The document discusses the substitution and income effects that impact demand. When the price of a good rises, consumers will consume less of it due to the substitution effect, buying more of other goods. For most goods, this is the sole reason demand curves slope downward. However, for goods that absorb a large share of spending, like housing and food, higher prices reduce real income in addition to substitution, creating an income effect that also impacts demand.
Elasticity of Demand, Price and Income- Micro and Macro EconomicsMomina Riaz
To sustain the economy, you must know the elastic and inelastic demand of customers. In the uncertain environment and tough competitors, most of the businesses could not sustain their profitability and gone towards downfall. The keen observation related to price, demand, income, and supply makes you able to choose the right strategy for your business. This slide presentation covers Demand elasticity, price elasticity, income elasticity, its types, factors, and shapes with graphical representation.
The term ‘junk food’ itself says a lot about this food. It indicates how it is harmful to our health. Furthermore, junk foods are basically trash which harms our bodies in different ways. They have high levels of cholesterol, sugar, calories and more. We see how nowadays, the younger generation is getting indulging in more and more junk food. This is putting their lives in danger and giving them an unhealthy lifestyle.
Junk Food Essay
Furthermore, junk food does not have a single benefit. It only has ill-effects as they do not contain nutritional value. Parents must teach their kids about the ill-effects of junk food. Moreover, they must provide them with healthy meals at home so they won’t have to go out to eat fast food.
Rising Popularity of Junk Food
We all know that the fast-food industry is increasing by leaps and bounds these days. People these days are more attracted to junk food because it is appealing. Why is that? People are using manipulative ways to entice people to buy their fast food.
Moreover, junk food is prepared very easily. It takes minimum time to prepare it as it does not have any nutritious ingredients. We see how junk food does not have any special ingredients. It just contains common harmful ones in excess like oil, sugar, and more.
Furthermore, junk food is very reasonable. As it does not require any healthy material, it is not that costly. We see how it is available at very reasonable pricing. It is one of the main reasons why people buy it frequently.
Most importantly, junk food has become very accessible now, more than ever. With the onset of numerous food delivery apps, you can now get junk food with a single click. You have a plethora of options now which will deliver all sorts of junk food right at your doorstep.The major characteristic of junk food is that it spikes the energy levels instantly. It does not really benefit your body, just satisfies your taste buds. If we intake junk food regularly, we get moody more often.
Moreover, regular consumption of junk food causes a drop in the concentration levels of a person. This is why we see how kids these days are easily distracted. Moreover, you may also notice how obesity becoming common these days. It is a very chronic disease which is only enhanced by eating junk food.
Further, you may also notice how junk food increases blood pressure and sugar. A person gets more prone to heart diseases due to the fattening products used in it. Similarly, junk food is not easy to digest. This may gradually damage your brain function because it creates a lack of oxygen levels.
Junk food does not only damage the heart but the liver as well. It causes diabetes amongst people from an early age. Moreover, the lack of fibers in junk food equals to a damaged digestive system. This may cause constipation as well.
Therefore, we see how junk food companies are fooling people. They are deceiving them into consuming their junk food to increase their sales. Thus, we need to realize th
Elasticity of Demand, Price and Income- Micro and Macro EconomicsMomina Riaz
To sustain the economy, you must know the elastic and inelastic demand of customers. In the uncertain environment and tough competitors, most of the businesses could not sustain their profitability and gone towards downfall. The keen observation related to price, demand, income, and supply makes you able to choose the right strategy for your business. This slide presentation covers Demand elasticity, price elasticity, income elasticity, its types, factors, and shapes with graphical representation.
The term ‘junk food’ itself says a lot about this food. It indicates how it is harmful to our health. Furthermore, junk foods are basically trash which harms our bodies in different ways. They have high levels of cholesterol, sugar, calories and more. We see how nowadays, the younger generation is getting indulging in more and more junk food. This is putting their lives in danger and giving them an unhealthy lifestyle.
Junk Food Essay
Furthermore, junk food does not have a single benefit. It only has ill-effects as they do not contain nutritional value. Parents must teach their kids about the ill-effects of junk food. Moreover, they must provide them with healthy meals at home so they won’t have to go out to eat fast food.
Rising Popularity of Junk Food
We all know that the fast-food industry is increasing by leaps and bounds these days. People these days are more attracted to junk food because it is appealing. Why is that? People are using manipulative ways to entice people to buy their fast food.
Moreover, junk food is prepared very easily. It takes minimum time to prepare it as it does not have any nutritious ingredients. We see how junk food does not have any special ingredients. It just contains common harmful ones in excess like oil, sugar, and more.
Furthermore, junk food is very reasonable. As it does not require any healthy material, it is not that costly. We see how it is available at very reasonable pricing. It is one of the main reasons why people buy it frequently.
