In answering the assigned questions, please always note the following:
· Answer only the assigned question(s)
· A well-developed answer is required
· Thoughtful and thorough answers are expected
· Avoid rehashing case facts
· Make reasonable assumptions
· Don’t confuse symptoms with problems
· Make effective use of financial and other quantitative developed in the case
· Make good use of evidence developed in the case
Case Study Grading
You will be graded on the following criteria:
· Case Studies should have 500-words MINIMUM. The best work exceeds the minimum word count above.
· Include cover page, abstract, and reference pages -- these do not count towards your total word count.
· Use TWO authored outside references with all submissions (an outside reference is something in addition to our class textbook). You must quote from this reference!.
· Utilize APA formatting at the end of your submission FOR all assignments…if you do not, you will lose points.
· Case studies must be submitted in a Microsoft Word document.
Writing Style Expectations
The following are writing style expectations:
· Use subject headers for all papers - your reader appreciates and expects that level or organization to your work!
· No contractions & No abbreviations - if you are referring to the United States of America, write it out...do not write 'US' - this is not stellar academic writing.
· Use Times New Roman 12-point font, 1" margins, double-spacing with 0 point spacing.
· Only one citation credit allowed per sentence in this course.
· Indent the first line of each new paragraph five spaces.
· No extra blank lines inserted between sections – deliver a tight paper.
· No bullet points, alphanumeric lists, or numbered list - write formally in full sentences / paragraphs.
· Numbers one through nine within your paper should be written out
· Cover page and reference page required for ALL paper submissions
· Never use all capital letters
· Use authored references for your research to earn full points. An authored source is simply one that is associated with a human(s) NAME. For example, your textbook is an authored source. The United States Census Bureau is not an authored source. But it is fine to use as long as you ALSO use an authored reference source.
· Always include the full URL as to where you found your research online articles - never just the home page.
· Avoid wikis, blogs, tweets, videos, dictionaries, and encyclopedias as outside references - use Masters-level sources like the Journal of Marketing or the Journal of International Business - No wikis, prezis, slideshares, dictionaries, encyclopedias, videos, interviews, & podcasts allowed as references – only scholarly written sources from well-respected sources.
Be sure to use the Writing Resources (see left menu) view the "Instructor's Writing Guide and Reminders" under "Writing Guide & Resources".
Plan ahead and do not wait until the last minute! Upload and submit completed Case Study assignments ...
1 HTM 590 Hospitality Company Project Guidelines P.docxoswald1horne84988
1
HTM 590 Hospitality Company Project Guidelines
Project Objectives
• To enhance student learning of strategic management in the hospitality industry
• To broaden students’ perspectives of the strategic direction and implementation in
major hospitality companies
• To train students to think critically and propose strategic direction for hospitality
companies based on projected changes in the environment
• To allow students the opportunity to take greater responsibility in their learning process
Project Overview
The project includes a written paper. The project accounts for 200 points in total). This document provides
details on the project.
Four Steps
You are required to follow the following steps in completing the Project:
Step 1: Finding a hospitality company. The company can be chosen through initial research based on
your interest, appropriateness of the topic, and information availability. As soon as you make a
decision on a company you must provide the name of the company to the iLearn Discussion
Board “Final Project Companies” If two students choose the same company, the one that posts
to the “Final Project Companies” discussion board first will get the company. It is strongly
recommended that you select a publicly traded company due to the availability of information
pertaining to the firm. If you are choosing a private company, it should be one you are
intimately familiar with as you will need detailed information about the company to complete
the project.
Step 2: Information collection. You are required to search for information from external sources:
Internet, trade magazines, academic journals, and other literature in the libraries, and/or
interviews. You should put all the information together where you can see it and analyze what is
going on. You should also document the complete citation for every piece of information collected
from these sources.
Step 3: Project outline. Based on the requirements of the paper below, you should develop a project
outline detailing the structure of the paper, related information, and sources.
Step 4: Final paper. The final manuscript needs to be professionally written and edited. Each student must
submit one copy of the completed final paper to iLearn.
2
Strategic Analysis Report
A complete analysis of a hospitality company will be made including the overall strategy, an evaluation of
the external and internal environment, and strategic recommendations. Each student will choose one
company in the hospitality and tourism industry that is relevant to local economy and/or students’
professional growth. Ideally the student has easy access to contemporary information about this
company.
Assessment of Strategic Analysis Report
Introduction 20 points
Environmental Analysis 100 points
Overall Strategies and Challenges 30 points
Conclusions and Recommendations 30 points
Professional Writing 20 points
Total 200 po.
