The document discusses the growing use of surveillance cameras in public spaces in American cities. It focuses on Elk Grove, California, which has invested hundreds of thousands of dollars in over 100 surveillance cameras placed in parks, streets, and other public areas. While proponents argue cameras help prevent crime, some residents express concerns about constant monitoring and lack of privacy. The police department collects and monitors all video feeds, using sophisticated software to search footage.
Keynote for the national HKN (Eta-Kappa-Nu) Student Leadership Conference in Feb 2016, discussing the ethics of responsibility in engineering, from my personal history in information security.
"How private is your privacy" is a descriptive travel from history into recent incidents that triggered an unbelievable ignorance towards the value of one's virtual privacy.
Keynote for the national HKN (Eta-Kappa-Nu) Student Leadership Conference in Feb 2016, discussing the ethics of responsibility in engineering, from my personal history in information security.
"How private is your privacy" is a descriptive travel from history into recent incidents that triggered an unbelievable ignorance towards the value of one's virtual privacy.
When involved in a criminal investigation, one of the most difficult situations for any police detective is being forced to proceed without sufficient evidence that can lead to a conviction. Often the physical evidence found at a crime scene is minimal to none, with perhaps only a poor quality security video of the assailant, or a cellphone photo, leaving detectives to begin an investigation with only a dark, grainy image or video.
Top 24 team in the High School Utah Entrepreneur Challenge 2017. The program is managed by the Lassonde Entrepreneur Institute at the University of Utah. Learn more at lassonde.utah.edu/hsuec.
A Big Test of Police Body Cameras DefiesExpectationsAmanda.docxsleeperharwell
A Big Test of Police Body Cameras Defies
Expectations
Amanda Ripley OCT. 20, 2017 391
Usually, we behave better when we know we’re being watched. According to
decades of research, the presence of other people, cameras or even just a
picture of eyes seems to nudge us toward civility: We become more likely to
give to charity, for example, and less likely to speed, steal or take more than
our fair share of candy.
But what happens when the cameras are on the chests of police officers?
The results of the largest, most rigorous study of police body cameras in the
United States came out Friday morning, and they are surprising both police
officers and researchers.
For seven months, just over a thousand Washington, D.C., police officers
were randomly assigned cameras — and another thousand were not.
Researchers tracked use-of-force incidents, civilian complaints, charging
decisions and other outcomes to see if the cameras changed behavior. But
on every metric, the effects were too small to be statistically significant.
Officers with cameras used force and faced civilian complaints at about the
same rates as officers without cameras.
“These results suggest we should recalibrate our expectations” of cameras’
ability to make a “large-scale behavioral change in policing, particularly in
contexts similar to Washington, D.C.,” concluded the study, which was led
by David Yokum at the Lab @ DC, a team of scientists embedded in D.C.
government, and Anita Ravishankar at D.C.’s Metropolitan Police
Department (M.P.D.).
javascript:;
javascript:;
javascript:;
javascript:;
javascript:;
http://bwc.thelab.dc.gov/
After the public uprising in response to the 2014 police shooting of Michael
Brown in Ferguson, Mo., advocates and many police officials turned to
cameras as a way to reduce violent encounters and build trust. By 2015, 95
percent of large police departments reported they were using body cameras
or had committed to doing so in the near future, according to a national
survey.
The cameras provide an independent, if sometimes ambiguous, record of
police-civilian encounters.
A large study found police body cameras did not greatly alter behavior. In this model, a red light indicates the
camera is recording. Axon
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/06/us/police-body-cameras.html
https://assets.bwbx.io/documents/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/rvnT.EAJQwK4/v0
RELATED COVERAGE
Shooting of Emotionally Disturbed Man
Puts Focus on New Training AUG. 1, 2017
With Rise of Body Cameras, New Tests
of Transparency and Trust JAN. 6, 2017
Opinion
We Have Police Videos. Now What?
JULY 14, 2017
A Bump Stock Ban Is Popular With the
Public. But Experts Have Their Doubts.
OCT. 12, 2017
Until now, the most commonly cited study on police body cameras had
suggested that cameras did indeed have a calming effect.
That experimenttook place in 2012 in Rialto, Calif., where officers were
randomly assigned cameras based on their shifts. Over a year, shifts that
included cameras experienced.