Most importantly, junk food has become very accessible now, more than ever. With the onset of numerous food delivery apps, you can now get junk food with a single click. You have a plethora of options now which will deliver all sorts of junk food right at your doorstep.The major characteristic of junk food is that it spikes the energy levels instantly. It does not really benefit your body, just satisfies your taste buds. If we intake junk food regularly, we get moody more often.
Moreover, regular consumption of junk food causes a drop in the concentration levels of a person. This is why we see how kids these days are easily distracted. Moreover, you may also notice how obesity becoming common these days. It is a very chronic disease which is only enhanced by eating junk food.
Further, you may also notice how junk food increases blood pressure and sugar. A person gets more prone to heart diseases due to the fattening products used in it. Similarly, junk food is not easy to digest. This may gradually damage your brain function because it creates a lack of oxygen levels.
Junk food does not only damage the heart but the liver as well. It causes diabetes amongst people from an early age. Moreover, the lack of fibers in junk food equals to a damaged digestive system. This may cause constipation as well.
Therefore, we see how junk food companies are fooling people. They are deceiving them into consuming their junk food to increase their sales. Thus, we need to realize th
Case studies using Demand and Supply ConceptManish Kumar
This is a case study. Case is :
As one example of demand and supply analysis, let us assume we have a product with the situation shown in the graph below.
The price is Rs.100 per unit.Now the government has imposed 5% tax to the seller which increased the cost of production. Please explain following with the support of graph:
Do the cost of production affects Demand or Supply
Will there be a shift or movement along supply
Will the cost of production will make the good less profitable
In order to make the same profit as before application of tax, how much price the seller should increase presuming that the (i) demand of the product is totally inelastic and (ii) demand of the product is perfectly elastic
What are the factors which affects the demand and supply of any product
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Case studies using Demand and Supply ConceptManish Kumar
This is a case study. Case is :
As one example of demand and supply analysis, let us assume we have a product with the situation shown in the graph below.
The price is Rs.100 per unit.Now the government has imposed 5% tax to the seller which increased the cost of production. Please explain following with the support of graph:
Do the cost of production affects Demand or Supply
Will there be a shift or movement along supply
Will the cost of production will make the good less profitable
In order to make the same profit as before application of tax, how much price the seller should increase presuming that the (i) demand of the product is totally inelastic and (ii) demand of the product is perfectly elastic
What are the factors which affects the demand and supply of any product
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
2. Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• Price of fried clams rises
• Does it change the marginal utility that a
consumer gets from an additional pound of
clams?
• No, but it reduces the marginal utility per
dollar spent on fried clams.
• The decrease in marginal utility per dollar
spent on clams gives the consumer an
incentive to consume fewer clams when the
price of clams rises
3. Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• Explanation: The optimal consumption rule
• A utility-maximizing consumer chooses a
consumption bundle for which the marginal
utility per dollar spent on all goods is the
same.
• If marginal utility per dollar on clams falls
because the price of clams rises, the
consumer can increase his or her utility by
purchasing fewer clams and more of other
goods
4. Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• If the price of clams falls, the opposite
happens
• The marginal utility per dollar spent on clams
increases at any given level of clam
consumption
• A consumer can increase his or her utility by
purchasing more clams and less of other
goods when the price of clams falls
5. Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• When the price of a good increases, an
individual will normally consume less of
that good and more of other goods
• When the price of a good decreases, an
individual will normally consume more
of that good and less of other goods
6. Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• Consuming less when price increases and
more when price decreases explains why the
individual demand slopes downward
– The law of demand
• If individual demand curve slopes downward,
the market demand curve will slope
downward
• Demand curves sloping downward also show
opportunity costs of goods and services
7. Substitution Effect and the Law of
Demand
• The effect of a price change on the
quantity consumed is always present
• The substitution effect is the change in
the quantity consumed as the consumer
substitutes the good that has become
relatively cheaper in place of the good
that has become relatively more
expensive
8. Substitution Effect and the Law of
Demand
• If the good absorbs only a small share of the
consumer’s spending, the substitution effect
is essentially the complete explanation of
why the individual demand curve of that
consumer slopes downward
• And, when a good absorbs only a small share
of the typical consumer’s spending, the
substitution effect is essentially the sole
explanation of why the market demand curve
slopes downward
9. Substitution Effect and the Law of
Demand
• Exceptions are found
• I.e. Housing Market
• Goods like housing absorb a large share
of a typical consumer’s spending
• This makes the individual demand curve
and the market demand curve become
more complicated
10. The Income Effect
• As said, for the majority of goods, the
substitution effect is sole reason behind
the individual and market demand
curves
• Food and housing are exceptions due to
the amount consumers have to spend
11. The Income Effect
• Example:
• A family spends half its income on rental
housing
• Housing prices increase everywhere
• This will have a substitution effect
(other things equal) the family will have
an incentive to consume less housing
and more of other goods
12. The Income Effect
• The family though will be made poorer by
the higher housing price – its income will buy
less housing than before
• The amount of income adjusted to reflect its
true purchasing power is termed “real
income”
• The reduction in the consumer’s real income
will have an additional effect on the family’s
consumption bundle, including its
consumption of housing
13. The Income Effect
• The income effect of a change in the price of
a good is the change in the quantity of that
good consumed that results from a change in
the consumer’s purchasing power due to the
change in the price of that good
• In this example, a change in the price of a
good effectively changes a consumer’s
income because it alters the consumer’s
purchasing power
14. The Income Effect
• The distinction between substitution
effect and income effect:
1. For the majority of goods and services,
the income effect is not important and
has no significant effect on individual
consumption. The market demand curve
slope downward solely because of the
substitution effect
15. The Income Effect
2. When it matters at all, the income effect
usually reinforces the substitution effect.
