INFRA TEMPORAL FOSSA
Irregularly shaped space deep & inferior to zygomatic arch, deep to ramus of mandible & posterior to maxilla
Communicates with temporal fossa through interval between (deep to) zygomatic arch & (superficial to) cranial bones
Temporal fossa is superior to zygomatic arch In
Referred from different sources , here i present a very concise presentation on CRANIAL CAVITY . This presentation will give you complete knowledge of the topic cranial cavity with well elaborated and intellectual diagrams hand picked from F. Netter. ......... Do like and share , Leave your comments so as to get more stuff like this in future.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Referred from different sources , here i present a very concise presentation on CRANIAL CAVITY . This presentation will give you complete knowledge of the topic cranial cavity with well elaborated and intellectual diagrams hand picked from F. Netter. ......... Do like and share , Leave your comments so as to get more stuff like this in future.
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Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
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Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
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Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. INFRA TEMPORAL FOSSA
Irregularly shaped space deep & inferior to
zygomatic arch, deep to ramus of mandible &
posterior to maxilla
Communicates with temporal fossa through
interval between (deep to) zygomatic arch &
(superficial to) cranial bones
Temporal fossa is superior to zygomatic arch
Infra temporal fossa is inferior to zygomatic
arch
7. TEMPORALIS MUSCLE
Origin:- Temporal fossa and deep surface of
temporal fascia
• Insertion:- Medial surface, apex, ant. & post. Border
of coronoid process and ant. border of
ramus of the mandible
• Blood supply:- Deep temporal part of maxillary artery
• Nerve supply:- Deep temporal branches of anterior
mandibular nerve.
• Actions:- 1) Elevates & retracts mandible,
2) Side to side grinding movement.
8. Arise from 2 heads:
1) Upper head from infra temporal surface of
greater wing of sphenoid
2) Lower head from lateral surface of lateral
pterygoid plate
2 heads converge posteriorly into a tendon
which is inserted into neck of mandible, its
intra-articular disc and capsule.
Supplied by Mandibular Division of Trigeminal n.
Acts in opening mouth by pulling condyle forwards
LATERAL PTERYGOID
9. LATERAL PTERYGOID
Superficial:
temporalis, masseter, ramus of mandible, maxillary
artery, buccal nerve
Deep:
medial pterygoid, mandibular nerve, middle
meningeal artery, otic ganglion
Emerging through its upper border:
deep temporal & masseteric nerves
Emerging through its lower border:
lingual & inferior alveolar nerves + maxillary artery
Emerging between its 2 heads:
buccal nerve, maxillary artery
10. MEDIAL PTERYGOID
ORIGIN:
Superficial head: Tuberosity of maxilla
Deep head: Medial surface of lateral pterygoid
plate
INSERTION: Medial surface of ramus & angle
of mandible
NERVE SUPPLY: From trunk of mandibular n.
ACTION:
1) Elevation of mandible
2) Protrusion of mandible
(when muscles on both sides act together)
3) Side-to-side movement
(when both sides actalternatively)
16. Pterygoid Plexus
Lies within and on lateral surface of lateral pterygoid muscl
e, and receives tributaries corresponding to branches of max
illary artery
Plexus short, large maxillary veins join
superficial temporal vein retromandibular vein
Pterygoid venous plexus has 3 communicating veins
1. Inferior ophthalmic veininferior orbital fissurefacial vein
2. A connecting vein passes vertically down from cavernous
sinus via foramen ovale or foramen of Vesalius
3. Deep facial vein join anterior facial vein
17. Mandibular Nerve
Passes through foramen ovale, and after a short
course just deep to upper head of Lateral Pterygoid
muscle, main trunk divides into anterior and posterior
divisions
Before this division main trunk gives of sensory
nervus spinosus which reenter middle cranial fossa
through foramen spinosum and motor nerve to
medial pterygoid
19. Otic Ganglion
Lies close to mandibular nerve just below foramen
ovale, between the nerve and tensor palati muscle
Relays secretomotor fibres for parotid gland which
it receives by way of lesser superficial petrosal nerve
and transmit to auriculotemporal nerve
20.
21. LIGAMENTS
01
02
Stylo mandibular ligament
Joins styloid process to angle of
the mandible & is a thickened
part of parotid sheath..
Sphenomandibular ligament
Suspends mandible and
descends from spine of
sphenoid bone to lingula
of mandible.
22. Tissue Space associated
Temporal space: consists of superficial and deep components.