Computers, Technology,
and
Criminalistics in
Policing
After studying this chapter, the student should be able to:
Describe Computers in Policing.
LO2 Discuss Fingerprint Technology.
Discuss Modem Forensics or Criminalistics.
Discuss DNA Profiling (Genetic Fingerprinting),
Computers, technology, and modern forensics or criminalistics have revolutionized policing and have made die police more effective in crime-fighting and other duties. Modern technology is very familiar to the students reading this text. However, many might not be aware diat little was known of this technology on the day they were bom. The past few decades have seen advances in technology that most of us would never have foreseen. The computer chip has revolutionized society. The criminal justice system and die police, in particular, have benefited greatly from this technological revolution. This chapter will discuss computers in policing, fingerprint technology, modern forensics or criminalistics, and DNA profiling (genetic fingerprinting).
Describe Computers in Policing
In 1964, St. Louis was die only city in die United States with a computer system for its police department. By 1968, 10 states and 50 cities had computer-based criminal justice information systems. Today, almost every law enforcement agency uses computers in many phases of their operations. Computer use in police work has increased exponentially since 1964.
The following sections discuss the most commonly used applications of computers in police work.
Computer-Aided Dispatch
Before the computer revolution, the police communications system was slow and cumbersome. A citizen would call the police with a seven-digit telephone number. A police telephone operator would take the information, write it on an index card, and put the card on a conveyor belt, where it would travel to die dispatcher's desk. The dispatcher would then manually search maps and records for the police car diat covered die area from which the call originated and then call the car, giving die officer all the information from the index card. All records were kept manually.
Computers, Techr«*ogy, and Criminalistics in Policing "195
Computers, Technology, and Criminalistics in Policing 197
o
I a
i
z
I
196
Computers, Technology, and Criminalistics in Policing 197
(
computer-aided dispatch (CAD)
System that allows almost immediate communication between the police dispatcher and police units in the field.
, , Log into
www.cengagebrain.com
- £ to practice your vocabulary with flash cards and more.
)
(
196
)The 911 emergency telephone number system was introduced by American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) in 1968. The most recent available data indicate diat 92 percent of local police departments and 94 percent of sheriffs offices participated in an emergency 911 system. In addition, 73 percent of local police departments and 71 percent of sheriffs' offices had enhanced 911 systems, capable of automatically di.
1 Evaluate the role of managers in criminal justice planning and in.pdffms12345
- Programming Exercise 2: implement the member function moveToNth(...) that removes the
item marked by the cursor and inserts it as the nth element of the list; test your implementation
by turning the flag LAB3_TEST2 from 0 to 1 in config.h; (20 points)
- Programming Exercise 3: implement the ListArray member function find(...) that searches for
the element given as a parameter; the search starts at the cursor and stops when it finds the
element or at the end of the list; the cursor remains on the last position searched; test you
implementation by turning the flag LAB3_TEST3 from 0 to 1 in config.h; (20 points)
#include
using namespace std;
// Because of C++ template implementations, must include source for templated class
// That is ugly, but it is required.
#include \"ListArray.cpp\"
#include \"config.h\"
void print_help();
void showTwoLists(List list1, List list2); // Displays two lists that are supposedly equivalent.
int main()
{
// hack: put a \"try/catch\" with list creation code?
// we need to demonstrate use of the try/catch syntax.
