In the Minds of Monkeys
What do they know--and do they know they know it?
It was early morning, and the vervet monkeys had moved out of their yellow-barked acacia sleeping trees to forage on the open plains of the East African savanna. While the adults fed, the juveniles played in a nearby bush. Macaulay, the rambunctious son of a low-ranking female, wrestled Carlyle, the juvenile daughter of the highest-ranking female in the group, to the ground. Carlyle screamed, chased Macaulay away, and went to forage next to her mother. The fight had lasted no more than a few seconds, but it had not gone unnoticed: twenty minutes later, Shelley, Carlyle's sister, approached Austen, Macaulay's sister, and without provocation bit her on the tail.
This kind of anecdote sets the stage for the typical article on nonhuman primates. Read any description of a long-term study of monkeys or apes and you will find an account of complex kinship networks, friendships, struggles for dominance, and shifting alliances. For most human observers, what makes these animals so fascinating is their social structure, which often seems as rich and complex as our own. When we read Shakespeare's account of the blood feud between the Capulets and the Montagues, we take it for granted that the members of these two families had a well-developed sense of their own and other peoples' social relationships. If they didn't, there would have been no feud and no ironic or tragic elements to Romeo and Juliet's romance. Monkeys, like Shelley in the anecdote above, apparently also recognize relationships in families other than their own, and they use this knowledge to retaliate against their opponents. For monkeys, as for humans, the enemy of my kin and the kin of my enemy are my enemies too.
Highly social creatures, monkeys and apes have often impressed observers with their ability to predict the behavior of other animals and to recognize their relatives and allies. This has led some scientists to speculate that primate, including human, intelligence originally evolved to solve social problems. According to this theory, natural selection has acted with particular force in the social domain, making monkeys and apes especially sensitive to the behavior and relations of others.
But what sort of social knowledge really exists in the minds of monkeys? How is their intelligence similar to our own, and how is it different? For the past thirteen years, we and our colleagues have attempted to tackle some of these questions by studying the East African vervet monkey in Kenya's Amboseli National Park. Vervets are members of the largest family of Old World monkeys, which includes baboons, macaques, and many forest-dwelling monkeys, and they are among the most common primates in sub-Saharan Africa. As primates, they are relatives of ours, but they are by no means our closest relatives. Humans and chimpanzees, for example, seem to have shared a common ancestor only 5 million years ago, while the common an ...
Few Practical Tips To Write An Essay Quickly And EffectivelyDanielle Richardson
Mathrubhumi Printing and Publishing Ltd is a leading Malayalam media organization in Kerala. It publishes the daily newspaper Mathrubhumi and several magazines. The organization has over 1000 employees working in various departments like editorial, printing, circulation, marketing etc. Mathrubhumi aims to provide high quality journalism to readers while upholding ethical standards. It has expanded its operations through diversification into related fields like event management and printing services for other publications. The company strives to innovate and leverage new technologies to serve readers better.
Frans de Waal, a biologist at Emory University, studies altruistic and social behavior in primates. In his book, he examines empathy from an evolutionary perspective and challenges the notion that human society is solely based on principles of survival of the fittest and natural selection. Through observations of primates and anecdotes from other species, he argues that empathy is natural and that cooperative behavior is necessary for animal societies. The book aims to show that humans have inherited empathy from primates and that we have a more generous nature than commonly believed.
Homelearning behaviourInstinct and Learning Behavior
Instinct and Learning Behavior
MalaikaNovember 06, 2022
Learning and instinct have been compared throughout history and in folk biology.
While instinct focused on biologically preprogrammed mechanisms that emerge naturally in the absence of special environmental input, learning was meant to emphasise aspects of behavior and cognition that are the result of experience and training.
This distinction relates to those between learned and innate or inherited knowledge.
Instinct and learning behavior in animals
Instinct and learning in their biological setting
When viewed holistically, development's purpose is to help an animal build a repertoire of behaviours that are appropriate for its mode of existence and fit for success.
The stunning alignment of form and function is evident whether we are studying the muscular control of limb movement under negative feedback processes or the nest-building behaviours of birds, whether we are observing young animals or adults.
Animals do occasionally behave awkwardly and make mistakes, especially when placed in unnatural situations, but for the most part, their behaviour is perfectly matched to their way of life.
They find food, shelter, mate, and offspring by responding appropriately to the elements of their environment. How does behaviour develop this almost perfect fit? How is it able to grow so well?
People have been captivated by this query for centuries because we have always been animal observers. Of course, we have less often focused on how their behaviour changes than on their "nature" as beings that critically share the "spark of life" with us.
Even though we may take advantage of or ignore other species' needs in favour of our own, we cannot simply ignore them. This fact has caused some very different attitudes. Animals have occasionally been revered as deities.
How young animals grow up?
Methods of capturing animals
How many zoos does Pakistan have? and where?
The Egyptians kept a sacred bull named Apis and frequently depicted their writing god, Thoth, as a hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas). On the other hand, the Madagascan aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), a species of lemur, was hunted until recently because people believed it to be a devil's incarnation (Fig. 2).
The animal as god, the animal as devil.
(a) The animal as god, (b) The animal as devil.
Cats and toads were frequently accused of being the "familiars" of women accused of practising witchcraft in Europe. However, St. Francis was known for preaching to animals, referring to them as a part of Creation and perhaps even as having immortal souls.
We can now put superstitions to rest, but there is still much to learn about the sentience of animals, and we will discuss this in more detail later. Most pet owners will undoubtedly give their animal companions some human traits, even if in jest.
At one extreme, we might have animals like Badger, Ratty, Mole, and Toad fro
The document appears to be a table with two columns: "No. of Failures" and "Frequency". It seems to list the number of failures of something alongside their corresponding frequencies, but without more context or data in the table itself, it is difficult to determine what specifically is being counted or measured.
Nonclassified DataIn order to maintain transparency and et.docxhallettfaustina
Nonclassified Data
In order to maintain transparency and ethical standards of research, researchers may file a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to obtain all nonclassified data on a subject. Why is this legislation important? Do you think it is working? Why or why not.
Crime Mapping
Crime mapping has been used for
intelligence-led policing
: using data, analysis, and criminal theory to guide police allocation and decision making. Give some examples of ways this is used in your community. Explain if it is working. What are some other ways that you think it should be used in your Community? Give examples and how it would be effective in policing.
Importance of Reviewing Communications
Describe a situation when you may have sent something electronically (email) or turned something in when the lack of review or proofreading was brought to your attention by yourself or others. Discuss any repercussions you faced due to the communication not being reviewed. Explain the importance of reviewing any form of communication prior to disseminating it.
Who Reviews Your Work?
In our everyday life (school, work, or home) we use some form of communication. Who reviews your communication before it is sent, or do you review the communication of others and your own? Describe how you would ensure the communication is “good to go” or ready to disseminate to others.
.
No plaigarism!!! Due Saturday @ 12pm!Example included and worksh.docxhallettfaustina
No plaigarism!!! Due Saturday @ 12pm!
Example included and worksheet attached.
Use the
Source Evaluation Worksheet
to submit an annotated bibliography of 5 sources that you intend to use in your paper. Prepare a citation, annotation, and evaluation for each source.
You may collect the worksheets together as one document or you may submit a separate worksheet for each source.
.
Not all EBP projects result in statistically significant results. De.docxhallettfaustina
Not all EBP projects result in statistically significant results. Define clinical significance, and explain the difference between clinical and statistical significance. How can you use clinical significance to support positive outcomes in your project?
the project topic is after discharge follow up
.
Nonprofit v Criminal JusticeCriminal justice organizations and.docxhallettfaustina
Nonprofit v Criminal Justice
Criminal justice organizations and nonprofit organizations have a lot of factors and/or characteristics that are similar as well as different. These types of organizations are out there for members of society to help those who are in need as well as gain that experience necessary to fulfill that spot they need within themselves and their life.
To start off, “nonprofit organizations occupy a unique third sector with diverse resource dependencies, arising mainly from private donations and labor, but subsidized by government exemption of certain public tax obligations to encourage charitable activity (Oelbrger, 2016)”. With that being said, a non profit organization, such as the Masonic family, which is a very controversial idea, raises money for those charities such as Shriners Hospital as well as military troops who are actively deployed. Not only this, but they also award their members with scholarships for doing good deeds around their community. I know this personally as my dad is an active Mason.
Criminal justice organizations have many goals as well. Their goals consist of helping those around their community and the country. One of the goals mentioned by the Department of Justice (2018) is to “prevent Crime, Protect the Rights of the American People, and Enforce Federal Law”. As criminal justice employees, they are putting their life on the line whereas daily to help serve their people. Whereas, nonprofit organizations are helping those in their community by serving them with needs that they have, that do not require putting their life on the line.
