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ووجد‬° C ‫ترمومتر‬
‫درجةالحاررة‬ ‫وجدت‬ ‫زئبقي‬‫تساوي‬‫قراءته‬‫هي‬ ‫فما‬ ‫التجربة‬ ‫تكرار‬ ‫عند‬ ‫السابقة‬
‫الزئبقي‬ ‫الترمومتر‬ ‫وأحكام‬ ‫دقة‬.
65–64.5=0.5° C ‫الترمومتر‬ ‫دقة‬
‫الدقة‬ ‫مقياس‬ ‫وهذا‬.±0.5° C ‫هو‬ ‫المدى‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬ ‫الخطأ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أي‬
‫تكر‬ ‫عند‬ ‫القراءة‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫يعطي‬ ‫ألنه‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫بدرجة‬ ً‫ا‬‫ومحكم‬ ً‫ا‬‫مضبوط‬ ‫الترمومتر‬ ‫لكن‬‫ار‬
‫القياس‬
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
Sensitivity ‫الجهاز‬ ‫حساسية‬
‫اكتشافها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫اإلشارة‬ ‫في‬ ‫تغيير‬ ‫أصغر‬.
‫ه‬ ‫اي‬‫ي‬‫اإلشارة‬ ‫في‬ ‫التغير‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الخارجة‬ ‫اإلشارة‬ ‫نسبة‬‫الداخلة‬,‫تغيي‬ ‫اقل‬ ‫ان‬ ‫بمعنى‬‫ر‬
‫الدخل‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫الي‬ ‫الخرج‬ ‫في‬ ‫يسجل‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ممكن‬
Consider a pressure sensor that has a measurement range of
0–100PSI and an output range of 0–5V. Its sensitivity is .05
Volt/PSI.
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
Resolution ‫التميز‬ ‫علي‬ ‫المقدرة‬
‫هو‬‫أصغر‬‫مالحظتها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫اإلشارة‬ ‫من‬ ‫جزء‬.
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
Response or Responsiveness (RS) ‫االستجابة‬
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
Error ‫الخطاء‬
‫هو‬‫الحقيقي‬ ‫والمقدار‬ ‫المقاسة‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الفرق‬"‫العياري‬ ‫أو‬"‫للكمية‬.‫ومن‬
‫القياسات‬ ‫تتطلب‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫آثارها‬ ‫من‬ ‫التقليل‬ ‫وكيفية‬ ‫الخطأ‬ ‫مصادر‬ ‫معرفـة‬ ً‫ا‬‫جـد‬ ‫المهم‬
‫نتائج‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫للتوصل‬ ‫القياسات‬ ‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫وإجراء‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫األجهزة‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫الدقيقة‬
‫دقيقة‬
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
Sensor, Transducer and Actuator
Sensor
• a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus
• acquires information from the “real world”
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
Sensor, Transducer and Actuator
Transducer
• a device that converts a primary form of energy into a
• corresponding signal with a different energy form
• Primary Energy Forms: mechanical, thermal,
• electromagnetic, optical, chemical, etc.
• take form of a sensor or an actuator
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
Sensor, Transducer and Actuator
Actuator
• converts an electrical signal to a physical output
• (opposite of a sensor, e.g. a speaker)
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
Transducers Example
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
Sensors example
This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
Actuator example

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Instrumentation introduction rev arabic

  • 2. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group ‫القياس‬ ‫الي‬ ‫نحتاج‬ ‫لماذا‬ ‫عنه‬ ‫تتحدث‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الشيء‬ ‫عن‬ ‫باألرقام‬ ‫والتعبير‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫على‬ ً‫ا‬‫قادر‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫تكون‬‫عندئذ‬‫بالموضوع‬ ‫الشيء‬ ‫بعض‬ ً‫ا‬‫ملم‬
  • 3. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group ‫هو‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫ما‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫تقدير‬ ‫أو‬ ‫فيزيائي‬ ‫متغير‬ ‫أو‬ ‫فيزيائية‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫إيجاد‬ ً‫ا‬‫عالمي‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫متفق‬ ً‫ا‬‫عياري‬ ً‫ا‬‫جهاز‬ ‫المستخدم‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫كان‬ ‫وإذا‬ ‫مناسبة‬ ‫أوأداة‬ ‫مناسب‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫اعتبرت‬‫عيارية‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫المقاسة‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫عندئذ‬ ‫وتكون‬ ،‫معايرة‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫فتكون‬ ً‫ا‬‫عياري‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫أما‬‫بالكمية‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫من‬ ‫معايرته‬ ‫تمت‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫في‬ ‫يستخدم‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫القياسية‬. ‫هي‬ ‫والمعايرة‬‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫عالمي‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫متفق‬ ‫عيارية‬ ‫بأجهزة‬ ‫المستخدمة‬ ‫األجهزة‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫ومحفوظة‬ ‫الدقة‬ ‫حيث‬‫محددة‬ ‫بيئية‬.