#if LAB3_TEST1
List testList(8); // Test list to test with ints
List copyList(testList); // Used to test copy constructor
List assignList; // Used to test assignment operator
int testData; // List data item
#else
List testList(8); // Test list to test with chars
List copyList(testList); // Used to test copy constructor
List assignList; // Used to test assignment operator
char testData; // List data item
#endif
int n; // Position within list
char cmd; // Input command
print_help();
do
{
testList.showStructure(); // Output list
cout << endl << \"Command: \"; // Read command
cin >> cmd;
if ( cmd == \'+\' || cmd == \'=\' || cmd == \'?\' )
cin >> testData;
else if ( cmd == \'M\' || cmd == \'m\' )
cin >> n;
switch ( cmd )
{
case \'H\' : case \'h\':
print_help();
break;
case \'+\' : // insert
cout << \"Insert \" << testData << endl;
try
{
testList.insert(testData);
}
catch (logic_error &e)
{
cerr << \"EXCEPTION: A logic error occurred in the insert function.\";
}
break;
case \'-\' : // remove
cout << \"Remove the data item marked by the cursor\"
<< endl;
try
{
testList.remove();
}
catch (logic_error &e)
{
cerr << \"EXCEPTION: A logic error occurred in the remove function.\";
}
break;
case \'=\' : // replace
cout << \"Replace the data item marked by the cursor \"
<< \"with \" << testData << endl;
try
{
testList.replace(testData);
}
catch (logic_error &e)
{
cerr << \"EXCEPTION: A logic error occurred in the replace function.\";
}
break;
case \'@\' : // getCursor
try
{
cout << \"Data item marked by the cursor is \"
<< testList.getCursor() << endl;
}
catch (logic_error &e)
{
cerr << \"EXCEPTION: A logic error occurred in the getCursor function.\";
}
break;
case \'<\' : // gotoBeginning
cout << \"Go to the beginning of the list\" << endl;
try
{
testList.gotoBeginning();
}
catch (logic_error &e)
{
cerr << \"EXCEPTION: A logic error occurred in the gotoBeginning function.\";
}
break;
case \'>\' : // gotoEnd
cout << \"Go.
Your doorbell is looking a bit creepy. Smart video doorbells like those from Ring and Nest Labs (owned by Amazon and Alphabet, respectively) have their practical uses, such as catching package thieves. Still, the fast-selling systems could evolve into a privacy invasion, as Geoffrey A. Fowler notes in the Washington Post while offering an ethical field guide.
10 Criminology in the FutureCriminology in the FutureKristop.docxhyacinthshackley2629
10 Criminology in the Future
Criminology in the Future
Kristopher Freitag, Javielle Watson, Michael Westphal, Starcia Zeigler
CJA/314
April 7, 2014
Judy Mazzucca
Technology is advancing in every aspect of the criminal justice system, from the investigation to the prosecution of the crimes. Crime fighting methodologies have the potential to greatly assist law enforcement in the war on crime. Some experts even think that some software and tools will be able to help prevent crime. (Yeung, n.d.). Methodologies, such as mandating DNA collection programs, biometrics, and implementing cybercrime spyware programs are on the list of the next big things of the future, when it comes to fighting crime. DNA testing helps law enforcement investigate and prosecute crimes, as well as clear the names of those who have been wrongfully convicted. There are currently about twenty states with laws requiring DNA collection at the time of the person’s arrest. The federal government also has this requirement. As, with any controversial subject, DNA testing has its critics. Some are saying that DNA testing is in violation of the Fourth Amendment, especially for those who have not been convicted of a crime. Others are concerned that DNA testing may open the doors for abuse of the genetic information being stored in the databases. (Berson, n.d.). Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Some of the features measured using biometrics are handwriting, voice, iris, hand geometry, vein, retinal, and fingerprints. Biometric based solutions provide personal data privacy, and confidential financial transactions, and are starting to become the foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions. The need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is great, due to the increased number of transaction fraud and security breaches. This need is especially great in the areas of local, state, and federal governments. Infrastructures such as electronic banking, health and social services, law enforcement, and retail sales are already taking advantage of, and seeing the benefits of biometric technology. ("The Biometrics Consortium", n.d.).
As we become more and more dependent on technology, the increase of cybercrimes are skyrocketing, which has forced law enforcement to figure out ways of combatting cybercrimes. We have become extremely vulnerable to many cybercrimes, including social media fraud, which consists of cyber criminals using social media to steal the identities of unsuspecting people; and luring people to download malicious materials, or reveal their passwords; corporate security breaches, which consists of cyber criminals exploiting company employees via scams; and phishing, which involves cyber criminals targeting company employees by sending emails that appear to be from someone within the company. ("Homeland .
When involved in a criminal investigation, one of the most difficult situations for any police detective is being forced to proceed without sufficient evidence that can lead to a conviction. Often the physical evidence found at a crime scene is minimal to none, with perhaps only a poor quality security video of the assailant, or a cellphone photo, leaving detectives to begin an investigation with only a dark, grainy image or video.