-Superficial temporal space lies on lateral surface of muscle, beneath
skin and superficial (temporal) fascia.
-Deep temporal space lies between medial (deep) surface of muscle &
adjacent temporal bone.
Submasseteric space: series of spaces between lateral surface of ramus of
mandible and masseter muscle.
-form because fibres of masseter muscle have multiple
insertions onto lateral surface of ramus
23. Tissue Space associated
Masticator tissue space: space enclosed by fascia ensheathing muscles of mastica
tion and ramus of mandible. It can be subdivided into pterygomandibular, infratempor
al, temporal and submasseteric tissue spaces.
Pterygomandibular space: between ramus of mandible and MP muscle
has inferior alveolar and lingual nerves,
Infratemporal space: is upper extremity of pterygomandibular space
lies behind the maxilla and
bounded medially by lateral pterygoid plate
above by the base of the skull
in continuity with the deep temporal space laterally.
25. Pterygopalatine fossa
Small pyramidal space inferior to apex of orbit and medial to infratemporal fossa
Boundaries:
Posteriorly: Pterygoid process of sphenoid
Anteriorly: posterior aspect of maxilla
Medially: perpendicular plate of palatine bone
Roof: medial continuation of infra temporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid
Floor: pyramidal process of palatine bone
26. Contents
• Terminal (pterygopalatine or third) part of
maxillary artery, accompanying veins
• Maxillary nerve (CN V2), with which the
pterygopalatine ganglion is associated.
• Neurovascular sheaths of vessels and
nerves and fatty matrix occupy all remaini
ng space.
27.
28. Pterygopalatine Ganglion
In pterygopalatine fossa, maxillary nerve two ganglionic branches to the pterygopal
atine ganglion (sensory roots of the pterygopalatine ganglion) suspend the ganglion.
Pterygopalatine nerves convey general sensory fibers of maxillary nerve, which pass
through pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing to supply nose, palate, and pharynx
34. Surgical Corelations
Transantral Approach to Pterygopalatine Fossa
Surgical access to the deeply placed pterygopalatine fossa is gained through the
maxillary sinus.
After elevating upper lip, maxillary gingiva and anterior wall of sinus are transversed
to enter sinus.
The posterior wall is then chipped away as needed to open anterior wall of pterygop
alatine fossa.
In case of chronic epistaxis (nose bleed), third part of maxillary artery may be ligated
in fossa to control the bleeding.
35. SOME SURGICAL LANDMARKS
Infratemporal fossa is a space closed between lateral wall of nasopharynx and
medial surface of mandible.
Superior constrictor muscle of pharynx which forms lateral wall of nasopharynx is
attached to medial pterygoid plate but ends about 2 cm below the base of the skull
Mean distance of the medial pterygoid plate to the zygomatic arch was 4.78 cm
In an adult the average distance between the root of the lateral pterygoid plate, i.e.
foramen ovale, and the zygomatic arch is 3.82 cm.
36. SOME SURGICAL LANDMARKS
5 cm wide space between the nasopharynx and zygomatic arch is traversed by 4
muscles: from lateral to medial - temporalis, lateral pterygoid(LP), medial pterygoid
(MP) and superior constrictor of the pharynx.
Between LP and temporalis muscles vascular space [maxillary artery and branc
hes and pterygoid venous plexus] Haemangiomas to be found in this region.
Between lateral and medial pterygoid muscles Neural space [mandibular nerve
and its branches, and otic gangion] Benign or malignant schwannomas or neurofi
bromas
37. Space between medial pterygoid muscle and superior constrictor or lateral wall of
pharynx extension of tumours originating in nasopharynx and sphenoid sinuses.
Juvenile angiofibroma, may extend through this path of least resistance. Carcinomas
often extend in this way.
Meningiomas originating in middle cranial fossa extend to infratemporal fossa via
foramen ovale.
Tumours originating in infratemporal space or extending to it from adjoining areas
may extend intracranially through foraminas.
38. Tumours directly or indirectly involve Eustachian tube which is superomedial to
medial pterygoid plate, leading to conductive hearing loss
Tumours originating in the pterygopalatine fossa or extending to it may spread to
infratemporal fossa. They may also extend superiorly and anteriorly pressing on
infraorbital nerve and causing symptoms of pressure behind the eye, exophthalmos
and diminution of vision
39. Tumours of the infratemporal fossa are classified into the following group:
1. Primary. Arise from structures within infratemporal fossa,
25–30% of tumours seen in the area.
