1. The document discusses different types of business models including serial entrepreneur, manufacturer, inventor, wholesaler, landlord, contractor, and more.
2. It explains key parts of business models like the value proposition, customer segments, distribution channels, core competencies, and revenue streams.
3. Licensing a business model can generate upfront fees and ongoing royalties. It allows commercializing an innovation without developing the entire product independently, but the firm may receive less recognition. Costs and benefits must be considered.
ptg16513123There’s not a single business model, and the.docxpotmanandrea
ptg16513123
“There’s not a single business model, and
there’s not a single type of electronic
content. There are really a lot of
opportunities and a lot of options and we
just have to discover all of them.”
—TIM O’REILLY
A business model describes how an organization creates, captures, and
delivers value to its customers. Every business performs some activity
with the intention of generating value for its customers. At a conceptual
level, what does that look like and what existing businesses can you point
to as examples to determine that your model is sound?
Identifying your business model is helpful for two important reasons.
First, by studying businesses with a similar business model, you can
increase your own odds of success—an activity referred to as modeling.
Second, it provides a blueprint by which you can begin taking action to
define your business model. If you already have a model, you still can
make improvements or reinvent it by comparing it to well-established
models—an activity referred to as benchmarking.
CHAPTER 6
BUSINESS
MODELS
From the Library of Moaath Alangari
ptg16513123
Seven business model
archetypes
After spending considerable time mapping the various business models
online, we began to realize that many of the models were similar. We
observed there are fundamentally three archetypes that drive all business
models: Trade, Product, and Service. This was a breakthrough observa-
tion for us, because it paved the way for the model we then created.
Just as a color wheel starts with three primary colors and derives a set
of basic colors from the original three (red, green, blue), we’ve done
the same with our model. Many of the interesting online businesses are
hybrids of two of the three primaries; we call these the hybrid archetypes.
They include the Marketplace, Brokerage, and Subscription models.
And lastly there is the Ecosystem, which possesses traits of all three
primary archetypes.
Figure 6.1 illustrates this framework, which can be a useful place to start
thinking about how to structure your business. To make this framework
more useful, we also overlaid two prototypes to demonstrate each arche-
type. These prototypes are more defined and actionable models of the
more abstract archetype concept. This is not an exhaustive list of possible
prototypes, just a set of examples that illustrate the concept and provide
actionable material that you can use. Following the detailed description
of each archetype, we provide a list of the prototypes and a set of exam-
ples for each that appear to be succeeding online.
Trade
Trade is the primary archetype that describes the business of connect-
ing buyers and sellers, rather than offering something to be bought or
sold. The trader is the consummate “connector” who knows everyone
and helps to make introductions. Profits are generated by commission or
arbitrage, not by selling units or hours.
PART II KNOW80
From the Library of Mo ...
ptg16513123There’s not a single business model, and the.docxpotmanandrea
ptg16513123
“There’s not a single business model, and
there’s not a single type of electronic
content. There are really a lot of
opportunities and a lot of options and we
just have to discover all of them.”
—TIM O’REILLY
A business model describes how an organization creates, captures, and
delivers value to its customers. Every business performs some activity
with the intention of generating value for its customers. At a conceptual
level, what does that look like and what existing businesses can you point
to as examples to determine that your model is sound?
Identifying your business model is helpful for two important reasons.
First, by studying businesses with a similar business model, you can
increase your own odds of success—an activity referred to as modeling.
Second, it provides a blueprint by which you can begin taking action to
define your business model. If you already have a model, you still can
make improvements or reinvent it by comparing it to well-established
models—an activity referred to as benchmarking.
CHAPTER 6
BUSINESS
MODELS
From the Library of Moaath Alangari
ptg16513123
Seven business model
archetypes
After spending considerable time mapping the various business models
online, we began to realize that many of the models were similar. We
observed there are fundamentally three archetypes that drive all business
models: Trade, Product, and Service. This was a breakthrough observa-
tion for us, because it paved the way for the model we then created.
Just as a color wheel starts with three primary colors and derives a set
of basic colors from the original three (red, green, blue), we’ve done
the same with our model. Many of the interesting online businesses are
hybrids of two of the three primaries; we call these the hybrid archetypes.
They include the Marketplace, Brokerage, and Subscription models.
And lastly there is the Ecosystem, which possesses traits of all three
primary archetypes.