Top 24 team in the High School Utah Entrepreneur Challenge 2017. The program is managed by the Lassonde Entrepreneur Institute at the University of Utah. Learn more at lassonde.utah.edu/hsuec.
A Big Test of Police Body Cameras DefiesExpectationsAmanda.docxsleeperharwell
A Big Test of Police Body Cameras Defies
Expectations
Amanda Ripley OCT. 20, 2017 391
Usually, we behave better when we know we’re being watched. According to
decades of research, the presence of other people, cameras or even just a
picture of eyes seems to nudge us toward civility: We become more likely to
give to charity, for example, and less likely to speed, steal or take more than
our fair share of candy.
But what happens when the cameras are on the chests of police officers?
The results of the largest, most rigorous study of police body cameras in the
United States came out Friday morning, and they are surprising both police
officers and researchers.
For seven months, just over a thousand Washington, D.C., police officers
were randomly assigned cameras — and another thousand were not.
Researchers tracked use-of-force incidents, civilian complaints, charging
decisions and other outcomes to see if the cameras changed behavior. But
on every metric, the effects were too small to be statistically significant.
Officers with cameras used force and faced civilian complaints at about the
same rates as officers without cameras.
“These results suggest we should recalibrate our expectations” of cameras’
ability to make a “large-scale behavioral change in policing, particularly in
contexts similar to Washington, D.C.,” concluded the study, which was led
by David Yokum at the Lab @ DC, a team of scientists embedded in D.C.
government, and Anita Ravishankar at D.C.’s Metropolitan Police
Department (M.P.D.).
javascript:;
javascript:;
javascript:;
javascript:;
javascript:;
http://bwc.thelab.dc.gov/
After the public uprising in response to the 2014 police shooting of Michael
Brown in Ferguson, Mo., advocates and many police officials turned to
cameras as a way to reduce violent encounters and build trust. By 2015, 95
percent of large police departments reported they were using body cameras
or had committed to doing so in the near future, according to a national
survey.
The cameras provide an independent, if sometimes ambiguous, record of
police-civilian encounters.
A large study found police body cameras did not greatly alter behavior. In this model, a red light indicates the
camera is recording. Axon
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/06/us/police-body-cameras.html
https://assets.bwbx.io/documents/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/rvnT.EAJQwK4/v0
RELATED COVERAGE
Shooting of Emotionally Disturbed Man
Puts Focus on New Training AUG. 1, 2017
With Rise of Body Cameras, New Tests
of Transparency and Trust JAN. 6, 2017
Opinion
We Have Police Videos. Now What?
JULY 14, 2017
A Bump Stock Ban Is Popular With the
Public. But Experts Have Their Doubts.
OCT. 12, 2017
Until now, the most commonly cited study on police body cameras had
suggested that cameras did indeed have a calming effect.
That experimenttook place in 2012 in Rialto, Calif., where officers were
randomly assigned cameras based on their shifts. Over a year, shifts that
included cameras experienced.
Computers, Technology,
and
Criminalistics in
Policing
After studying this chapter, the student should be able to:
Describe Computers in Policing.
LO2 Discuss Fingerprint Technology.
Discuss Modem Forensics or Criminalistics.
Discuss DNA Profiling (Genetic Fingerprinting),
Computers, technology, and modern forensics or criminalistics have revolutionized policing and have made die police more effective in crime-fighting and other duties. Modern technology is very familiar to the students reading this text. However, many might not be aware diat little was known of this technology on the day they were bom. The past few decades have seen advances in technology that most of us would never have foreseen. The computer chip has revolutionized society. The criminal justice system and die police, in particular, have benefited greatly from this technological revolution. This chapter will discuss computers in policing, fingerprint technology, modern forensics or criminalistics, and DNA profiling (genetic fingerprinting).
Describe Computers in Policing
In 1964, St. Louis was die only city in die United States with a computer system for its police department. By 1968, 10 states and 50 cities had computer-based criminal justice information systems. Today, almost every law enforcement agency uses computers in many phases of their operations. Computer use in police work has increased exponentially since 1964.
The following sections discuss the most commonly used applications of computers in police work.
