The document discusses cyber-attacks within the contexts of cybercrime, morality, and political motivation, referencing key works by Kizza (2014) and Lessig (2006). It highlights examples of morally ambiguous hacking situations, such as the Seattle WTO protests, and emphasizes the need for critical analysis of hackers' motivations and the intersection of ethics, law, and crime. Lastly, it outlines the requirement for a critical essay citing relevant sources including Winner's work on the political implications of technology.

1. Information Technology, Computer Networks and Cyberspace
Kizza (2014) largely treated cyber-attacks as “cybercrime,”
conveying the assumption that these attacks are by definition
illegitimate and criminal. However, he occasionally seems to
recognize that there might be motives that are more ambiguous
and may have a social, moral, or political basis. Lessig (2006)
also referred to Internet hacker ethic as rebellious and
libertarian and not always criminal in a moral sense. One
example cited by Kizza (2014) is the Seattle WTO protest and
mass computer attacks that are “increasingly being used to
avenge what the attackers consider to be injustices” (p. 97).
Another example we discussed was the Stratfor attack. Also,
recently we see many examples of cyber security invasions by
governments and corporations.
Search the Internet to find an example of a hacking activity or
situation that represents a morally, ethically, or criminally
ambiguous situation but is different from any examples you
used in other assignments for this course.
Write a critical essay that addresses the following items:
Cite and briefly describe your example.
Apply what you have learned from the course to this point to
identify arguments both in support of and critical of the
behavior of the attackers.
Describe and explain the relationships among morality, ethics,
law, and crime as they intersect in the case example that you
have found.
Cite Winner’s “Do Artifacts Have Politics?” to identify and
explain the political, moral, and ethical choices and
consequences that may be embedded in technical choices and
artifacts described in your example.
Discuss and cite the article “Do Artifacts Have Politics?”, the
source of your example, and at least one additional credible or
scholarly source other than the course textbook to support your
analysis and positions. You may cite the course textbooks as
well if you wish. Use standards and APA style guidelines, citing

2. references as appropriate. Your paper should be two to three
pages in length. Before submitting your final version, be sure to
submit a draft version to the TurnItIn Checker.
I will support you with
Kizza (2014) and Lessig (2006)
Textbook