Both organizations however, are doing what they need to do to help support those around their community. They are both helping their community and those in need when it is needed. Between protection, or fundraisers, or support financially, these organizations do what they have to do to ensure that they are getting their name out there in a positive manner, of course.
.
Few Practical Tips To Write An Essay Quickly And EffectivelyDanielle Richardson
Mathrubhumi Printing and Publishing Ltd is a leading Malayalam media organization in Kerala. It publishes the daily newspaper Mathrubhumi and several magazines. The organization has over 1000 employees working in various departments like editorial, printing, circulation, marketing etc. Mathrubhumi aims to provide high quality journalism to readers while upholding ethical standards. It has expanded its operations through diversification into related fields like event management and printing services for other publications. The company strives to innovate and leverage new technologies to serve readers better.
Frans de Waal, a biologist at Emory University, studies altruistic and social behavior in primates. In his book, he examines empathy from an evolutionary perspective and challenges the notion that human society is solely based on principles of survival of the fittest and natural selection. Through observations of primates and anecdotes from other species, he argues that empathy is natural and that cooperative behavior is necessary for animal societies. The book aims to show that humans have inherited empathy from primates and that we have a more generous nature than commonly believed.
Homelearning behaviourInstinct and Learning Behavior
Instinct and Learning Behavior
MalaikaNovember 06, 2022
Learning and instinct have been compared throughout history and in folk biology.
While instinct focused on biologically preprogrammed mechanisms that emerge naturally in the absence of special environmental input, learning was meant to emphasise aspects of behavior and cognition that are the result of experience and training.
This distinction relates to those between learned and innate or inherited knowledge.
Instinct and learning behavior in animals
Instinct and learning in their biological setting
When viewed holistically, development's purpose is to help an animal build a repertoire of behaviours that are appropriate for its mode of existence and fit for success.
The stunning alignment of form and function is evident whether we are studying the muscular control of limb movement under negative feedback processes or the nest-building behaviours of birds, whether we are observing young animals or adults.
Animals do occasionally behave awkwardly and make mistakes, especially when placed in unnatural situations, but for the most part, their behaviour is perfectly matched to their way of life.
They find food, shelter, mate, and offspring by responding appropriately to the elements of their environment. How does behaviour develop this almost perfect fit? How is it able to grow so well?
People have been captivated by this query for centuries because we have always been animal observers. Of course, we have less often focused on how their behaviour changes than on their "nature" as beings that critically share the "spark of life" with us.
Even though we may take advantage of or ignore other species' needs in favour of our own, we cannot simply ignore them. This fact has caused some very different attitudes. Animals have occasionally been revered as deities.
How young animals grow up?
Methods of capturing animals
How many zoos does Pakistan have? and where?
The Egyptians kept a sacred bull named Apis and frequently depicted their writing god, Thoth, as a hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas). On the other hand, the Madagascan aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), a species of lemur, was hunted until recently because people believed it to be a devil's incarnation (Fig. 2).
The animal as god, the animal as devil.
(a) The animal as god, (b) The animal as devil.
Cats and toads were frequently accused of being the "familiars" of women accused of practising witchcraft in Europe. However, St. Francis was known for preaching to animals, referring to them as a part of Creation and perhaps even as having immortal souls.
We can now put superstitions to rest, but there is still much to learn about the sentience of animals, and we will discuss this in more detail later. Most pet owners will undoubtedly give their animal companions some human traits, even if in jest.
At one extreme, we might have animals like Badger, Ratty, Mole, and Toad fro
The document appears to be a table with two columns: "No. of Failures" and "Frequency". It seems to list the number of failures of something alongside their corresponding frequencies, but without more context or data in the table itself, it is difficult to determine what specifically is being counted or measured.
Nonclassified DataIn order to maintain transparency and et.docxhallettfaustina
Nonclassified Data
In order to maintain transparency and ethical standards of research, researchers may file a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to obtain all nonclassified data on a subject. Why is this legislation important? Do you think it is working? Why or why not.
Crime Mapping
Crime mapping has been used for
intelligence-led policing
: using data, analysis, and criminal theory to guide police allocation and decision making. Give some examples of ways this is used in your community. Explain if it is working. What are some other ways that you think it should be used in your Community? Give examples and how it would be effective in policing.
Importance of Reviewing Communications
Describe a situation when you may have sent something electronically (email) or turned something in when the lack of review or proofreading was brought to your attention by yourself or others. Discuss any repercussions you faced due to the communication not being reviewed. Explain the importance of reviewing any form of communication prior to disseminating it.
Who Reviews Your Work?
In our everyday life (school, work, or home) we use some form of communication. Who reviews your communication before it is sent, or do you review the communication of others and your own? Describe how you would ensure the communication is “good to go” or ready to disseminate to others.
.
No plaigarism!!! Due Saturday @ 12pm!Example included and worksh.docxhallettfaustina
No plaigarism!!! Due Saturday @ 12pm!
Example included and worksheet attached.
Use the
Source Evaluation Worksheet
to submit an annotated bibliography of 5 sources that you intend to use in your paper. Prepare a citation, annotation, and evaluation for each source.
You may collect the worksheets together as one document or you may submit a separate worksheet for each source.
.
Not all EBP projects result in statistically significant results. De.docxhallettfaustina
Not all EBP projects result in statistically significant results. Define clinical significance, and explain the difference between clinical and statistical significance. How can you use clinical significance to support positive outcomes in your project?
the project topic is after discharge follow up
.
Nonprofit v Criminal JusticeCriminal justice organizations and.docxhallettfaustina
Nonprofit v Criminal Justice
Criminal justice organizations and nonprofit organizations have a lot of factors and/or characteristics that are similar as well as different. These types of organizations are out there for members of society to help those who are in need as well as gain that experience necessary to fulfill that spot they need within themselves and their life.
To start off, “nonprofit organizations occupy a unique third sector with diverse resource dependencies, arising mainly from private donations and labor, but subsidized by government exemption of certain public tax obligations to encourage charitable activity (Oelbrger, 2016)”. With that being said, a non profit organization, such as the Masonic family, which is a very controversial idea, raises money for those charities such as Shriners Hospital as well as military troops who are actively deployed. Not only this, but they also award their members with scholarships for doing good deeds around their community. I know this personally as my dad is an active Mason.
Criminal justice organizations have many goals as well. Their goals consist of helping those around their community and the country. One of the goals mentioned by the Department of Justice (2018) is to “prevent Crime, Protect the Rights of the American People, and Enforce Federal Law”. As criminal justice employees, they are putting their life on the line whereas daily to help serve their people. Whereas, nonprofit organizations are helping those in their community by serving them with needs that they have, that do not require putting their life on the line.
Both organizations however, are doing what they need to do to help support those around their community. They are both helping their community and those in need when it is needed. Between protection, or fundraisers, or support financially, these organizations do what they have to do to ensure that they are getting their name out there in a positive manner, of course.
.
Noah DeWaalTuesday16 Jun at 1538Manage discussion entryFou.docxhallettfaustina
Noah DeWaal
Tuesday16 Jun at 15:38
Manage discussion entry
"Four Horsemen" describes the ways in which our world is slowly folding on itself. It categorizes the four horsemen as a wrongful banking system, escalating violence, an abundance of poverty, and deletion of the world's resources. All these topics are the signs that we have truly doomed ourselves as a nation and as a planet. The underlying kingpin here is money. Everyone, including the government, lives, and works to earn and spend money. There are a variety of different paths to obtain that currency and the banks are at the heart, banks that create this money out of thin air. The film starts by speaking of empires and power. Nations want to be in positions to be on top as a means of security and credibility. Top nations control our world and those who are not, strive to become one. From historic times to now, people and groups want to become the most powerful, and when they do, they obtain all the resources they can do benefit their empires and the leaders become wealthy and untouchable. There is usually one common factor within one's rise to power, and that is money. It earns resources and credibility which makes others become submissive to you. We are supposed to be living within a free market system where everyone has a fair piece of the pie, but that is rarely true today. The way the banks function and government spending only amasses debt that will in turn be paid by the American people. Some of these people live in poverty, meaning they cannot even live anymore. People are expected to pay more for items as the price level rises while many incomes are not following suit. This system leaves those who are poor behind making it nearly impossible for them to catch up. As stated before, government spending can leave a budget deficit that needs to be repaid. Most of these expenditures, however, are on war and violence. International affairs, terrorism, and national crime are all credible threats, and a lot of money goes into limiting it. The resources used to support these organization makes them more powerful and it has transitioned peacekeeping into utter force and violence. Here at home and abroad, war rages daily. From small to large scale conflict is being solved in horrific ways and many innocent people are dying along the way. At the root of all of it, is money and power. A lot of this is also politically inclined. We live in a society in which people are paid just to influence politicians to pass acts that will in turn create more money for people who already have a lot of it. Wealth drives our nation, without it, one is just swept under the carpet. People have worked way too hard to obtain wealth while those in control can create it like none other. This exponential growth has depleted Earth's resources and we are running out fast. With no resources, what is there to gain anymore. The Four Horsemen are the warning signs that our systems are heavily flawed and need to be chan.