Computer-Aided Dispatch
Before the computer revolution, the police communications system was slow and cumbersome. A citizen would call the police with a seven-digit telephone number. A police telephone operator would take the information, write it on an index card, and put the card on a conveyor belt, where it would travel to die dispatcher's desk. The dispatcher would then manually search maps and records for the police car diat covered die area from which the call originated and then call the car, giving die officer all the information from the index card. All records were kept manually.
Computers, Techr«*ogy, and Criminalistics in Policing "195
Computers, Technology, and Criminalistics in Policing 197
o
I a
i
z
I
196
Computers, Technology, and Criminalistics in Policing 197
(
computer-aided dispatch (CAD)
System that allows almost immediate communication between the police dispatcher and police units in the field.
, , Log into
www.cengagebrain.com
- £ to practice your vocabulary with flash cards and more.
)
(
196
)The 911 emergency telephone number system was introduced by American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) in 1968. The most recent available data indicate diat 92 percent of local police departments and 94 percent of sheriffs offices participated in an emergency 911 system. In addition, 73 percent of local police departments and 71 percent of sheriffs' offices had enhanced 911 systems, capable of automatically di.
1 Evaluate the role of managers in criminal justice planning and in.pdffms12345
- Programming Exercise 2: implement the member function moveToNth(...) that removes the
item marked by the cursor and inserts it as the nth element of the list; test your implementation
by turning the flag LAB3_TEST2 from 0 to 1 in config.h; (20 points)
- Programming Exercise 3: implement the ListArray member function find(...) that searches for
the element given as a parameter; the search starts at the cursor and stops when it finds the
element or at the end of the list; the cursor remains on the last position searched; test you
implementation by turning the flag LAB3_TEST3 from 0 to 1 in config.h; (20 points)
#include
using namespace std;
// Because of C++ template implementations, must include source for templated class
// That is ugly, but it is required.
#include \"ListArray.cpp\"
#include \"config.h\"
void print_help();
void showTwoLists(List list1, List list2); // Displays two lists that are supposedly equivalent.
int main()
{
// hack: put a \"try/catch\" with list creation code?
// we need to demonstrate use of the try/catch syntax.
#if LAB3_TEST1
List testList(8); // Test list to test with ints
List copyList(testList); // Used to test copy constructor
List assignList; // Used to test assignment operator
int testData; // List data item
#else
List testList(8); // Test list to test with chars
List copyList(testList); // Used to test copy constructor
List assignList; // Used to test assignment operator
char testData; // List data item
#endif
int n; // Position within list
char cmd; // Input command
print_help();
do
{
testList.showStructure(); // Output list
cout << endl << \"Command: \"; // Read command
cin >> cmd;
if ( cmd == \'+\' || cmd == \'=\' || cmd == \'?\' )
cin >> testData;
else if ( cmd == \'M\' || cmd == \'m\' )
cin >> n;
switch ( cmd )
{
case \'H\' : case \'h\':
print_help();
break;
case \'+\' : // insert
cout << \"Insert \" << testData << endl;
try
{
testList.insert(testData);
}
catch (logic_error &e)
{
cerr << \"EXCEPTION: A logic error occurred in the insert function.\";
}
break;
case \'-\' : // remove
cout << \"Remove the data item marked by the cursor\"
<< endl;
try
{
testList.remove();
}
catch (logic_error &e)
{
cerr << \"EXCEPTION: A logic error occurred in the remove function.\";
}
break;
case \'=\' : // replace
cout << \"Replace the data item marked by the cursor \"
<< \"with \" << testData << endl;
try
{
testList.replace(testData);
}
catch (logic_error &e)
{
cerr << \"EXCEPTION: A logic error occurred in the replace function.\";
}
break;
case \'@\' : // getCursor
try
{
cout << \"Data item marked by the cursor is \"
<< testList.getCursor() << endl;
}
catch (logic_error &e)
{
cerr << \"EXCEPTION: A logic error occurred in the getCursor function.\";
}
break;
case \'<\' : // gotoBeginning
cout << \"Go to the beginning of the list\" << endl;
try
{
testList.gotoBeginning();
}
catch (logic_error &e)
{
cerr << \"EXCEPTION: A logic error occurred in the gotoBeginning function.\";
}
break;
case \'>\' : // gotoEnd
cout << \"Go.