Group Management Concepts Analysis PaperPresentation(100 PointsShainaBoling829
Group Management Concepts Analysis Paper/Presentation
(100 Points)
Objective:
To analyze how management concepts relate to managers to be more effective and efficient. (see below for prompts to help you tackle the assignment). Being a group assignment, students will gain exposure to various perspectives, benefit and learn from different writing styles/strengths, and if each group member contributes at least one journal article, then groups will benefit from having a greater number of articles from which to choose.
Article Selection:
· Each team (4-5 students) will select a journal article (published no earlier than September 1, 2016 in outlets such as Wall Street Journal, Business Week, Forbes, and/or Peer reviewed journal articles in Academic Journals).
· Teams are required to choose an article related to concepts covered in the course and how they are relevant for managers to be more effective and efficient.
Paper Description:
This paper allows you to state your opinion about the management concepts of your choice and then support your claim with facts, theories, or research. Thoroughly explain your opinions and cite as much outside reference support (i.e., peer-reviewed, scholarly journal articles) to substantiate your discussion. Empirical research, in particular, will help strengthen your discussion.
(Note: Do not copy the information present on the web. Emphasis should be to understand the framework for understanding the factors that influence how managers can be more effective and efficient).
Prepare a detailed 8-10 pages concept paper using the questions below as a guide. Be sure to incorporate your readings, and cite your sources using APA guidelines (6th edition including in-text citations and references)
Section 1: Paper Overview (Max. 1 Page, double space)
· Article Specific- Discuss the management concepts and/or functions?
· What is the current status of the company in the industry? (Review Bloomberg.com/Reuters/WSJ/Forbes/PRJ’s.
· Briefly discuss the overview of the article.
Section 2: Identification and Discussion of Management concepts using
P-O-L-C framework. (Max 6 Pages, double space)
Using a Management Concepts lens, the students should be able to identify and discuss at least four management concepts and functions applicable in the selected article mentioned below:
· Management environment and landscape
· Strategy
· Organizational Culture
· Organization Structure (Identify your company’s organization structure; describe how organization use this structure, is it used in combinatory of other; discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the structure used).
· Organization design
· Employee engagement and motivation
· Leadership
· Human Resource Management
· Communications
· Teams
· Performance Management
· Operations
Section 3: Reflection (Max. 3 page, double space)
This section is mainly your analysis of the selected article focusing on the managers to be more effective and efficient.
· Through t ...
General Instructions for Case Studies A case study is a s.docxhanneloremccaffery
General Instructions for Case Studies
A case study is a short description of a real business situation. Analyzing case studies gives you
the opportunity to apply those concepts to real business problems. Cases are generally written
for several types of analysis. Usually, there is not a "right or wrong" answer. Rather, cases
provide a vehicle for you to demonstrate your understanding and ability to apply course
concepts. You must use appropriate sources (properly cited) to support your position. Check your
analysis by assessing how well it demonstrates your subject knowledge. If your answer relies on
your impressions of the topic prior to taking this course, it is likely that the analysis is not your
best effort.
Simply answering the questions which are part of the case is not enough; consider the questions
to be clues to the important concepts and facts. You are strongly encouraged to use the following
outline so that your analysis is organized appropriately:
1. Identify both the key issues and the underlying issues. In identifying the issues, you
should be able to connect them to the business principles which apply to this situation.
2. Discuss the facts which affect these issues. The case may have too much information. In
your discussion, you should filter the information and discuss those facts which are
pertinent to the issues identified above.
3. Discuss your tentative solution to the problem and how you would implement your
solution. What actions would you propose to correct the situation, based on the
knowledge you have gained in this course? Be sure to support your recommendation by
citing references in the text and in the supplementary readings. You should also draw
on other references such as business periodicals and relevant journals. Remember that
an ANALYSIS is more than simply a SUMMARY of the Case Study.
4. Discuss follow-up and contingency plans. How will the organization know that your
proposed solution is working? What should they do if it does not work?
It may be helpful for you to "role-play" this assignment. Your presentation should cover the
points listed above. By "role-playing" the situation, using the questions at the end of the case as
hints, and by using this guide, you should be able to develop an action-oriented analysis with a
recommended course of action.
Your analysis of each case study should be a minimum of 4 pages and written in APA format.
Evaluation Criteria:
• Have you identified the critical issues/problems in the case and analyzed the key facts
related to the issues/problems?
• Have you discussed a tentative solution that addresses the issues/problems and how you
would implement your solution?
• Is information from the textbook and other sources integrated into your analysis
appropriately? For all sources, you must provide complete citations.