No Plagiarism4-6 slides (excluding Title and Reference slides).docxhallettfaustina
No Plagiarism
4-6 slides (excluding Title and Reference slides) with notes that are a minimum of 150 words per slide.
Leaders face many hurdles when leading in multiple countries. There are several examples of disastrous public relations fallout that have occurred when companies have outsourced work to other nations. When determining where to move offshore as a company, the leaders of the organization must make several decisions.
Using course theories and current multinational organizations that have locations in several countries, convey your own thoughts on the subject and address the following:
What leadership considerations must an organization weigh in selecting another country to open a location such as a manufacturing plant?
How might leaders need to change leadership styles to manage multinational locations?
What public relations issues might arise from such a decision?
How would you recommend such a company to demonstrate their social responsibility to their headquarters country as well as any offshore locations?
.
North American Philosophical Publications Prejudice i.docxhallettfaustina
North American Philosophical Publications
Prejudice in Jest: When Racial and Gender Humor Harms
Author(s): David Benatar
Source: Public Affairs Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Apr., 1999), pp. 191-203
Published by: University of Illinois Press on behalf of North American Philosophical
Publications
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Public Affairs Quarterly
Volume 13, Number 2, April 1999
PREJUDICE IN JEST: WHEN RACIAL AND
GENDER HUMOR HARMS
David Benatar
central questions in the sparse literature on the ethics of humor
are: 1) What makes a piece of humor racist or sexist? 2) Are jokes
that embody negative racial and gender stereotypes necessarily racist
and sexist? Because these issues have tended to be discussed separately
it has not been noted that some answers to the first question render the
second question moot. My answer to the first question does not have this
effect. It will draw on an account of humor ethics that I provide and
defend against rival views of racist (and sexist) humor. I shall then
proceed to answering the second question.
An Account of Humor Ethics
How can humor be immoral? Briefly, the answer is that it is immoral
where it is intended to harm people or where there are good grounds for
expecting it to harm people, and where the harm in question is wrong-
fully inflicted. Following Joel Feinberg, I understand harm in terms of
negative effects on people's interests. However, my understanding of
harm is, in two ways, broader than the one for which he opts in his work
about the moral limits of the criminal law.1 Firstly, because in the cur-
rent context I have a more expansive interpretation of what interests
are, my understanding of harm includes what he calls hurts, offenses
and other disliked states which are insufficiently severe to warrant be-
ing termed harms for his purposes. Because I am concerned with the
morality of humor rather than with the moral limits of legally restrict-
ing it, the inclusion of less severe though nonetheless disliked states is
more appropriate. Secondly, for Professor Feinberg, a harm is some-
thing that is wrongfully inflicted. That definition is th.
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) are essential as they fulfill .docxhallettfaustina
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) are essential as they fulfill a purpose that is traditionally addressed by a government (Balteanu & Marcu, 2014). In order for an NGO to be impactful and serve its purpose, it will require support and involvement from those it has been organized to help, as well as maintain financial and management autonomy, devoid of the governmental influence (Johnson & Stoskopf, 2010). Political and social instability has made it difficult for NGO's to fulfill their purpose to meet the needs of the communities they have pin pointed as their focus (Balteanu & Marcu). During unrest experienced by many countries, residents who need shelter, food, and medical care, benefit from what NGO's to provide (Balteanu & Marcu). Without the government, military, or religious backing of the NGO's purpose, the NGO will not be able to fulfill it's intent (Balteanu & Marcu).
Resident of unstable regions through out the world, are without food, shelter, and medical care due to the preoccupation with control, whether through the government, military, or religious factions. The unstable governments within these regions are either unwilling or unable to care for the needs of their citizens or have taken away their ability to care for themselves. NGO's have the ability to provide for the needs of the people and help them sustain, if allowed.
In general, what is the impact of political and social instability on non-government organizations?
.
Nonverbal CommunicationCOLLAPSEDescribe a scenario in which a .docxhallettfaustina
This document discusses nonverbal communication and how it can differ from verbal communication. It prompts the reader to describe a scenario where what someone says verbally differs from their nonverbal cues, such as voice, volume, pitch, rate, pauses, variety, pronunciation, articulation, and dialect. The document also provides instructions for responding to peers in an online forum, including reflecting on concepts, providing an example, stating a takeaway, and properly citing sources in discussions that are at least 250 words.
No plagiarism Research paper should contains following content.docxhallettfaustina
No plagiarism
Research paper should contains following content
1) Abstract - Summarize the major elements of the paper
2) Introduction- provide context and rationale for the study
3)Materials- Describe the experimental design so it is reproducible
4) Methods -Describe the experimental procedures
5) Results-summarize the findings without interpretation
6)Discussion- interpret the findings of the study
7)Summary- summarize the findings
8)Acknowledge- give credits to those
9) References- list all scientific papers books and website that you cited
Paper should be in API Style
Requirements: 20 pages
.
NO PLAGIARISM MEET REQUIREMENTSCOMPLETE BY DEADLINE Wr.docxhallettfaustina
Shell Oil operated in Nigeria and faced accusations related to corruption, bribery, involvement in the death of an activist poet, and taking advantage of weak local regulations. The case study prompts the student to answer questions about factors contributing to high corruption in Nigeria, Shell's role in the poet's death and the impact, whether Shell took advantage of weak local oversight, and recommendations for ethical operations in societies with weak institutions. The response must be 650 words excluding the questions, follow APA style formatting, and include 3 scholarly references.
No plagiarism very important In a few short paragraphs, explain .docxhallettfaustina
No plagiarism very important
In a few short paragraphs, explain which cloud services you use (Google, Amazon, iCloud, Verizon, Microsoft One, Dropbox, etc) and what type of information you store (docs, photos, music, other files?). How much space do you have and what does this cost per month?
Need in word document with apa format with citations
.
No plagiarism very important Do you feel the benefits of cloud c.docxhallettfaustina
No plagiarism very important
Do you feel the benefits of cloud computing are worth the threats and vulnerabilities? Have we arrived at a point where we can trust external agencies to secure our most precious data? Please explain your answer.
Need responses to reply my teamates discusions
.
No plagiarism very important 5-CEHv9 Module 03 Scanning Networ.docxhallettfaustina
No plagiarism very important
5-CEHv9 Module 03 Scanning Networks.pdf
Select one network scanning software tool (there is a list in your required reading slides) and explain in detail how it works and how detects network vulnerabilities. Provide the site where you obtained your information and include that in your assignment write-up. (in word document).
Need citations
.
No plagiarism very importantNeed responses to my teamates discus.docxhallettfaustina
No plagiarism very important
Need responses to my teamates discussions
question:Social engineering is the art of manipulating people so they give up confidential information. The types of information these criminals are seeking can vary, but when individuals are targeted the criminals are usually trying to trick you into giving them your passwords or bank information, or access your computer to secretly install malicious software - that will give them access to your passwords and bank information as well as giving them control over your computer.
Explain a scenario where you or someone you know may have unknowingly given too much personal information to a stranger. How could this situation been avoided?
Reference Article Link:
https://www.webroot.com/us/en/resources/tips-articles/what-is-social-engineering
.
No More Backstabbing... A Faithful Scheduling Policy for Multi.docxhallettfaustina
No More Backstabbing... A Faithful Scheduling Policy for Multithreaded Programs
Kishore Kumar Pusukuri, Rajiv Gupta, Laxmi N. Bhuyan
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
University of California, Riverside
Riverside, USA 92521
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract—Efficient contention management is the key to
achieving scalable performance for multithreaded applications
running on multicore systems. However, contention manage-
ment policies provided by modern operating systems increase
context-switches and lead to performance degradation for
multithreaded applications under high loads. Moreover, this
problem is exacerbated by the interaction between contention
management policies and OS scheduling polices. Time Share
(TS) is the default scheduling policy in a modern OS such as
OpenSolaris and with TS policy, priorities of threads change
very frequently for balancing load and providing fairness in
scheduling. Due to the frequent ping-ponging of priorities,
threads of an application are often preempted by the threads
of the same application. This increases the frequency of
involuntary context-switches as wells as lock-holder thread
preemptions and leads to poor performance. This problem
becomes very serious under high loads.