Figure 6.1 illustrates this framework, which can be a useful place to start
thinking about how to structure your business. To make this framework
more useful, we also overlaid two prototypes to demonstrate each arche-
type. These prototypes are more defined and actionable models of the
more abstract archetype concept. This is not an exhaustive list of possible
prototypes, just a set of examples that illustrate the concept and provide
actionable material that you can use. Following the detailed description
of each archetype, we provide a list of the prototypes and a set of exam-
ples for each that appear to be succeeding online.
Trade
Trade is the primary archetype that describes the business of connect-
ing buyers and sellers, rather than offering something to be bought or
sold. The trader is the consummate “connector” who knows everyone
and helps to make introductions. Profits are generated by commission or
arbitrage, not by selling units or hours.
PART II KNOW80
From the Library of Mo ...
developing a business model. business model innovation. types of business model. How Business Models Emerge. Components of a Business Model. core strategy, strategic resources
To achieve buy-in, budget approval, or a project green light you must first engage. As marketers we study the art of engagement. We develop programs, content, and analytics to maximize engagement with our prospects, customers, and channel partners. We recognize that we must deliver content that educates, nurtures, and motivates. As marketers we recognize that we must deliver the right content, to the right people, at the right time, and through the right channel. And as marketers we understand that the most effective form of engagement results from storytelling.
So why do we fail so miserably at engaging our internal audience? More than any business unit, marketing should have perfected the business presentation. And yet, we often fall back into the bad habit of bullet-point heavy PowerPoint presentations, charts and graphs, and messaging that focuses on what’s missing versus what is possible.
In order to succeed you must create an internal environment for success. To do this you must guide the company to the realization that the initiative is a change for the better and that they are a part of that positive change. And much like engaging with your external audience, engaging with your internal audience requires preparation, analysis, relevant content with context, and storytelling.
Marketing PlanBy Tara SeitlerThe Gap Company 1.docxinfantsuk
Marketing Plan
By: Tara Seitler
The Gap Company
1
1
Agenda
Current Marketing Situation
Market Description
Product Review
Competitive Review
Distribution Review
SWOT Analysis
Micro-environments
Macro-environments
2
Current Marketing Situation
Market Description
Target Market
Market Targeting strategy
Value proposition – The Gap Company
Consumer behavior
Buyer decision principles
3
Target Market
GAP is a brand-builder.
We create emotional connections with customers around the world through inspiring product design, unique store experiences and compelling marketing.
It’s goal is to simply make it easy for customers to express their personal style throughout their life.
GAP hoped that effective Web initiative could let company to solidify its brand, improve customer relationships, serve markets that could not support a store and cut costs.
Company also believed that going online would attract new customers and steal market share from competitors.
4
Target Market- Segmentation
Target Section of Market
Residential,
Non-residential,
Mobility and
Personal
Buyers Category
Upper middle and upper class individuals
5
Marketing Strategy
Marketing objective is to create a perception in the mind of the customer about the product.
Build image of product as a different product through adopting the strategy of differentiation of porter
Restructure the business
6
Restructure Business
Transform business management focusing on from quantity to profitability
Reduce fixed cost and downsize business structure to fair size
TV set business
Product
Create competitive products on its strength
Cost structure
Thoroughly improve cost structure
Restructuring
Completion of domestic sites integration and acceleration of overseas sites restructuring
7
Pricing Decision and Strategy
Keep Retailer and Customer pricing strategies different
Captive Product Pricing
The company makes its pricing strategies by having the knowledge of its competitor`s pricing
We can include USB connectivity devices
We can include Home Theatre along with
The prices of these accessories are kept relatively than other brands.
8
Sale Strategy
Sale Strategy - Sale Through
Manufacturer whole seller/dealer consumer
Sale Out (Sales To the retailer)
Manufacturer (company) Authorized Dealers
9
Sale Through
Whole seller/retailers are the customers of manufacturers, manufacturers sell their products to the Whole seller and indirectly (through retailer) to the end consumers.
This process of selling is called “Sale Through”
Sale Out :
The company will sell the products to the retailers which are actually the customers of the Company.
There will be no medium used between the company and the retailer.
This procedure of selling is called “Sale Out”
9
Value Proposition
They are predicated value proposition from the mindset of your custome ...
Using Technology to Manage Informationhttpwww.wileybusine.docxjessiehampson
Using Technology to Manage Information
http://www.wileybusinessupdates.com
Chapter
14
1
Distinguish between data, information, and information systems.
List the components and types of information systems.
Discuss computer hardware and software.
Describe computer networks.
1
Learning Objectives
Discuss the security and ethical issues affecting information systems.