The price of a good that absorbs a
substantial share of income rises, consumers
of that good become a bit poorer because
their purchasing power falls.
• The vast majority of goods are normal
goods, goods for which demand decreases
when income falls
16. The Income Effect
• For an inferior good, a good for which
demand increases when income falls, the
income and substitution effect work in
opposite directions
• The substitution effect tends to produce a
decrease in the quantity of any good
demanded as its price increases but for an
inferior good, the income effect of a price
increases tends to produce an increase in the
quantity demanded
17. The Income Effect
• As a result of all of this, there a
hypothetical cases involving inferior
goods in which distinction between
income and substitution effects are
important
• Typically, income effects are important
only for a limited number of goods
19. Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• Price of fried clams rises
• Does it change the marginal utility that a
consumer gets from an additional pound of
clams?
• The decrease in marginal utility per dollar
spent on clams gives the consumer an
incentive to consume fewer clams when the
price of clams rises
20. Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• Explanation: The optimal consumption rule
• If marginal utility per dollar on clams falls
because the price of clams rises, the
consumer can increase his or her utility by
purchasing fewer clams and more of other
goods
21. Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• If the price of clams falls, the opposite
happens
• A consumer can increase his or her utility by
purchasing more clams and less of other
goods when the price of clams falls
23. Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• Consuming less when price increases and
more when price decreases explains why the
individual demand slopes ______________
• If individual demand curve slopes downward,
the market demand curve will slope
_______________
• Demand curves sloping downward also show
__________________of goods and services
24. Substitution Effect and the Law of
Demand
• The effect of a price change on the quantity
consumed is always present
25. Substitution Effect and the Law of
Demand
• If the good absorbs only a small share of the
consumer’s spending, the substitution effect is
essentially the complete explanation of why the
individual demand curve of that consumer
slopes downward
• And, when a good absorbs only a small share of
the typical consumer’s spending, the
substitution effect is essentially the sole
explanation of why the market demand curve
slopes downward
26. Substitution Effect and the Law of
Demand
• Exceptions are found
• Goods like ______________ absorb a large
share of a typical consumer’s spending
• This makes the individual demand curve and
the market demand curve become more
complicated
27. The Income Effect
• As said, for the majority of goods, the
substitution effect is sole reason behind
the individual and market demand
curves
• ___________________are exceptions
due to the amount consumers have to
spend
28. The Income Effect
• Example:
• This will have a ______________ effect
(other things equal) the family will have an
incentive to consume less housing and more
of other goods
29. The Income Effect
• The family though will be made poorer by the
higher housing price – its income will buy less
housing than before
• The amount of income adjusted to reflect its
true purchasing power is termed “real income”
• The reduction in the consumer’s real income will
have an additional effect on the family’s
consumption bundle, including its consumption
of housing
30. The Income Effect
• The income effect of a change in the price of a
good is the change in the quantity of that good
consumed that results from a change in the
consumer’s purchasing power due to the change
in the price of that good
• In this example, a change in the price of a good
effectively changes a consumer’s income
because it alters the consumer’s purchasing
power
31. The Income Effect
• The distinction between substitution effect
and income effect:
1.
32. The Income Effect
2.
• The vast majority of goods are normal
goods, goods for which demand decreases
when income falls
33. The Income Effect
• For an inferior good,
• The substitution effect tends to produce a
_____________ in the quantity of any good
demanded as its price ____________ but for
an inferior good, the income effect of a price
increases tends to produce an ___________
in the quantity _______________
34. The Income Effect
• As a result of all of this, there a
hypothetical cases involving inferior
goods in which distinction between
income and substitution effects are
important
• Typically, income effects are important
only for a limited number of goods