• Is the paper professionally presented? Remember your audience. It is important to
present you ...
Course Project Development and Analysis of Two Mini Case Studies.docxfaithxdunce63732
Course Project: Development and Analysis of Two Mini Case Studies
Class: BUSN412 Business Policy
GRADING RUBRIC & EXPECTATIONS AT THE BOTTOM
Objectives
Select, develop, and analyze two mini case studies. The purpose of this project is to identify a successful strategy and compare and contrast it with an unsuccessful strategy, with the aim of identifying critical success factors (CSFs). You may select two strategies developed in the same company or from entirely different companies—or, indeed, different industries.
Case studies are used extensively in teaching business. Typically students perform an analysis on a case study prepared by an author or the professor—in this instance, the student is the author of the cases. The case study research strategy provides the opportunity to develop an in-depth understanding of an organization or event—data can be collected from multiple sources (for example, company websites, interviews, or published articles).
Please select two examples that reflect success and failure—collect data from multiple sources and develop two mini case studies of 500 words in length. Perform a cross-case analysis by comparing and contrasting the case studies on points of parity and points of difference. This should entail developing a framework, similar to many of the frameworks presented in class (e.g., SWOT or Five Forces) and analyzing the key data in your case studies. The analysis should be presented after your case studies and should be followed by a brief concluding statement and references in APA format.
Guidelines
Mini Case I: (Success): Sufficient length begins with general points and moves to a focus on specifics, evidence of success, good quality content—relevant, accurate, and timely.
Mini Case II: (Failure): Sufficient length begins with general points and moves to a focus on specifics, evidence of failure, good quality content—relevant, accurate, and timely.
Cross-Case Analysis: Once you have completed your cases you need to conduct a cross-case analysis. This requires comparing the two cases to determine points of similarity and points of difference.
Research Skills: Each case uses four to six sources, and sources are cited in the text and at the end of the case study in APA format.
Writing Skills: Ideas are communicated clearly in business English and using the appropriate business terminology. Work should be prepared following the development of a rough draft, revision, editing, and proofing to produce a final polished report.
A successful project will meet all of these requirements to earn a maximum of 200 points. At the conclusion of this project it will be beneficial to compare what factors are selected by your peers. Are there patterns here?
Milestones
· Week 1: Select company strategies, read supporting documents in Doc Sharing.
· Weeks 2–7: Research and prepare rough draft and analysis, followed by revision, editing, and proofing—obtaining feedback.
· Week 8: Submit Final Report.
Grading Rubrics.
Running head COMPANY NAME - OPERATIONS .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: COMPANY NAME - OPERATIONS 1
COMPANY NAME - OPERATIONS
3
Operations, Technology, and Management Plan
First Name Last Name
University
BUS 599
Professor
Date
Length: The assignment should be 4 to 8 full pages, excluding title page and reference page. I will be deducting points if the pages are not completely full!!!
You must use the appropriate information from the NAB Company Portfolio to complete this section!!!
1. Submit Assignment 3 before the deadline. Do a section or two every day and check in Grammarly before submitting. Use the attached template (video tutorial included). You must have headings for each section and subheadings as indicated.
2. Remember, you have to also attach the revised entire Excel document with Assignment 3.
3. Make a plan and stick to it. I expect this assignment to be submitted on time!!
Notes:
· Please remove the text in red throughout the paper and replace with your information.
· Leave the text in black as it is. You are required to have a heading for each of the sections in your paper.
· Use APA format. Your will respond to each question using indented paragraphs in font Times New Roman, size 12.
· The references must be on a separate page at the end of the paper.
Operations, Technology, Management, and Ethics Plan
Operations Plan
Note: Remember to assign a dollar amount to each operational cost you find, as you will need these figures for financials document.
Operations Plan Detailed
· Create the operations plan for your company using the template on page 214 as a guide (Operations Plan Preparation form).
· You must use information from the NAB Company Portfolio where applicable, completing the rest with your preferences.
· Per the template, you will discuss: key aspects of your operations, Cost and Time Efficiencies, Competitive Advantages, Problems Addressed and Overcome.
· Use the hints provided in the description of the assignment.
Research and Development
· Describe your research and development activities and explain how they will contribute to your company.
Hint: How will you stay abreast of new developments in your industry? What new products do you have in development now, in addition to your flagship product?
Technology Plan
Create a technology plan for your NAB Company using the template in the text as a guide (p. 227 | Technology Plan Preparation Form). Extract appropriate information from the NAB Company portfolio, where applicable. Other required items in the template should be filled in using your personal preferences.