Explain disaster recovery and backup.
Review information systems trends.
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
Data– raw facts and figures
Information– knowledge gained from processing data
Information system– organized method for collecting, storing, and communicating information on operations
Chief information officer– executive responsible for directing information systems and operations
Information Systems
3
Computer Hardware
Computer Software
Telecommunications and Computer Networks
Data Resource Management
Components of Information Systems
4
Operational Support Systems
Transaction Processing System
Process Control System
Management Support Systems
Management Information System (MIS)
Decision Support System (DSS)
Executive Support System (ESS)
Types of Information Systems
5
The tangible elements of a computer system
The components that store and process data, perform calculations
Input devices like the keyboard and mouse allow users to enter data and commands.
Storage and processing components consist of the hard drive and other storage components like flash drives.
Computer Hardware
6
Desktop (personal) computers
Server
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Notebook computers
Handheld devices– tablets and e-readers
Types of Computers
7
Programs, routines, and computer languages that control a computer
Operating System
Windows Operating System
Mac Operating System
Application Software
Microsoft PowerPoint
Quicken
Computer Software
8
The Internet
Local Area Networks (LAN)
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Wireless Local Networks (Wi-Fi)
Intranets
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
Computer Networks
9
E-Crime
Computer Viruses
Worms
Trojan Horses
Spyware
Security Issues
10
Use of information systems by employees and vendors:
Personal use
Privacy
Organizational use of information:
Employment records
Employee monitoring
Customer data
Ethical Issues
11
Natural Disasters
Power Failures
Equipment Malfunctions
Software Glitches
Human Error
Terrorist Attacks
The most basic precaution– backup.
Disaster Recovery and Backup
93% of firms that lost their data centers for ten days or more went bankrupt within one year.
12
The Distributed Workforce
Employees who work in virtual offices
Application Service Providers
A firm that provides computers and application support
On Demand, Cloud, and Grid Computing
Renting software time
Information Systems Trends
13
Promotion and Pricing Strategies
http://www.wileybusinessupdates.com
Ch ...
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
developing a business model. business model innovation. types of business model. How Business Models Emerge. Components of a Business Model. core strategy, strategic resources
To achieve buy-in, budget approval, or a project green light you must first engage. As marketers we study the art of engagement. We develop programs, content, and analytics to maximize engagement with our prospects, customers, and channel partners. We recognize that we must deliver content that educates, nurtures, and motivates. As marketers we recognize that we must deliver the right content, to the right people, at the right time, and through the right channel. And as marketers we understand that the most effective form of engagement results from storytelling.
So why do we fail so miserably at engaging our internal audience? More than any business unit, marketing should have perfected the business presentation. And yet, we often fall back into the bad habit of bullet-point heavy PowerPoint presentations, charts and graphs, and messaging that focuses on what’s missing versus what is possible.
In order to succeed you must create an internal environment for success. To do this you must guide the company to the realization that the initiative is a change for the better and that they are a part of that positive change. And much like engaging with your external audience, engaging with your internal audience requires preparation, analysis, relevant content with context, and storytelling.
Marketing PlanBy Tara SeitlerThe Gap Company 1.docxinfantsuk
Marketing Plan
By: Tara Seitler
The Gap Company
1
1
Agenda
Current Marketing Situation
Market Description
Product Review
Competitive Review
Distribution Review
SWOT Analysis
Micro-environments
Macro-environments
2
Current Marketing Situation
Market Description
Target Market
Market Targeting strategy
Value proposition – The Gap Company
Consumer behavior
Buyer decision principles
3
Target Market
GAP is a brand-builder.
We create emotional connections with customers around the world through inspiring product design, unique store experiences and compelling marketing.
It’s goal is to simply make it easy for customers to express their personal style throughout their life.
GAP hoped that effective Web initiative could let company to solidify its brand, improve customer relationships, serve markets that could not support a store and cut costs.
Company also believed that going online would attract new customers and steal market share from competitors.
4
Target Market- Segmentation
Target Section of Market
Residential,
Non-residential,
Mobility and
Personal
Buyers Category
Upper middle and upper class individuals
5
Marketing Strategy
Marketing objective is to create a perception in the mind of the customer about the product.