Your doorbell is looking a bit creepy. Smart video doorbells like those from Ring and Nest Labs (owned by Amazon and Alphabet, respectively) have their practical uses, such as catching package thieves. Still, the fast-selling systems could evolve into a privacy invasion, as Geoffrey A. Fowler notes in the Washington Post while offering an ethical field guide.
10 Criminology in the FutureCriminology in the FutureKristop.docxhyacinthshackley2629
10 Criminology in the Future
Criminology in the Future
Kristopher Freitag, Javielle Watson, Michael Westphal, Starcia Zeigler
CJA/314
April 7, 2014
Judy Mazzucca
Technology is advancing in every aspect of the criminal justice system, from the investigation to the prosecution of the crimes. Crime fighting methodologies have the potential to greatly assist law enforcement in the war on crime. Some experts even think that some software and tools will be able to help prevent crime. (Yeung, n.d.). Methodologies, such as mandating DNA collection programs, biometrics, and implementing cybercrime spyware programs are on the list of the next big things of the future, when it comes to fighting crime. DNA testing helps law enforcement investigate and prosecute crimes, as well as clear the names of those who have been wrongfully convicted. There are currently about twenty states with laws requiring DNA collection at the time of the person’s arrest. The federal government also has this requirement. As, with any controversial subject, DNA testing has its critics. Some are saying that DNA testing is in violation of the Fourth Amendment, especially for those who have not been convicted of a crime. Others are concerned that DNA testing may open the doors for abuse of the genetic information being stored in the databases. (Berson, n.d.). Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Some of the features measured using biometrics are handwriting, voice, iris, hand geometry, vein, retinal, and fingerprints. Biometric based solutions provide personal data privacy, and confidential financial transactions, and are starting to become the foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions. The need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is great, due to the increased number of transaction fraud and security breaches. This need is especially great in the areas of local, state, and federal governments. Infrastructures such as electronic banking, health and social services, law enforcement, and retail sales are already taking advantage of, and seeing the benefits of biometric technology. ("The Biometrics Consortium", n.d.).
As we become more and more dependent on technology, the increase of cybercrimes are skyrocketing, which has forced law enforcement to figure out ways of combatting cybercrimes. We have become extremely vulnerable to many cybercrimes, including social media fraud, which consists of cyber criminals using social media to steal the identities of unsuspecting people; and luring people to download malicious materials, or reveal their passwords; corporate security breaches, which consists of cyber criminals exploiting company employees via scams; and phishing, which involves cyber criminals targeting company employees by sending emails that appear to be from someone within the company. ("Homeland .
This document announces the winners of the 2024 Youth Poster Contest organized by MATFORCE. It lists the grand prize and age category winners for grades K-6, 7-12, and individual age groups from 5 years old to 18 years old.
Boudoir photography, a genre that captures intimate and sensual images of individuals, has experienced significant transformation over the years, particularly in New York City (NYC). Known for its diversity and vibrant arts scene, NYC has been a hub for the evolution of various art forms, including boudoir photography. This article delves into the historical background, cultural significance, technological advancements, and the contemporary landscape of boudoir photography in NYC.
Fashionista Chic Couture Maze & Coloring Adventures is a coloring and activity book filled with many maze games and coloring activities designed to delight and engage young fashion enthusiasts. Each page offers a unique blend of fashion-themed mazes and stylish illustrations to color, inspiring creativity and problem-solving skills in children.
This tutorial offers a step-by-step guide on how to effectively use Pinterest. It covers the basics such as account creation and navigation, as well as advanced techniques including creating eye-catching pins and optimizing your profile. The tutorial also explores collaboration and networking on the platform. With visual illustrations and clear instructions, this tutorial will equip you with the skills to navigate Pinterest confidently and achieve your goals.
In More Cities, a Camera on Every Corner, Park and Sidewalk NPR Article
1. In More Cities, A Camera On Every Corner, Park And Sidewalk
by
STEVE
HENN
June
20,
2013
NPR
Enlarge image
Micaela
Torres
and
2-‐year-‐old
Jakai
Johnson
swing
underneath
a
surveillance
camera
at
Miwok
Park
in
Elk
Grove,
Calif.
The
city's
police
department
collects
more
than
100
video
feeds
from
across
the
city.