  • 4. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group (‫الدقة‬) Accuracy ‫الحقيقية‬ ‫القراءة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫أقرب‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫قراءة‬ ‫إعطاء‬ ‫على‬ ‫مقدرته‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫دقة‬ "‫ية‬‫ر‬‫العيا‬."‫وكلما‬‫أعطى‬‫الجهاز‬‫الحقيقي‬ ‫المقدار‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫أقرب‬ ‫قراءة‬"‫ي‬‫العيار‬"‫للكمية‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫كان‬ ‫كلما‬ ‫المقاسة‬‫دقيقا‬. ‫مثال‬:‫بأنه‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫ترمومتر‬‫يعطي‬ 50 to 100 degree ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬±0.5° C 50 ) ‫هي‬ ‫دقته‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يقال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬° C to 100°C) ‫في‬ ‫المدى‬±0.5° C ‫خطأ‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫قد‬
  • 5. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group Precision ‫االحكام‬ ‫او‬ ‫الضبط‬ ‫بنفس‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫تكرار‬ ‫عند‬ ‫القراءة‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫إعطاء‬ ‫على‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫مقدرة‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الضبط‬ ‫وكلما‬ ،‫الجهاز‬‫كان‬ ‫الجهاز‬‫لنفس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يعطيه‬ ‫التي‬ ‫القراءات‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫كلما‬ ً‫ا‬‫مضبوط‬ ‫متقاربة‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫تكرار‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الكمية‬‫مع‬‫البعض‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫مثال‬ 65‫استخدم‬ ‫وعندما‬° C ‫سائل‬ ‫حرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫لقياس‬ ‫عياري‬ ‫ترمومتر‬ ‫استخدم‬ ‫فوجدت‬‫تساوي‬64.5‫نفس‬ ‫يعطي‬ ‫الزئبقي‬ ‫الترمومتر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ووجد‬° C ‫ترمومتر‬ ‫درجةالحاررة‬ ‫وجدت‬ ‫زئبقي‬‫تساوي‬‫قراءته‬‫هي‬ ‫فما‬ ‫التجربة‬ ‫تكرار‬ ‫عند‬ ‫السابقة‬ ‫الزئبقي‬ ‫الترمومتر‬ ‫وأحكام‬ ‫دقة‬. 65–64.5=0.5° C ‫الترمومتر‬ ‫دقة‬ ‫الدقة‬ ‫مقياس‬ ‫وهذا‬.±0.5° C ‫هو‬ ‫المدى‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬ ‫الخطأ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أي‬ ‫تكر‬ ‫عند‬ ‫القراءة‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫يعطي‬ ‫ألنه‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫بدرجة‬ ً‫ا‬‫ومحكم‬ ً‫ا‬‫مضبوط‬ ‫الترمومتر‬ ‫لكن‬‫ار‬ ‫القياس‬
  • 6. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group
  • 7. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group Sensitivity ‫الجهاز‬ ‫حساسية‬ ‫اكتشافها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫اإلشارة‬ ‫في‬ ‫تغيير‬ ‫أصغر‬. ‫ه‬ ‫اي‬‫ي‬‫اإلشارة‬ ‫في‬ ‫التغير‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الخارجة‬ ‫اإلشارة‬ ‫نسبة‬‫الداخلة‬,‫تغيي‬ ‫اقل‬ ‫ان‬ ‫بمعنى‬‫ر‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫الي‬ ‫الخرج‬ ‫في‬ ‫يسجل‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ممكن‬ Consider a pressure sensor that has a measurement range of 0–100PSI and an output range of 0–5V. Its sensitivity is .05 Volt/PSI.
  • 8. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group Resolution ‫التميز‬ ‫علي‬ ‫المقدرة‬ ‫هو‬‫أصغر‬‫مالحظتها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫اإلشارة‬ ‫من‬ ‫جزء‬.
  • 9. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group Response or Responsiveness (RS) ‫االستجابة‬
  • 10. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group Error ‫الخطاء‬ ‫هو‬‫الحقيقي‬ ‫والمقدار‬ ‫المقاسة‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الفرق‬"‫العياري‬ ‫أو‬"‫للكمية‬.‫ومن‬ ‫القياسات‬ ‫تتطلب‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫آثارها‬ ‫من‬ ‫التقليل‬ ‫وكيفية‬ ‫الخطأ‬ ‫مصادر‬ ‫معرفـة‬ ً‫ا‬‫جـد‬ ‫المهم‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫للتوصل‬ ‫القياسات‬ ‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫وإجراء‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫األجهزة‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫دقيقة‬
  • 11. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group Sensor, Transducer and Actuator Sensor • a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus • acquires information from the “real world”
  • 12. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group Sensor, Transducer and Actuator Transducer • a device that converts a primary form of energy into a • corresponding signal with a different energy form • Primary Energy Forms: mechanical, thermal, • electromagnetic, optical, chemical, etc. • take form of a sensor or an actuator
  • 13. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group Sensor, Transducer and Actuator Actuator • converts an electrical signal to a physical output • (opposite of a sensor, e.g. a speaker)
  • 14. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group Transducers Example
  • 15. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group Sensors example
  • 16. This course has been presented at KAR Cement group Actuator example