Build image of product as a different product through adopting the strategy of differentiation of porter
Restructure the business
6
Restructure Business
Transform business management focusing on from quantity to profitability
Reduce fixed cost and downsize business structure to fair size
TV set business
Product
Create competitive products on its strength
Cost structure
Thoroughly improve cost structure
Restructuring
Completion of domestic sites integration and acceleration of overseas sites restructuring
7
Pricing Decision and Strategy
Keep Retailer and Customer pricing strategies different
Captive Product Pricing
The company makes its pricing strategies by having the knowledge of its competitor`s pricing
We can include USB connectivity devices
We can include Home Theatre along with
The prices of these accessories are kept relatively than other brands.
8
Sale Strategy
Sale Strategy - Sale Through
Manufacturer whole seller/dealer consumer
Sale Out (Sales To the retailer)
Manufacturer (company) Authorized Dealers
9
Sale Through
Whole seller/retailers are the customers of manufacturers, manufacturers sell their products to the Whole seller and indirectly (through retailer) to the end consumers.
This process of selling is called “Sale Through”
Sale Out :
The company will sell the products to the retailers which are actually the customers of the Company.
There will be no medium used between the company and the retailer.
This procedure of selling is called “Sale Out”
9
Value Proposition
They are predicated value proposition from the mindset of your custome ...
Using Technology to Manage Informationhttpwww.wileybusine.docxjessiehampson
Using Technology to Manage Information
http://www.wileybusinessupdates.com
Chapter
14
1
Distinguish between data, information, and information systems.
List the components and types of information systems.
Discuss computer hardware and software.
Describe computer networks.
1
Learning Objectives
Discuss the security and ethical issues affecting information systems.
Explain disaster recovery and backup.
Review information systems trends.
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
Data– raw facts and figures
Information– knowledge gained from processing data
Information system– organized method for collecting, storing, and communicating information on operations
Chief information officer– executive responsible for directing information systems and operations
Information Systems
3
Computer Hardware
Computer Software
Telecommunications and Computer Networks
Data Resource Management
Components of Information Systems
4
Operational Support Systems
Transaction Processing System
Process Control System
Management Support Systems
Management Information System (MIS)
Decision Support System (DSS)
Executive Support System (ESS)
Types of Information Systems
5
The tangible elements of a computer system
The components that store and process data, perform calculations
Input devices like the keyboard and mouse allow users to enter data and commands.
Storage and processing components consist of the hard drive and other storage components like flash drives.
Computer Hardware
6
Desktop (personal) computers
Server
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Notebook computers
Handheld devices– tablets and e-readers
Types of Computers
7
Programs, routines, and computer languages that control a computer
Operating System
Windows Operating System
Mac Operating System
Application Software
Microsoft PowerPoint
Quicken
Computer Software
8
The Internet
Local Area Networks (LAN)
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Wireless Local Networks (Wi-Fi)
Intranets
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
Computer Networks
9
E-Crime
Computer Viruses
Worms
Trojan Horses
Spyware
Security Issues
10
Use of information systems by employees and vendors:
Personal use
Privacy
Organizational use of information:
Employment records
Employee monitoring
Customer data
Ethical Issues
11
Natural Disasters
Power Failures
Equipment Malfunctions
Software Glitches
Human Error
Terrorist Attacks
The most basic precaution– backup.
Disaster Recovery and Backup
93% of firms that lost their data centers for ten days or more went bankrupt within one year.
12
The Distributed Workforce
Employees who work in virtual offices
Application Service Providers
A firm that provides computers and application support
On Demand, Cloud, and Grid Computing
Renting software time
Information Systems Trends
13
Promotion and Pricing Strategies
http://www.wileybusinessupdates.com
Ch ...
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. What is business model?
A business model describes the value an organisation offers to its customers. It illustrates the
capabilities and resources required to create, market and deliver this value and to generate
profitable, sustainable revenue streams. For example, Apple is extremely profitable partly because its
margins on its products are so much higher than its competitors. So, there is a key question that
needs to be addressed: How will this business make money? In principle, a business model does not
matter to customers; it is important to the company and the organisation of its business. It provides
the starting point that allows a company to maximise its profits – the sooner the business model is in
place, the easier it will be for the start-up to obtain support and funding. Investors will be seeking to
ensure that the model is scalable
4. Parts of business models
for example, a change in the excise applied to beer can dramatically alter revenues and profits.
Indeed, some UK brewers are now producing low alcohol beers of less than 3 per cent alcohol by
volume because the excise is half that for higher strength beer.
5. Business model & business plan
The terms business model and business plan are similar but they are different. A business plan is a
detailed document, typically 50 to 100 pages, with a lot of financial projections. To set up a new
business and apply for a loan, the lending institution will demand a business plan. The lender wants
to assess whether its customers will be able to repay the loan. A business model is much less detailed.