To alleviate this problem, in this paper, we present a
scheduling policy called Faithful Scheduling (FF), which dra-
matically reduces context-switches as well as lock-holder thread
preemptions. We implemented FF on a 24-core Dell PowerEdge
R905 server running OpenSolaris.2009.06 and evaluated it
using 22 programs including the TATP database application,
SPECjbb2005, programs from PARSEC, SPEC OMP, and
some microbenchmarks. The experimental results show that FF
policy achieves high performance for both lightly and heavily
loaded systems. Moreover it does not require any changes to
the application source code or the OS kernel.
Keywords-Scheduling; priorities; contention; context-
switches
I. INTRODUCTION
The advent of multicore architectures provides an attractive
opportunity for achieving high performance for a wide
variety of multithreaded applications. However, exploiting
the system density, and the parallelism they offer, to improve
performance of multithreaded applications is a challenging
task. This is because multithreaded application performance is
sensitive to the implementations of synchronization primitives
and contention management policies. Therefore the key
to achieving high performance for multithreaded applica-
tions running on multicore systems is to use appropriate
synchronization primitives along with efficient contention
management policies. Contention management policies are
either based on spinning, or blocking, or a combination
of both. Spinning resolves contention by busy waiting,
therefore waiting threads respond to lock handoffs very
quickly. However, spinning threads can wastes CPU resources
and prevent the lock-holder thread from runnin.
No plagiarism very importantThere are many mobile platform vulne.docxhallettfaustina
No plagiarism very important
There are many mobile platform vulnerabilities listed in the readings from this week (slides 8, 9, and 10). Which do you feel is the greatest threat to users? Do you agree that people generally are not aware of the threats to their mobile devices?
Need responses to reply my teamattes and need references for all of them
.
No more than 10 slides, including title slide, providing executive s.docxhallettfaustina
No more than 10 slides, including title slide, providing executive summary of emergency response plan, actions taken prior to, during and post event.
This presentation is intended for high level executives of the company and should be brief but comprehensive.
See attachment for more information.
.
NO PLAGIARISM !Write 3 pages of descriptive essay about why you .docxhallettfaustina
NO PLAGIARISM !
Write 3 pages of descriptive essay about why you should visit and spend time in Denali National Park which is located in Alaska, USA.
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Reason 1 and explain, example
3. Reason 2 and explain, example
4. Reason 3 and explain, example
5. Reason 4 and explain, example
6. Reason 5 and explain, example
7. Conclusion
.
Nitin and Priya Pathak came to your office for counseling, along wit.docxhallettfaustina
Nitin and Priya Pathak came to your office for counseling, along with their 16-year-old son Sujay. Nitin and Priya are first generation Indian-American immigrants, while their son was born and raised in the United States. They were reluctant to engage in counseling, but are doing so at the request of Sujay. In Sujay’s view, his parents are being overly controlling regarding his upcoming choice of college, which is causing increasingly frequent clashes between him and his parents. Sujay wants to attend art school, while his parents want him to attend engineering school. They state that a career in science, religion, law, or medicine is the appropriate path for a person of his caste. Sujay claims that while he wants to please his parents, he feels they are stifling his passion and imposing cultural norms that, to him, are a part of their “world” and not his. You have little knowledge of Indian culture or the caste system and are unsure whether the issue at hand is a matter of controlling parents dealing with a life transition issue or a serious conflict involving social and cultural influences.
.
Nineteenth Century Ballet and OperaWatch the videos below. .docxhallettfaustina
Nineteenth Century Ballet and Opera
Watch the videos below.
Ballet: Swan Lake - Tchaikovsky
Watch Video
Tchaikovsky - Swan Lake - four little swans
Duration: (1:37)
User: classicclips10 - Added: 4/5/11
YouTube URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gApOfm4qd0
Ballet: The Sleeping Beauty - Tchaikovsky
Watch Video
Sleeping Beauty Waltz - La Scala Ballet
Duration: (4:12)
User: ARWHihodU_ GAqEw6 aZxLDg - Added: 1/27/14
YouTube URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_4EdDZjU60
Opera: AIDA - Act 2-Scene 2 (Triumphal March) - Verdi
Watch Video
AIDA Metropolitan Opera- Act 2-Scene 2 (Triumphal March) - Subt en Espanol
Duration: (9:32)
User: nikolaos333 - Added: 8/11/10
YouTube URL:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxgOIwOd_5I
Respond in writing to the following questions after reading Chapter 12 and viewing the videos above.
Describe the features of nineteenth-century ballet and opera.
What specific Romantic ideals did nineteenth-century ballet and opera express to its audience?
.
Newborn transitioningCh. 18Nursing management of thenewborn .docxhallettfaustina
Newborn transitioning
Ch. 18:
Nursing management of the
newborn
Ch.19:
Nursing Management at risk:
Pregnancy-related complications
Ch.20:
Nursing Management of the
Pregnancy at Risk: Health
conditions and vulnerable populations
Ch. 21:
Nursing management of
labor and birth at risk
Ch. 22:
Nursing management of the
postpartum woman at risk
.
N
IH
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A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
Psychosom Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 January 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Psychosom Med. 2011 January ; 73(1): 67–74. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182002116.
Modeling Social Influences on Human Health
Kate Karelina, Ph.D.1 and A. Courtney DeVries, Ph.D.1,2
1 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
2 Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
USA
Abstract
Social interactions have long-term physiological, psychological and behavioral consequences.
Social isolation is a well recognized but little understood risk factor and prognostic marker of
disease, and can have profoundly detrimental effects on both mental and physical well-being,
particularly during states of compromised health. In contrast, the health benefits associated with
social support (both reduced risk and improved recovery) are evident in a variety of illnesses and
injury states; however, the mechanisms by which social interactions influence disease
pathogenesis remain largely unidentified. The substantial health impact of the psychosocial
environment can occur independently of traditional disease risk factors and is not accounted for
solely by peer-encouraged development of health behaviors. Instead, social interactions are
capable of altering shared pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple disease states in distinct
measurable ways. Converging evidence from animal models of injury and disease recapitulates the
physiological benefits of affiliative social interactions and establishes several endogenous
mechanisms (inflammatory signals, glucocorticoids and oxytocin) by which social interactions
influence health outcomes. Taken together, both clinical and animal research are undoubtedly
necessary in order to develop a complete mechanistic understanding of social influences on health.
Keywords
Social interaction; health; experimental models; oxytocin
Social influences on health
Social interactions shape humans from early development through senescence and have a
strong impact on many aspects of physiology and behavior. Indeed, social interaction is
essential for proper cognitive, affective and behavioral development (1). Among adults, the
social environment remains an important determinant of health and well being; ample
evidence suggests that positive social support accelerates and improves patient recovery
from cancer, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, and other
chronic diseases with an inflammatory component (2–5). This has led to a substantial
interest in the capacity to which the social environment affects physiological systems,
particularly during health challenges. The benefits of a positive social environment are
particularly salient in chronic disease st.
New Technology and Learning Process Please respond to the follow.docxhallettfaustina
Mobile learning uses portable electronic devices like smartphones and tablets to deliver educational content and support online learning. Educational institutions and training organizations are adopting mobile learning by developing course content that can be accessed remotely on mobile devices, allowing students more flexibility. To promote active collaborative online learning, instructors should consider incorporating discussion forums and group projects to foster interaction, as well as providing timely feedback to encourage participation and support learners.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Noah DeWaalTuesday16 Jun at 1538Manage discussion entryFou.docxhallettfaustina
Noah DeWaal
Tuesday16 Jun at 15:38
Manage discussion entry
"Four Horsemen" describes the ways in which our world is slowly folding on itself. It categorizes the four horsemen as a wrongful banking system, escalating violence, an abundance of poverty, and deletion of the world's resources. All these topics are the signs that we have truly doomed ourselves as a nation and as a planet. The underlying kingpin here is money. Everyone, including the government, lives, and works to earn and spend money. There are a variety of different paths to obtain that currency and the banks are at the heart, banks that create this money out of thin air. The film starts by speaking of empires and power. Nations want to be in positions to be on top as a means of security and credibility. Top nations control our world and those who are not, strive to become one. From historic times to now, people and groups want to become the most powerful, and when they do, they obtain all the resources they can do benefit their empires and the leaders become wealthy and untouchable. There is usually one common factor within one's rise to power, and that is money. It earns resources and credibility which makes others become submissive to you. We are supposed to be living within a free market system where everyone has a fair piece of the pie, but that is rarely true today. The way the banks function and government spending only amasses debt that will in turn be paid by the American people. Some of these people live in poverty, meaning they cannot even live anymore. People are expected to pay more for items as the price level rises while many incomes are not following suit. This system leaves those who are poor behind making it nearly impossible for them to catch up. As stated before, government spending can leave a budget deficit that needs to be repaid. Most of these expenditures, however, are on war and violence. International affairs, terrorism, and national crime are all credible threats, and a lot of money goes into limiting it. The resources used to support these organization makes them more powerful and it has transitioned peacekeeping into utter force and violence. Here at home and abroad, war rages daily. From small to large scale conflict is being solved in horrific ways and many innocent people are dying along the way. At the root of all of it, is money and power. A lot of this is also politically inclined. We live in a society in which people are paid just to influence politicians to pass acts that will in turn create more money for people who already have a lot of it. Wealth drives our nation, without it, one is just swept under the carpet. People have worked way too hard to obtain wealth while those in control can create it like none other. This exponential growth has depleted Earth's resources and we are running out fast. With no resources, what is there to gain anymore. The Four Horsemen are the warning signs that our systems are heavily flawed and need to be chan.