2. Contiguous. By extension from adjoining areas such as maxilla, nasal cavity, naso
pharynx, sphenoid, mandible, parotid gland, external acoustic meatus and the cranial
cavity.
3. Metastatic. Spread of malignant tumour to infratemporal fossa by haematogenous
route is not common. Metastases from lung, ovary and breast carcinoma have been
reported.
40. SURGICAL APPROACH
The medial boundary poses most difficulty for surgeons en-bloc resection
Between Medial pterygoid muscle and superior constrictor muscle a layer of
loose areolar tissuemedial boundary of resection for malignant tumours confined
to infratemporal fossa.
41. SURGICAL APPROACH
Two prominent reference points for identification
of this critical medial plane of :
styloid process and pterygoid hamulus
Foramen lacerum, carotid canal and jugular
foramen are situated medial to this plane.
42. SURGICAL APPROACH
Infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa combine ‘retromaxillary space’.
Lateral pterygoid divides the infratemporal fossa into superior and inferior
compartments
43. SURGICAL APPROACH
Resection of floor of middle cranial fossa is
required for tumours involving superior
compartment.
The limit of medial resection margin in
such cases is the line running medial to foramen
rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, &
lateral to internal carotid artery (foramen lacerum
45. SURGICAL APPROACH
The ideal surgical approach to the infratemporal fossa should:
Provide increased and more direct exposure of the pathology and the adjacent
neurovasculature
Be extensile, i.e. capable of being extended peroperatively.
Minimise brain retraction where exposure of intracranial contents is required
Have minimal morbidity functionally or cosmetically.
Result in minimal increase in overall operating time.
Avoid facial skin incisions.
46. ANTERIOR APPROACH
Transmandibular approach: extended mandibular swing
• an incision to divide the lower lip and chin
• division of the mandible anterior to the mental foramen—preserving ipsilateral lower
lip sensation
• dissection of the tissues in the floor of the mouth, submandibular region and neck
Transfacial approach
• mobilisation of pedicled bone flaps in which the midfacial bone segment remains
pedicled to the soft tissues of the cheek thereby retaining their blood supply.
• Maxillo cheek flap and Naso-maxillo cheek flap
Intraoral Approach
• Only in carefully selected cases in which the lesions are small, benign and well circu
mscribed. No role in the treatment of malignant pathology (Lefort I and Transpalatine)
47. Pleomorphic adenoma filling the
infratemporal fossa and the para
pharyngeal space
The tumour in this case was exposed
and resected via an MCF combined
with a mandibular cheek flap (extend
ed mandibular swing).
48. LATERAL APPROACH
Lateral transmandibular approaches
• Do not involve the lip-split incision described above for extended mandibular swing
approach. Avoid entering the oral cavity
Lateral transzygomatic approaches
• Disarticulation and inferior displacement of zygoma, usually pedicled to masseter
muscle, as well as displacement of temporalis muscle in superior or inferior direction
• Access to superior compartment of infratemporal fossa by removing lateral boundar
y
49. Fisch Approaches
The Fisch-described infratemporal fossa approach has three variations providing a
graded level of anterior and medial exposure.
Type A provides exposure to the region of the jugular foramen, the vertical segment
of the internal carotid artery (ICA), and the posterior infratemporal fossa.
Type B provides additional exposure to the petrous apex and horizontal ICA and the
clivus.
Type C provides an extension to the anterior infratemporal fossa, the nasopharynx,
the pterygopalatine fossa, and the cavernous sinus.
51. INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK
• By inserting the needle, lateral to pterygomandibular raphae, about 6-10mm above the
occlusal table of mandibular teeth, then sliding posteriorly along the medial aspect of
the ramus.
• Approach area of injection from contralateral premolar region ,with other hand thumb
retracting the buccal mucosa pressing on the coronoid process.
• Vicinity of mandibular foramen can be reached.
• Tongue and skin of chin are also anaesthetised d/t lingual and mental nerve blockade.
54. POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK
The site of the injection is about 1 cm above &
behind the apices of the maxillary third molar.
Useful for procedures involving posterior aspects
of maxilla and maxillary antrum.
Hematomas arising from laceration of posterior
superior alveolar artery or from damage to pterygoi
d venous plexus; this is uncommon.
55. MAXILLARY NERVE BLOCK
Blockade of complete maxillary nerve is rarely indicated,
but is useful for extensive surgery of the maxilla, or in the
treatment of acute trigeminal neuralgia of the maxillary
division.