A business model describes the specific way the business expects to make money. It should be on one
page and it would be more clearly shown as a diagram.
This suggests that, when a business model is developed, it should be flexible and easily modified,
should financial growth not meet expectations. It is, therefore, useful for the business model to
include methods for its own evaluation. If a model is displayed as a series of ‘boxes and arrows’, the
boxes represent activities, the arrows represent causal links between the boxes, and the strength of
each link can be measured – or at least estimated
6. 16 Archetypes
1. Serial entrepreneur
This first type of business model is based around the concept of entrepreneurs creating businesses and
generating wealth. Such so-called serial entrepreneurs continuously come up with new ideas and start new
businesses without necessarily staying with the business.
2.Manufacturer
This business model is one of the simplest and most well-known. It involves creating physical products such
as cars and mobile phones. Increasingly, manufacturers of physical products incorporate services within
and around the product.
3. Inventor
With this business model individuals create or design products that can then be sold to generate money.
7. 4.Human creator
Given that the asset in this case is human any business model based around this concept is illegal. Science fiction stories have been written about
the future where human beings are designed and created to meet requirements. The nearest existing similarity would be the so-called designer
baby. This is the result of genetic screening or genetic modification. Embryos may be screened prior to implantation, or possibly gene therapy
techniques could be used to create desired traits in a child. At present this is only done to avoid serious diseases being passed on to children.
5.Financial trader
This covers those activities involved in distributing finance. So investment banking is a good example here
6.Wholesaler
Wholesaling is the sale of goods to anyone other than a standard consumer. It usually involves the resale (sale without transformation) of new and
used goods to retailers, or involves acting as an agent or broker in buying merchandise, or selling merchandise. Wholesalers frequently physically
assemble, sort and grade goods in large lots, then break bulk and repack and redistribute in smaller amounts. It is the task of retailers to make these
products available to consumers; usually trying to offer the widest possible choice. Supermarkets play the role of wholesaler and retailer
8. 7.IP trader
Some IP trading companies specialise in the commercialisation of university intellectual property
rights, such as IP group.
An intellectual property broker mediates between the buyer and seller of intellectual property (IP)
and may manage the many steps in the process of creating a deal with regard to the purchase, sale,
license or marketing of intellectual property assets.
16.HR broker
An employment agency is an organisation that matches employers to employees.
9. 8.Human distributor
Such business models are illegal but exist. Human trafficking is the trade of humans, most commonly for the purpose of sexual slavery, forced labour or
commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others.
13.Financial broker
General insurance brokering is carried out today by many types of authorised organisations including traditional high street brokers and telephone or web-based
firms. Peer-to-peer lending is the practice of lending money to individuals or businesses through online services that match lenders directly with borrowers. Since
the peer-to-peer lending companies offering these services operate entirely online, they can run with lower overheads and provide the service more cheaply
than traditional financial institutions.
14.Physical broker
s. A broker’s prime responsibility is to bring sellers and buyers together and thus a broker is the intermediary facilitator between a buyer and a seller. Estate
agents perform this role in the property market.
15.IP Broker
An intellectual property broker mediates between the buyer and seller of intellectual property (IP) and may manage the many steps in the process of creating a
deal with regard to the purchase, sale, license or marketing of intellectual property assets.
10. 9.Financial landlord
Banks collect money from consumers and then use it to lend to others. So a large part of retail banking is distributing money to consumers. Indeed,
retail banking is also known as consumer banking. It is the provision of services by a bank to individual consumers, rather than to companies,
corporations or other banks.
10.Physical landlord
11.Intellectual landlord
A good example of an intellectual landlord is a publisher. A publisher does not create the literature or music and does not own it. This belongs to the
author. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of literature, music or information – the activity of making information available
to the general public. The scope of publishing has expanded to include electronic resources such as the electronic versions of books and periodicals,
as well as websites, blogs, video game publishers.
12.Contractor
A contractor is responsible for the overall coordination of a project. Management consultants are often hired to perform particular projects and will
be contracted so to do. A contractor may hire specialist subcontractors to perform all or portions of the work. Like a tradesman.