No Plagiarism4-6 slides (excluding Title and Reference slides).docxhallettfaustina
No Plagiarism
4-6 slides (excluding Title and Reference slides) with notes that are a minimum of 150 words per slide.
Leaders face many hurdles when leading in multiple countries. There are several examples of disastrous public relations fallout that have occurred when companies have outsourced work to other nations. When determining where to move offshore as a company, the leaders of the organization must make several decisions.
Using course theories and current multinational organizations that have locations in several countries, convey your own thoughts on the subject and address the following:
What leadership considerations must an organization weigh in selecting another country to open a location such as a manufacturing plant?
How might leaders need to change leadership styles to manage multinational locations?
What public relations issues might arise from such a decision?
How would you recommend such a company to demonstrate their social responsibility to their headquarters country as well as any offshore locations?
.
North American Philosophical Publications Prejudice i.docxhallettfaustina
North American Philosophical Publications
Prejudice in Jest: When Racial and Gender Humor Harms
Author(s): David Benatar
Source: Public Affairs Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Apr., 1999), pp. 191-203
Published by: University of Illinois Press on behalf of North American Philosophical
Publications
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Public Affairs Quarterly
Volume 13, Number 2, April 1999
PREJUDICE IN JEST: WHEN RACIAL AND
GENDER HUMOR HARMS
David Benatar
central questions in the sparse literature on the ethics of humor
are: 1) What makes a piece of humor racist or sexist? 2) Are jokes
that embody negative racial and gender stereotypes necessarily racist
and sexist? Because these issues have tended to be discussed separately
it has not been noted that some answers to the first question render the
second question moot. My answer to the first question does not have this
effect. It will draw on an account of humor ethics that I provide and
defend against rival views of racist (and sexist) humor. I shall then
proceed to answering the second question.
An Account of Humor Ethics
How can humor be immoral? Briefly, the answer is that it is immoral
where it is intended to harm people or where there are good grounds for
expecting it to harm people, and where the harm in question is wrong-
fully inflicted. Following Joel Feinberg, I understand harm in terms of
negative effects on people's interests. However, my understanding of
harm is, in two ways, broader than the one for which he opts in his work
about the moral limits of the criminal law.1 Firstly, because in the cur-
rent context I have a more expansive interpretation of what interests
are, my understanding of harm includes what he calls hurts, offenses
and other disliked states which are insufficiently severe to warrant be-
ing termed harms for his purposes. Because I am concerned with the
morality of humor rather than with the moral limits of legally restrict-
ing it, the inclusion of less severe though nonetheless disliked states is
more appropriate. Secondly, for Professor Feinberg, a harm is some-
thing that is wrongfully inflicted. That definition is th.
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) are essential as they fulfill .docxhallettfaustina
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) are essential as they fulfill a purpose that is traditionally addressed by a government (Balteanu & Marcu, 2014). In order for an NGO to be impactful and serve its purpose, it will require support and involvement from those it has been organized to help, as well as maintain financial and management autonomy, devoid of the governmental influence (Johnson & Stoskopf, 2010). Political and social instability has made it difficult for NGO's to fulfill their purpose to meet the needs of the communities they have pin pointed as their focus (Balteanu & Marcu). During unrest experienced by many countries, residents who need shelter, food, and medical care, benefit from what NGO's to provide (Balteanu & Marcu). Without the government, military, or religious backing of the NGO's purpose, the NGO will not be able to fulfill it's intent (Balteanu & Marcu).
Resident of unstable regions through out the world, are without food, shelter, and medical care due to the preoccupation with control, whether through the government, military, or religious factions. The unstable governments within these regions are either unwilling or unable to care for the needs of their citizens or have taken away their ability to care for themselves. NGO's have the ability to provide for the needs of the people and help them sustain, if allowed.
In general, what is the impact of political and social instability on non-government organizations?
.
Nonverbal CommunicationCOLLAPSEDescribe a scenario in which a .docxhallettfaustina
This document discusses nonverbal communication and how it can differ from verbal communication. It prompts the reader to describe a scenario where what someone says verbally differs from their nonverbal cues, such as voice, volume, pitch, rate, pauses, variety, pronunciation, articulation, and dialect. The document also provides instructions for responding to peers in an online forum, including reflecting on concepts, providing an example, stating a takeaway, and properly citing sources in discussions that are at least 250 words.
No plagiarism Research paper should contains following content.docxhallettfaustina
No plagiarism
Research paper should contains following content
1) Abstract - Summarize the major elements of the paper
2) Introduction- provide context and rationale for the study
3)Materials- Describe the experimental design so it is reproducible
4) Methods -Describe the experimental procedures
5) Results-summarize the findings without interpretation
6)Discussion- interpret the findings of the study
7)Summary- summarize the findings
8)Acknowledge- give credits to those
9) References- list all scientific papers books and website that you cited
Paper should be in API Style
Requirements: 20 pages
.
NO PLAGIARISM MEET REQUIREMENTSCOMPLETE BY DEADLINE Wr.docxhallettfaustina
Shell Oil operated in Nigeria and faced accusations related to corruption, bribery, involvement in the death of an activist poet, and taking advantage of weak local regulations. The case study prompts the student to answer questions about factors contributing to high corruption in Nigeria, Shell's role in the poet's death and the impact, whether Shell took advantage of weak local oversight, and recommendations for ethical operations in societies with weak institutions. The response must be 650 words excluding the questions, follow APA style formatting, and include 3 scholarly references.
No plagiarism very important In a few short paragraphs, explain .docxhallettfaustina
No plagiarism very important
In a few short paragraphs, explain which cloud services you use (Google, Amazon, iCloud, Verizon, Microsoft One, Dropbox, etc) and what type of information you store (docs, photos, music, other files?). How much space do you have and what does this cost per month?
Need in word document with apa format with citations
.
No plagiarism very important Do you feel the benefits of cloud c.docxhallettfaustina
No plagiarism very important
Do you feel the benefits of cloud computing are worth the threats and vulnerabilities? Have we arrived at a point where we can trust external agencies to secure our most precious data? Please explain your answer.
Need responses to reply my teamates discusions
.
No plagiarism very important 5-CEHv9 Module 03 Scanning Networ.docxhallettfaustina
No plagiarism very important
5-CEHv9 Module 03 Scanning Networks.pdf
Select one network scanning software tool (there is a list in your required reading slides) and explain in detail how it works and how detects network vulnerabilities. Provide the site where you obtained your information and include that in your assignment write-up. (in word document).
Need citations
.
No plagiarism very importantNeed responses to my teamates discus.docxhallettfaustina
No plagiarism very important
Need responses to my teamates discussions
question:Social engineering is the art of manipulating people so they give up confidential information. The types of information these criminals are seeking can vary, but when individuals are targeted the criminals are usually trying to trick you into giving them your passwords or bank information, or access your computer to secretly install malicious software - that will give them access to your passwords and bank information as well as giving them control over your computer.
Explain a scenario where you or someone you know may have unknowingly given too much personal information to a stranger. How could this situation been avoided?
Reference Article Link:
https://www.webroot.com/us/en/resources/tips-articles/what-is-social-engineering
.