Per the template, you will discuss (use these subheadings):
Software needs
Hardware Needs
Telecommunication Needs
Personnel Needs (for technology)
Hints: Consider the type of technology your company will use to conduct the following activities: manage personnel; take, fulfill, and track orders; manage inventory; communicate with customers and provide customer servi ...
Week 6 Discussion 2 TemplateLeadership Development and Social Chan.docxcockekeshia
Week 6 Discussion 2 TemplateLeadership Development and Social Change
Leadership and management development can go beyond the day-to-day operations of an organization and can actually help contribute to promoting positive social change at many levels. The human resource skills of effective managers translate well in promoting social causes like gender and economic equality.
Based on your reading for this week:
Consider how companies can utilize leadership development to promote positive social change within an organization and around the community.
Post by Day 4 a substantive response of approximately 200–250 words that addresses the following:
· Identify a company from your professional experience, including its industry and location.
· Describe leadership development strategies that the company could employ within the organization to promote positive social change.
· Explain how these leadership strategies could benefit both the company and the industry.
Be sure to support your work with specific citations from the Learning Resources and any additional sources.
Below are three UNRELATED EXAMPLES of how to cite within a paragraph in APA format. You need to cite resources in your Assignment to support and justify your thinking:
Haag and Cummings (2003) base their information on their experience and concepts of IT at the time, and...
The authors base their information on their experience and concepts of IT at the time, and... (Haag & Cummings, 2003).
The authors base their information on their experience and concepts of IT at the time. They stated that “…IT is the most important aspect that needs attention by upper management” (Haag & Cummings, 2003, p. 89).
Now, draft your response of at least 200–250 words below:
After you have finished addressing all elements of the Discussion prompt, do not forget to include your references in APA format. You will need to write the references to any resources that you cite in your Discussion Response. Below are examples of references, including your course text. When complete, please copy and paste your response in the appropriate thread in the Discussion Forum.
References
Blanchard, P. N., & Thacker, J. W. (2013). Effective training: Systems, strategies, and practices (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall.
Below are UNRELATED REFERENCES from a journal, a newspaper, and website. These references are only intended to illustrate correct APA formatting:
Ismail, A., Mohamad, M. H., Mohamed, H. A.-B., Rafiuddin, N. M., & Zhen, K. W. P. (2010). Transformational and transactional leadership styles as a predictor of individual outcomes. Theoretical and AppliedEconomics, 17(6), 89–104.
Porter, E. (2014, May 13). The politics of income inequality. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/14/business/economy/the-politics-of-income-inequality.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%222%22%3A%22RI%3A18%22%7D
Walmart. (n.d.). Our business. Retrieved from.
Group Management Concepts Analysis PaperPresentation(100 Points.docxshericehewat
Group Management Concepts Analysis Paper/Presentation
(100 Points)
Objective:
To analyze how management concepts relate to managers to be more effective and efficient. (see below for prompts to help you tackle the assignment). Being a group assignment, students will gain exposure to various perspectives, benefit and learn from different writing styles/strengths, and if each group member contributes at least one journal article, then groups will benefit from having a greater number of articles from which to choose.
Article Selection:
· Each team (4-5 students) will select a journal article (published no earlier than September 1, 2016 in outlets such as Wall Street Journal, Business Week, Forbes, and/or Peer reviewed journal articles in Academic Journals).
· Teams are required to choose an article related to concepts covered in the course and how they are relevant for managers to be more effective and efficient.
Paper Description:
This paper allows you to state your opinion about the management concepts of your choice and then support your claim with facts, theories, or research. Thoroughly explain your opinions and cite as much outside reference support (i.e., peer-reviewed, scholarly journal articles) to substantiate your discussion. Empirical research, in particular, will help strengthen your discussion.
(Note: Do not copy the information present on the web. Emphasis should be to understand the framework for understanding the factors that influence how managers can be more effective and efficient).
Prepare a detailed 8-10 pages concept paper using the questions below as a guide. Be sure to incorporate your readings, and cite your sources using APA guidelines (6th edition including in-text citations and references)
Section 1: Paper Overview (Max. 1 Page, double space)
· Article Specific- Discuss the management concepts and/or functions?
· What is the current status of the company in the industry? (Review Bloomberg.com/Reuters/WSJ/Forbes/PRJ’s.
· Briefly discuss the overview of the article.
Section 2: Identification and Discussion of Management concepts using
P-O-L-C framework. (Max 6 Pages, double space)
Using a Management Concepts lens, the students should be able to identify and discuss at least four management concepts and functions applicable in the selected article mentioned below:
· Management environment and landscape
· Strategy
· Organizational Culture
· Organization Structure (Identify your company’s organization structure; describe how organization use this structure, is it used in combinatory of other; discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the structure used).