Surveillance
cameras,
and
the
sophisticated
software
packages
that
go
with
them,
have
become
big
business.
Many
small-‐
and
medium-‐sized
cities
across
American
are
spending
hundreds
of
thousands
of
dollars
on
cameras
and
software
to
watch
their
residents.
These
systems
use
some
of
the
same
kinds
of
technology
the
New
York
Police
Department
has
deployed
in
lower
Manhattan
to
catch
terrorists.
But
many
cities
are
now
using
the
technology
for
policing
as
mundane
as
preventing
vandalism
at
parks.
A
case
in
point:
Elk
Grove,
Calif.
Elk
Grove
is
a
sleepy
suburb
of
Sacramento
with
a
modest
crime
rate.
It's
bordered
to
the
south
and
west
by
wide-‐open
ranch
land.
Last
week
I
found
myself
sitting
on
a
swing
in
Miwok
Park,
watching
toddlers,
kids
and
dog
walkers.
It
couldn't
have
been
a
sleepier
scene.
Nonetheless,
I
was
being
watched.
There
was
a
camera
right
above
my
head.
"I
didn't
even
know
that
one
was
there,"
said
Chelsea
Yokkum,
who
was
playing
with
her
son.
Nearby,
a
couple
was
lying
on
a
picnic
blanket,
snuggling.
When
I
walked
up,
interrupting,
they
packed
up
to
go.
They
said
they
knew
there
was
a
camera
above
their
head,
but
that
they
had
no
idea
what
happened
to
the
video
feed.
It
turns
out
it's
sent
directly
to
the
Elk
Grove
Police
Department.
"That
is
kind
of
scary
in
a
sense,"
said
the
man,
who
declined
to
give
his
name.
"Knowing
that
people
are
watching,
no
matter
what."
He's
not
alone.
Many
folks
in
Elk
Grove
who
told
me
they
are
apprehensive
about
these
cameras
didn't
want
to
speak
on
the
record
and
didn't
want
to
be
identified.
2. Laura
Donohue,
a
Georgetown
University
law
professor
who
studies
surveillance
technology,
says
that
kind
of
reaction
to
surveillance
is
common.
She
says
proponents
of
cameras
often
argue
that
people
with
nothing
to
hide
have
nothing
to
fear.
The
mindset,
she
says,
is,
"If
you
are
not
willing
to
submit
to
this,
you
must
somehow
be
doing
something
that
is
illegal."
She
adds:
"I
think
this
is
simply
false."
Elk
Grove
has
invested
hundreds
of
thousands
of
dollars
on
surveillance,
and
it
plans
to
spend
more.
Lawrence
Park
playground
burned
to
the
ground
in
April,
the
result
of
a
suspected
arson.
"I'd
love
to
add
a
camera
to
this
park
if
we
can
find
the
budget
for
it,"
says
Bob
Roessler,
the
administrator
of
the
parks
and
recreation
department.
Roessler
says
the
department
has
already
installed
more
than
30
cameras
in
parks
across
the
city
at
a
cost
per
camera
of
roughly
$10,000.
While
the
parks
officials
install,
pay
for
and
maintain
these
cameras,
the
video
is
shipped
directly
to
the
police
department.
Across
town,
Chris
Hill,
IT
manager
for
the
Elk
Grove
Police
Department,
is
the
man
in
charge
of
building
this
network.
When
I
visited,
he
showed
me
how
video
is
accessible
to
dispatchers
and
showed
off
a
rack
of
servers
—
all
devoted
to
collecting
more
than
100
video
feeds
from
all
over
the
city.
Hill
has
built
a
system
that's
flexible
and
scalable.
More
than
100
feeds
are
viewable
and
searchable
from
his
desk.
"You
can
get
camera
feeds,
you
can
make
any
screens
you
want,
you
can
search
any
video,"
he
says.
We
lean
over
and
watch
men
and
women
streaming
in
and
out
of
a
gym
more
than
two
miles
away.
"This
was
a
known
spot
in
the
city
of
Elk
Grove
that
had
a
high
rate
of
car
burglaries,"
Hill
says.
We
watch
a
woman
open
up
her
minivan
door.
Hill
tracks
her
as
she
gets
in
and
drives
out
of
the
lot.