No More Backstabbing... A Faithful Scheduling Policy for Multi.docxhallettfaustina
No More Backstabbing... A Faithful Scheduling Policy for Multithreaded Programs
Kishore Kumar Pusukuri, Rajiv Gupta, Laxmi N. Bhuyan
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
University of California, Riverside
Riverside, USA 92521
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract—Efficient contention management is the key to
achieving scalable performance for multithreaded applications
running on multicore systems. However, contention manage-
ment policies provided by modern operating systems increase
context-switches and lead to performance degradation for
multithreaded applications under high loads. Moreover, this
problem is exacerbated by the interaction between contention
management policies and OS scheduling polices. Time Share
(TS) is the default scheduling policy in a modern OS such as
OpenSolaris and with TS policy, priorities of threads change
very frequently for balancing load and providing fairness in
scheduling. Due to the frequent ping-ponging of priorities,
threads of an application are often preempted by the threads
of the same application. This increases the frequency of
involuntary context-switches as wells as lock-holder thread
preemptions and leads to poor performance. This problem
becomes very serious under high loads.
To alleviate this problem, in this paper, we present a
scheduling policy called Faithful Scheduling (FF), which dra-
matically reduces context-switches as well as lock-holder thread
preemptions. We implemented FF on a 24-core Dell PowerEdge
R905 server running OpenSolaris.2009.06 and evaluated it
using 22 programs including the TATP database application,
SPECjbb2005, programs from PARSEC, SPEC OMP, and
some microbenchmarks. The experimental results show that FF
policy achieves high performance for both lightly and heavily
loaded systems. Moreover it does not require any changes to
the application source code or the OS kernel.
Keywords-Scheduling; priorities; contention; context-
switches
I. INTRODUCTION
The advent of multicore architectures provides an attractive
opportunity for achieving high performance for a wide
variety of multithreaded applications. However, exploiting
the system density, and the parallelism they offer, to improve
performance of multithreaded applications is a challenging
task. This is because multithreaded application performance is
sensitive to the implementations of synchronization primitives
and contention management policies. Therefore the key
to achieving high performance for multithreaded applica-
tions running on multicore systems is to use appropriate
synchronization primitives along with efficient contention
management policies. Contention management policies are
either based on spinning, or blocking, or a combination
of both. Spinning resolves contention by busy waiting,
therefore waiting threads respond to lock handoffs very
quickly. However, spinning threads can wastes CPU resources
and prevent the lock-holder thread from runnin.
No plagiarism very importantThere are many mobile platform vulne.docxhallettfaustina
No plagiarism very important
There are many mobile platform vulnerabilities listed in the readings from this week (slides 8, 9, and 10). Which do you feel is the greatest threat to users? Do you agree that people generally are not aware of the threats to their mobile devices?
Need responses to reply my teamattes and need references for all of them
.
No more than 10 slides, including title slide, providing executive s.docxhallettfaustina
No more than 10 slides, including title slide, providing executive summary of emergency response plan, actions taken prior to, during and post event.
This presentation is intended for high level executives of the company and should be brief but comprehensive.
See attachment for more information.
.
NO PLAGIARISM !Write 3 pages of descriptive essay about why you .docxhallettfaustina
NO PLAGIARISM !
Write 3 pages of descriptive essay about why you should visit and spend time in Denali National Park which is located in Alaska, USA.
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Reason 1 and explain, example
3. Reason 2 and explain, example
4. Reason 3 and explain, example
5. Reason 4 and explain, example
6. Reason 5 and explain, example
7. Conclusion
.
Nitin and Priya Pathak came to your office for counseling, along wit.docxhallettfaustina
Nitin and Priya Pathak came to your office for counseling, along with their 16-year-old son Sujay. Nitin and Priya are first generation Indian-American immigrants, while their son was born and raised in the United States. They were reluctant to engage in counseling, but are doing so at the request of Sujay. In Sujay’s view, his parents are being overly controlling regarding his upcoming choice of college, which is causing increasingly frequent clashes between him and his parents. Sujay wants to attend art school, while his parents want him to attend engineering school. They state that a career in science, religion, law, or medicine is the appropriate path for a person of his caste. Sujay claims that while he wants to please his parents, he feels they are stifling his passion and imposing cultural norms that, to him, are a part of their “world” and not his. You have little knowledge of Indian culture or the caste system and are unsure whether the issue at hand is a matter of controlling parents dealing with a life transition issue or a serious conflict involving social and cultural influences.
.
Nineteenth Century Ballet and OperaWatch the videos below. .docxhallettfaustina
Nineteenth Century Ballet and Opera
Watch the videos below.
Ballet: Swan Lake - Tchaikovsky
Watch Video
Tchaikovsky - Swan Lake - four little swans
Duration: (1:37)
User: classicclips10 - Added: 4/5/11
YouTube URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gApOfm4qd0
Ballet: The Sleeping Beauty - Tchaikovsky
Watch Video
Sleeping Beauty Waltz - La Scala Ballet
Duration: (4:12)
User: ARWHihodU_ GAqEw6 aZxLDg - Added: 1/27/14
YouTube URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_4EdDZjU60
Opera: AIDA - Act 2-Scene 2 (Triumphal March) - Verdi
Watch Video
AIDA Metropolitan Opera- Act 2-Scene 2 (Triumphal March) - Subt en Espanol
Duration: (9:32)
User: nikolaos333 - Added: 8/11/10
YouTube URL:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxgOIwOd_5I
Respond in writing to the following questions after reading Chapter 12 and viewing the videos above.
Describe the features of nineteenth-century ballet and opera.
What specific Romantic ideals did nineteenth-century ballet and opera express to its audience?
.
Newborn transitioningCh. 18Nursing management of thenewborn .docxhallettfaustina
Newborn transitioning
Ch. 18:
Nursing management of the
newborn
Ch.19:
Nursing Management at risk:
Pregnancy-related complications
Ch.20:
Nursing Management of the
Pregnancy at Risk: Health
conditions and vulnerable populations
Ch. 21:
Nursing management of
labor and birth at risk
Ch. 22:
Nursing management of the
postpartum woman at risk
.
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
N
IH
-P
A
A
uthor M
anuscript
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
Psychosom Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 January 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Psychosom Med. 2011 January ; 73(1): 67–74. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182002116.
Modeling Social Influences on Human Health
Kate Karelina, Ph.D.1 and A. Courtney DeVries, Ph.D.1,2
1 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
2 Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
USA
Abstract
Social interactions have long-term physiological, psychological and behavioral consequences.
Social isolation is a well recognized but little understood risk factor and prognostic marker of
disease, and can have profoundly detrimental effects on both mental and physical well-being,
particularly during states of compromised health. In contrast, the health benefits associated with
social support (both reduced risk and improved recovery) are evident in a variety of illnesses and
injury states; however, the mechanisms by which social interactions influence disease
pathogenesis remain largely unidentified. The substantial health impact of the psychosocial
environment can occur independently of traditional disease risk factors and is not accounted for
solely by peer-encouraged development of health behaviors. Instead, social interactions are
capable of altering shared pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple disease states in distinct
measurable ways. Converging evidence from animal models of injury and disease recapitulates the
physiological benefits of affiliative social interactions and establishes several endogenous
mechanisms (inflammatory signals, glucocorticoids and oxytocin) by which social interactions
influence health outcomes. Taken together, both clinical and animal research are undoubtedly
necessary in order to develop a complete mechanistic understanding of social influences on health.
Keywords
Social interaction; health; experimental models; oxytocin
Social influences on health
Social interactions shape humans from early development through senescence and have a
strong impact on many aspects of physiology and behavior. Indeed, social interaction is
essential for proper cognitive, affective and behavioral development (1). Among adults, the
social environment remains an important determinant of health and well being; ample
evidence suggests that positive social support accelerates and improves patient recovery
from cancer, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, and other
chronic diseases with an inflammatory component (2–5). This has led to a substantial
interest in the capacity to which the social environment affects physiological systems,
particularly during health challenges. The benefits of a positive social environment are
particularly salient in chronic disease st.
New Technology and Learning Process Please respond to the follow.docxhallettfaustina
Mobile learning uses portable electronic devices like smartphones and tablets to deliver educational content and support online learning. Educational institutions and training organizations are adopting mobile learning by developing course content that can be accessed remotely on mobile devices, allowing students more flexibility. To promote active collaborative online learning, instructors should consider incorporating discussion forums and group projects to foster interaction, as well as providing timely feedback to encourage participation and support learners.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
In the Minds of MonkeysWhat do they kn.docx
1. In the Minds of Monkeys
What do they know--and do they know they know it?
It was early morning, and the vervet monkeys had moved out of
their yellow-barked acacia sleeping trees to forage on the open
plains of the East African savanna. While the adults fed, the
juveniles played in a nearby bush. Macaulay, the rambunctious
son of a low-ranking female, wrestled Carlyle, the juvenile
daughter of the highest-ranking female in the group, to the
ground. Carlyle screamed, chased Macaulay away, and went to
forage next to her mother. The fight had lasted no more than a
few seconds, but it had not gone unnoticed: twenty minutes
later, Shelley, Carlyle's sister, approached Austen, Macaulay's
sister, and without provocation bit her on the tail.