11. Parts of business model
the offering;
The value proposition is the central piece that illustrates how the business plans to bind the supply side with the demand side. Value must always
be considered from the buyer’s perspective. Any functional, emotional or self-expressive value will vary, depending on the customer’s specific
situation. Understanding the customer’s role (i.e., economic buyer, technical buyer, end user) as well as where the customer belongs on the
technology adoption lifecycle (TALC) is critical when developing a value proposition. For the customer to consider buying a product, its value
proposition must be superior to: 1) the competition; and 2) doing nothing. It must set it apart from the competition and focus on its product’s
unique benefits. The value proposition also requires an understanding of what your customers are trying to achieve through their strategy and
actions (see Mason and Leek, 2008; Shafer et al., 2005; Richardson, 2008)
● the customer side;
Target market segment: Defining the value proposition leads naturally into a discussion about who is the target market segment and what
characterises the ideal customer. Specifically, it should have a clear understanding of the target customer’s motivation to buy. Chapter 12 Business
models 424 ● Customer relationships: The business needs to consider the kind of relationship it wants to have with each customer segment. Does
the offering lend itself to a more transactional, one-off relationship, or will it be an ongoing relationship that should be organised with some sort of
subscription or ongoing contract? Is repeat buying important for its success? ● Distribution channels: Keep in mind that the offering, in combination
with the relationship the business would like to have with its target customer, has strong implications for the choice of distribution channel. The
trade-off is usually about balancing the complexity of the solution with the complexity of the marketing
12. ● the infrastructure;
Core capabilities: List the business’s core capabilities: the assets that it brings to the table when creating the offering.
These include skills, patents, assets and expertise that make it unique and can be leveraged. Some of the strengths
identified in a SWOT analysis can be considered a core capability. ● Partners and allies: Building the offering may involve
third parties and suppliers who have key capabilities to complement it. Understanding how to integrate these in the
offering and the processes is critical. ● Value configuration: Describe how all the components together create the
product and serve customers. Explain the most important activities and processes needed to implement the business
model, including critical tasks and timelines, the people and skills required, and the organisation’s core processes.
● the finances.
Revenue streams: Evaluate the streams through which the business will earn revenues from value-creating and
customer-facing activities. Is it possible to price the product in such a way that optimises the volume? ● Cost structure:
Calculate the costs that will be incurred to run the business model as determined by its infrastructure (above). Does the
cost structure offer a reasonable profit?
13. Considerations in designing a
business model
Switching cost
Scalability
Recurring revenue
Cashflow
Getting others to do the work
Protecting business from competitors
Changing cost structure
Intellectual property is an asset
Tech. license and business relationship
Continual adaptation of business model
14. Licensing of business model
Income from licensing
Licensing income usually involves a fee paid upfront to the inventor through a signed licensing agreement between the parties. These agreements also may include milestone payments that become due as the technology or innovation is
commercialised and/or a royalty fee set at a percentage of the revenue or earnings from the eventual sale of products or services. The amount of the fee upfront, milestone payments and royalties are negotiated between the parties and
generally reflect the effort and stage of commercialisation. In other words, the more developed a product or service, the higher the proceeds tend to be
Marketing issues relating to licensing model
. For example, the pharmaceutical industry uses academic conferences to promote awareness of new drugs
Financial and strategic implications
Licensing revenues can be structured in different ways, with upfront payments by the licensee or with payments that are revenue-dependent. In order to license successfully, a company will require the funding necessary to develop their
technology to the point where it becomes a suitable add-on to the offering of its licensee partner. If the licensed product is a tangible item, costs are the most important metric to monitor. Royalty fees may accompany licensing revenue on a
per-unit-sale basis, or the parties may use some other transparent means of measuring usage of the licensed technology. For example, an important consideration in structuring licensing agreements is the portion of income derived from
licensing revenue versus that deriving from royalties. Royalty revenue is dependent on the selling ability of the party integrating the licensed technology, and the size of the addressable market for the end product.
Cost and benefit of licensing model
Licensing works well in situations where developing an entire product independently is not feasible. The trade-off is that, since the offering comprises only one element of a complete product, it may hinder the development of a strong
company profile, unless an ‘Intel Inside’ co-branding option is available. It is not uncommon for very successful firms to go unrecognised by the public. ARM, a leading chip producer from the UK, is the world’s second largest developer of
computer chips. Its microprocessors are found in all Apple iPhones and almost all smartphones. Yet, few people have heard of the company. Within a licence agreement, the royalty rate may be interlinked with other factors, most notably
minimum royalty commitments and decreased royalty rates, once certain volumes are reached. Minimum royalties are often a commitment for some form of exclusivity or access to the brand in a market. Decreasing royalty rates could be
used to incentivise the licensee to achieve higher volumes as the unit cost of branded products then becomes less