Couchbase Lite is a NoSQL mobile database that uses a document data model with key-value pairs and handles data one document at a time. It supports push and pull replication for syncing documents between devices and servers, including both continuous and one-shot replication with options for persistent or non-persistent settings. The document provides details on Couchbase Lite's data structures, basic operations, replication features, and includes links to related resources and a demo app that uses Cloudant as the backend data layer.