This kind of anecdote sets the stage for the typical article on
nonhuman primates. Read any description of a long-term study
of monkeys or apes and you will find an account of complex
kinship networks, friendships, struggles for dominance, and
shifting alliances. For most human observers, what makes these
animals so fascinating is their social structure, which often
seems as rich and complex as our own. When we read
Shakespeare's account of the blood feud between the Capulets
and the Montagues, we take it for granted that the members of
these two families had a well-developed sense of their own and
other peoples' social relationships. If they didn't, there would
have been no feud and no ironic or tragic elements to Romeo
and Juliet's romance. Monkeys, like Shelley in the anecdote
above, apparently also recognize relationships in families other
than their own, and they use this knowledge to retaliate against
their opponents. For monkeys, as for humans, the enemy of my
kin and the kin of my enemy are my enemies too.
Highly social creatures, monkeys and apes have often impressed
observers with their ability to predict the behavior of other
animals and to recognize their relatives and allies. This has led
2. some scientists to speculate that primate, including human,
intelligence originally evolved to solve social problems.
According to this theory, natural selection has acted with
particular force in the social domain, making monkeys and apes
especially sensitive to the behavior and relations of others.
But what sort of social knowledge really exists in the minds of
monkeys? How is their intelligence similar to our own, and how
is it different? For the past thirteen years, we and our
colleagues have attempted to tackle some of these questions by
studying the East African vervet monkey in Kenya's Amboseli
National Park. Vervets are members of the largest family of Old
World monkeys, which includes baboons, macaques, and many
forest-dwelling monkeys, and they are among the most common
primates in sub-Saharan Africa. As primates, they are relatives
of ours, but they are by no means our closest relatives. Humans
and chimpanzees, for example, seem to have shared a common
ancestor only 5 million years ago, while the common ancestor
of Old World monkeys and humans lived roughly 20 million
years ago.
In Amboseli--an arid savanna woodland punctuated by swamps
at the foot of Kilimanjaro--vervets live in groups of ten to thirty
monkeys that include anywhere from one to eight adult males
and two to eight adult females. As in other Old World monkey
societies, females remain in their natal groups throughout their
lives, maintaining close bonds with their matrilineal kin; males
transfer to neighboring groups at sexual maturity. Social life in
the group is far from democratic. Each male and female
occupies a specific rank, dominating all those further down the
ladder. Offspring assume their mother's rank, so the dominance
hierarchy is in fact a hierarchy of families, with all the members
of family A outranking all the members of family B, and so on
down the line. Even a male assumes his mother's rank until he
migrates to another group. After that, a male's rank depends on
more subtle factors, including fighting ability, age, and his
acceptance by his adopted group's adult females.
While each vervet female inherits her high or low status, this
3. does not mean that she accepts her lot in life without protest.
Quite the contrary. Vervets, macaques, and baboons are--it must
be said--dreadful social climbers. They constantly compete for
the opportunity to groom highranking females, sit near them,
and play or groom with their infants. Animals that groom
together also tend to feed together and form alliances, and high-
ranking females have access to the best food,the best resting
places, and win almost all the disputes they enter. By
establishing a close bond with a high-ranking female, low- and
middle-ranking females may be able to enjoy some of the
benefits of high rank, even if they never actually increase their
status. In sum, vervet monkeys--like characters in a Jane Austen
novel--organize their lives around two principles: to maintain
close bonds with kin and to establish good relations with the
members of high-ranking families.
Time and time again, we have seen the practical value of
alliances. In a typical encounter, one female, Newton, may
lunge at another, Tycho, while competing for a fruit. As Tycho
moves off, Newton's sister Charing Cross runs up to aid in the
chase. In the meantime, Wormwood Scrubs, another of Newton's
sisters, runs over to Tycho's sister Holborn, who is feeding sixty
feet away, and hits her on the head. Hostility between two
animals often expands to include whole families, so not only
must monkeys predict one another's behavior but they must also
assess one another's relationships. A monkey confronted with
all this nonrandom turmoil cannot be content with learning
simply who is dominant or subordinate to herself; she must also
know who is allied to whom and who is likely to aid an
opponent.
We tested the vervets' ability to recognize the kin relations of
others by playing the scream of a two-year-old juvenile through
a concealed loudspeaker. The subjects for each experiment were
three females, one of whom was the juvenile's mother. In a
typical experiment, we would play the scream of Emerson to
three females: Teapot Dome (Emerson's mother), Profumo, and
Suez. Our original purpose was simply to determine whether or
4. not mothers recognized their offspring's screams. But when we
analyzed the films of the playback experiments, we found that
the screams often caused the other two females to look at the
mother. It was as if they were thinking, "That scream goes with
Emerson, and Emerson goes with Teapot Dome. What's she
going to do about it?"
Humans, obviously, do more than simply recognize the
relationships of others; we also compare different sorts of
relationships, classifying them and giving them labels that are
independent of the particular individuals involved. When a
friend mentions a sister or a lover, images of a particular type
of relationship are conjured up in our minds, even if we have
never met the person being discussed. Monkeys don't have
words for particular types of relationships, but they do seem to
evaluate and compare one another's social relationships. Vervets
apparently recognize parallels between their own kinship bonds
and those of others. A fight between Carlyle and Macaulay
increases the probability that Carlyle's relative will later
threaten Macaulay's relative.
While monkeys may know a lot about one another's social
relationships, they seem to know much less about one another's
minds. Consider deception, for example. Among humans,
successful deception demands that the liar identify what another
person believes to be true and then attempt to hide or falsify
relevant information. In other words, the liar must recognize the
distinction between his or her own beliefs and the beliefs of
others. Many animal species, including insects
occasionally give false signals to others, but these signals are
typically inflexible and occur only in a narrow range of
contexts. Male scorpion flies, for instance, sometimes steal dead
insects from other males by mimicking the behavior of a female,
but as far as we know, they never attempt to deceive one
another in any other context or in any other way.
Monkeys and apes, in contrast, attempt to hide or falsify a
variety of signals and patterns of behavior, and they do so in a
variety of contexts. For example, dominant male vervet
5. monkeys often chase subordinate males from sexually receptive
females. To counteract this tactic, a subordinate male will lead
a female behind a bush or tree, out of sight of more dominant
males, before attempting to copulate with her. Nevertheless,
monkeys' lies often seem oddly incomplete. To cite one
example, when vervet males spot a leopard, one of their primary
predators, they give loud barking alarm calls that cause other
vervets to run up into trees for safety. Most of the monkeys'
alarm calls are reliable, signaling the true presence of a
predator. Over the years, though, we have observed cases in
which a male gave apparently false alarm calls just as a new
male was attempting to transfer into his group. Normally, males
are hostile to solitary males that approach their groups, since
such males are almost invariably migrants in search of a group
to join. Resident males are not always successful, however, in
driving away these migrants, particularly when the migrants are
younger and stronger than themselves. The primary perpetrator
of false alarm calls during our study was Kitui, a perpetually
low-ranking male that could reasonably have expected to
become subordinate to any rival that successfully transferred
into the group. Kitui's false alarms were effective because they
caused his rival to run up into a tree and prevented him from
approaching the group.
So far, so good. The alarm calls appeared to be deceitful,
signaling a danger that Kitui, but not the rival, knew to be false,
and they kept the rival temporarily at bay. But was Kitui
actually trying to make his rival believe a leopard was nearby?
We can never know for certain what goes on in the mind of a
monkey when he gives an incorrect alarm call. Even if the call
functions to mislead, it may not be at all appropriate to
conclude that the signaler attributes mental states to others.
Here the issue becomes murky, because Kitui's subsequent
behavior was often puzzling. As if to convince his rival of the
importance of his calls, on three occasions Kitui left his own
tree, walked across the plain in full view of the imaginary
leopard, and entered a tree next to his rival's, alarm calling all
6. the while. He seemed to have gotten only half the story right: he
acted as if he knew that his alarm calls caused others to believe
there was a leopard nearby, but he didn't seem to realize that he
should behave as if he also believed in the leopard.
Numerous psychological studies have demonstrated that, like
Kitui, young children also have difficulty in distinguishing their
own knowledge from that of others. As any parent of a small
child will readily attest, children cannot easily recognize or
create false beliefs in others. Perhaps this iswhat makes them
such poor liars. A child of three will deny having been to the
cookie jar when there are still telltale crumbs on his or her face;
only later do children learn to wipe the crumbs off before
pleading innocence.