Then
he
zooms
in
to
read
her
license
plate.
It
would
take
a
single
officer
more
than
four
days
to
watch
all
the
video
recorded
by
the
Elk
Grove
police
in
an
hour
—
but
Hill
would
like
to
get
even
more.
"We
actually
have
a
pilot
project
coming
up
—
hopefully
shortly
—
with
a
local
retailer
that
will
be
giving
us
access
to
their
parking
lot
cameras,"
he
says.
Eventually
he'd
also
like
to
work
with
local
banks
to
get
ATM
camera
feeds.
3. But
Hill
doesn't
want
Elk
Grove's
officers
spending
time
watching
parking
lots
and
writing
down
plate
numbers.
Instead,
there's
software
that
can
do
that
for
them.
To
see
how,
I
traveled
to
the
offices
of
3VR
in
San
Francisco.
The
company
makes
the
software
that
Elk
Grove
uses
to
sift
through
its
recordings.
"Most
people
don't
understand
that
putting
more
cameras
[up]
doesn't
necessarily
yield
more
information,"
says
Al
Shipp,
3VR's
CEO.
The
company
offers
facial
recognition,
license
plate
readers
and
object-‐based
searches.
Elk
Grove
doesn't
use
all
of
these
services
yet,
but
it
could
add
new
ones
at
any
time.
"Instead
of
watching
hours,
and
maybe
days,
of
video,
you
can
ask
questions
like,
'Show
me
all
red
cars
going
east,'
"
Shipp
says.
"Or,
'Show
me
all
red
cars
going
east
—
fast.'
Or,
'All
red
cars
going
east,
fast,
with
a
partial
plate
of
A-‐B.'
"Those
are
search
arguments
you
can
do
with
our
technology
and
literally
sort
through
weeks
of
video
in
a
few
seconds,"
he
says.
Software
like
this
can
alert
the
police
when
someone
enters
a
park
after
dark.
Or
it
can
search
for
a
face.
Diego
Simkin,
a
technician
at
3VR,
shows
me
a
search
for
a
suspect
in
a
possible
bank
fraud.
He
clicks
and,
within
seconds,
there
are
pictures
of
the
same
man
walking
into
multiple
banks
on
different
days
up
on
the
screen.
"I
have
the
ability
to
...
search
against
multiple
cameras
on
that
system
or
multiple
systems,"
Simkin
says.
3VR's
corporate
clients
are
already
using
these
kinds
of
searches.
These
technologies
are
a
major
draw
for
police
in
Elk
Grove
and
departments
across
the
country.
The
video
analytics
industry
is
growing
by
30
percent
per
year
and
the
software
alone
is
poised
to
become
a
billion-‐dollar
business.
"The
idea
that
all
of
this
information
will
be
fed
into
one
place,
I
think
is
a
game-‐changer
in
terms
of
how
we
look
at
our
world,"
says
Donohue.
She
says
that
while
it's
reasonable
to
expect
someone
will
see
you
lying
in
a
public
park,
"you
do
have
a
reasonable
expectation
that
nobody
is
going
to
be
following
you
around
24
hours
a
day,
seven
days
a
week,
everywhere
you
go."
4. Ms.
Peterson:
Summer
School
English
2013
“In
More
Cities,
A
Camera
On
Every
Corner,
Park
And
Sidewalk”
Reading
Comprehension
and
Discussion
Questions
Directions:
• After
reading
“In
More
Cities,
A
Camera
On
Every
Corner,
Park
And
Sidewalk,”
answer
each
of
the
following
questions
to
the
best
of
your
ability.
• Be
sure
to
use
complete
sentences
and
examples
from
the
text
to
support
your
answers
for
full
credit.
• Answer
the
questions
in
your
notebook
and
leave
space
to
add
notes
based
on
our
discussion.
1. What
does
Chris
Hill
wish
to
gain
from
the
public
surveillance
cameras
located
in
Elk
Grove?
2. What
does
Al
Shipp
say
about
surveillance
cameras
and
what
they
offer?
Does
he
say
they
are
beneficial?
3. Is
this
article
pro-‐public
surveillance
cameras
or
against
them?
How
do
you
know?
Provide
sufficient
evidence.