Other anecdotes are equally difficult to interpret. Subordinate
female baboons often raise their tails when approaching or
interacting with more dominant animals. Raised tails seem to
reflect anxiety and are usually accompanied by other signs of
subordination, such as grimacing or presenting the hindquarters.
In an earlier study of baboons, we once watched a female
attempt to suppress this sign of subordination. The female,
known to us as the Lady from Philadelphia, was attempting to
follow her daughter on a narrow rock ledge, and the path led her
within two feet of the resting place of the group's dominant
male, Rocky. As she approached Rocky, the Lady from
Philadelphia's tail began to rise. Looking back at her tail, she
pressed it down and held it until she had passed him, as if she
recognized that her raised tail would reveal an anxiety she
wanted to conceal.
Watching this behavior, we were tempted to conclude that the
Lady from Philadelphia was aware of the distinction between
her actual state of mind and the state of mind she wished to
convey to Rocky. Even if her actions represented a true
deceptive tactic, her behavior was difficult to interpret, at least
for human observers. Didn't she realize that by pushing her tail
down in full view of Rocky, she was less likely to fool him? Or
was Rocky's ability to detect deception also so incomplete that
7. it didn't matter how conspicuous her act of deception was?
Many anecdotes suggest that apes may be better than monkeys
at attributing beliefs to others and at recognizing the effects of
their own behavior on others. To give one example, Luit and
Nikki, two adult males in a captive group of chimpanzees
studied by Frans de Waal, were engaged in a prolonged struggle
for dominance. During one fight, Luit chased Nikki into a tree
and then took up a position of vigilance at its base. As he sat,
Luit began to bare his teeth in a nervous "fear grin"--a sign of
anxiety. Quickly, Luit turned his back to Nikki, put his hand
over his mouth, and pressed his lips together, apparently to hide
this sign of submission. Only after three attempts, when he had
succeeded in wiping the fear grin from his face, did Luit turn to
face Nikki again. Luit's actions suggested that he was aware of
his nervousness, of the external manifestation of his fear, and of
the need to hide this sign from his rival. Luit appeared to be
attempting to manipulate Nikki's beliefs, but until definitive
experiments are designed to test this hypothesis, simpler
explanations are also possible. For example, Luit might have
learned that whenever he showed a particular facial expression,
Nikki chased him.
Many observers have suggested that nonhuman primates seem to
show much greater intelligence when manipulating one another
than when manipulating objects. According to this "social
intelligence" hypothesis, the reason that monkeys in the
laboratory can be taught to classify objects according to some
criterion, such as color or shape, is that they do this sort of
thingnaturally in the context of social interactions: placing
objects X, Y, and Z into a particular class comes easily to
animals used to classifying one another as members of different
matrilines. Similarly, when monkeys solve problems of
transitive inference in the laboratory (if A is bigger than B, and
B is bigger than C, then A must be bigger than C), they are
merely duplicating an ability they use daily in assessing other
animals' dominance ranks.
The idea that a given ability may be manifested more in one
8. context than in another is not new. Many food-caching birds,
for instance, exhibit striking spatial memory when it comes to
finding seeds, but it is not clear whether they extend this ability
to nonforaging contexts. Similarly, although the honeybee's
dance conveys extraordinarily precise information about the
location, direction, and quality of food, honeybees do not seem
to use their dance to communicate, for example, about their nest
mates.
Do monkeys in fact exhibit more skills in social interactions
than in nonsocial contexts? Our investigations are still
preliminary, but they suggest that vervets sometimes show
surprising gaps in their knowledge of the external world.
Consider the monkeys' understanding of their predators. In
Amboseli, predation accounts for more than 70 percent of all
vervet deaths. The monkeys are preyed upon by leopards,
smaller cats, martial eagles, pythons, and baboons. In some
respects, the vervets have an impressive battery of responses to
these many predators. They have at least six acoustically
different alarm calls for these different classes of predators, and
each type of alarm call evokes a different escape response. The
loud, barklike leopard alarm call, for instance, causes monkeys
to run up into trees, while their more gruntlike eagle alarm call
causes them to look up into the air.
Vervets also recognize the various alarm calls of other species.
The superb starling, one of the most common bird species in
Amboseli, has two distinct alarm calls: one for terrestrial
predators (including vervets, which steal their eggs); the other
for hawks and eagles. When we played recordings of starling
alarm calls to vervets, we found that the monkeys responded
appropriately: the starling's terrestrial predator alarm call
caused the monkeys to run toward trees, while the starling's
eagle alarm call caused them to look up into the air.
In contrast to their skill at recognizing the alarm calls of other
species, however, vervets seem remarkably poor at identifying
the many kinds of visual cues left by predators. Leopards, for
example, are the only predators that cache carcasses in trees,
9. and vervets invariably alarm call when they spot a leopard in a
tree with a carcass. Nevertheless, the monkeys show no sign of
anxiety or increased vigilance when they spot a carcass in a tree
in the absence of a leopard; they never seem to realize that a
carcass in a tree may mean that a leopard is nearby.
Vervets are similarly blind to visual evidence of pythons. These
snakes hunt vervets by lying in wait for them in bushes or at the
base of trees. The snakes leave straight, wide tracks(reminiscent
of a wide-wheeled bicycle) that cannot be mistaken for those of
any other species, and humans quickly learn to avoid bushy
areas where there are fresh python tracks that haven't yet been
disturbed by wind or other animal footprints. The vervets,
though, never seem to learn that a python track denotes the
proximity of a python. We have often watched in utter
mystification as a vervet monkey walked calmly into a bush to
feed, ignoring the python track that led directly into it, only to
leap away in shocked horror when it encountered the snake
there.
Finally, vervet monkeys flee from Masai herdsmen and their
cattle, and they also respond to the mooing of cows and the
ringing of cowbells with vigilance and flight. Nevertheless, they
don't seem to recognize the distinctive clouds of dust that herald
the approach of cattle and Masai. Livestock herds produce
thick, dense clouds of dust that are readily distinguished (at
least by humans) from the more diffuse dust clouds produced by
zebras, wildebeest, and elephants. Day after day, however, the
monkeys will sit impassively in the midst of the livestock dust
clouds, only to give surprised alarm calls when the cows
invariably emerge.
Why should vervets fail to recognize the visual evidence of
predators? One possible explanation may be that visual and
auditory cues first evolved to deal with social problems.
Vervets do use visual signals in face-to-face interactions with
other monkeys but do not respond to visual evidence of an
absent object or individual. They do not, for example, follow
one another's tracks when foraging, look for the tracks made by
10. other groups when patrolling a territorial boundary, or visually
alter aspects of their physical environment to denote rank or
group membership. Auditory cues, in the form of their many
vocalizations, however, are abundant in these sorts of
situations. Monkeys frequently call when out of sight of one
another. If monkeys are foraging in dense brush, a vocalization
is enough to signal that a dominant animal is approaching or
another group has been spotted. In the social context, vervets
may never have needed to recognize that a visual cue can denote
some absent object or individual. Perhaps as a result, when they
confront a python's tracks or a carcass in a tree, the monkeys do
not make the connection between these objects and the
predators that put them there.
Apes may be better than vervet monkeys at recognizing the
visual cues left by other animals. In the wild, for instance,
chimpanzees make sleeping nests each night. When the members
of one group make raiding patrols into the range of another
group, they sometimes give aggressive displays upon
encountering their neighbors' empty nests. It would be
interesting to determine if chimpanzees were better than vervets
at recognizing the visual clues left by predators. The superior
performance of chimpanzees in many laboratory tests does
suggest that their intelligence may be less constrained and less
context specific than that of monkeys.
One of the most important features of human intelligence is our
ability to take a skill we have acquired in one context and
extend, or generalize, it to another. Humans can use analogical
reasoning not just to evaluate the similarity between our own
and other people's familiarelationships but also to recognize, for
example, that cat doors and the valves of a heart operate
according to the same general principles. One of the primary
distinctions between our intelligence and that of other primates
may lie not so much in any specific skill as in our ability to
extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different
ones.
11. 7 questions.
1. What is the dental formula of vervet monkeys (hint: what
kind of primate are they)?
2.Since vervet monkeys and humans last shared a common
ancestor 20 million years ago, do you think primatologists can
learn useful information about human behavior and intelligence
from studying them?
3.Describe vervet monkey social structures. Why do vervet
monkeys need to keep track of so many other individuals and
their relationships? How do they use vocalizations to do this?
4.What are several ways primates use deception?
5.Define the social intelligence hypothesis. Why are monkeys
better at manipulating each other than objects?
6.What are vervets better at – interpreting visual information
about predators, or auditory information about predators? Why?
7.What distinctions do the authors draw between human and
non-human primate intelligence?