· Organization design
· Employee engagement and motivation
· Leadership
· Human Resource Management
· Communications
· Teams
· Performance Management
· Operations
Section 3: Reflection (Max. 3 page, double space)
This section is mainly your analysis of the selected article focusing on the managers to be more effective and efficient.
· Through t ...
Strategic human resource issues Something Great/tutorialoutletdotcomdavvvid416
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.tutorialoutlet.com
Individual Project: Strategic Response Paper
Objective: To increase awareness of strategic human resource issues. An opportunity to discuss organizational responses to strategic HR issues. Plan appropriate individual responses to strategic HR issues. Be able to use the appropriate measurements for the response of the HR issue.
1 HTM 590 Hospitality Company Project Guidelines P.docxoswald1horne84988
1
HTM 590 Hospitality Company Project Guidelines
Project Objectives
• To enhance student learning of strategic management in the hospitality industry
• To broaden students’ perspectives of the strategic direction and implementation in
major hospitality companies
• To train students to think critically and propose strategic direction for hospitality
companies based on projected changes in the environment
• To allow students the opportunity to take greater responsibility in their learning process
Project Overview
The project includes a written paper. The project accounts for 200 points in total). This document provides
details on the project.
Four Steps
You are required to follow the following steps in completing the Project:
Step 1: Finding a hospitality company. The company can be chosen through initial research based on
your interest, appropriateness of the topic, and information availability. As soon as you make a
decision on a company you must provide the name of the company to the iLearn Discussion
Board “Final Project Companies” If two students choose the same company, the one that posts
to the “Final Project Companies” discussion board first will get the company. It is strongly
recommended that you select a publicly traded company due to the availability of information
pertaining to the firm. If you are choosing a private company, it should be one you are
intimately familiar with as you will need detailed information about the company to complete
the project.
Step 2: Information collection. You are required to search for information from external sources:
Internet, trade magazines, academic journals, and other literature in the libraries, and/or
interviews. You should put all the information together where you can see it and analyze what is
going on. You should also document the complete citation for every piece of information collected
from these sources.
Step 3: Project outline. Based on the requirements of the paper below, you should develop a project
outline detailing the structure of the paper, related information, and sources.
Step 4: Final paper. The final manuscript needs to be professionally written and edited. Each student must
submit one copy of the completed final paper to iLearn.
2
Strategic Analysis Report
A complete analysis of a hospitality company will be made including the overall strategy, an evaluation of
the external and internal environment, and strategic recommendations. Each student will choose one
company in the hospitality and tourism industry that is relevant to local economy and/or students’
professional growth. Ideally the student has easy access to contemporary information about this
company.
Assessment of Strategic Analysis Report
Introduction 20 points
Environmental Analysis 100 points
Overall Strategies and Challenges 30 points
Conclusions and Recommendations 30 points
Professional Writing 20 points
Total 200 po.
Group Management Concepts Analysis PaperPresentation(100 PointsShainaBoling829
Group Management Concepts Analysis Paper/Presentation
(100 Points)
Objective:
To analyze how management concepts relate to managers to be more effective and efficient. (see below for prompts to help you tackle the assignment). Being a group assignment, students will gain exposure to various perspectives, benefit and learn from different writing styles/strengths, and if each group member contributes at least one journal article, then groups will benefit from having a greater number of articles from which to choose.
Article Selection:
· Each team (4-5 students) will select a journal article (published no earlier than September 1, 2016 in outlets such as Wall Street Journal, Business Week, Forbes, and/or Peer reviewed journal articles in Academic Journals).
· Teams are required to choose an article related to concepts covered in the course and how they are relevant for managers to be more effective and efficient.
Paper Description:
This paper allows you to state your opinion about the management concepts of your choice and then support your claim with facts, theories, or research. Thoroughly explain your opinions and cite as much outside reference support (i.e., peer-reviewed, scholarly journal articles) to substantiate your discussion. Empirical research, in particular, will help strengthen your discussion.
(Note: Do not copy the information present on the web. Emphasis should be to understand the framework for understanding the factors that influence how managers can be more effective and efficient).
Prepare a detailed 8-10 pages concept paper using the questions below as a guide. Be sure to incorporate your readings, and cite your sources using APA guidelines (6th edition including in-text citations and references)
Section 1: Paper Overview (Max. 1 Page, double space)
· Article Specific- Discuss the management concepts and/or functions?
· What is the current status of the company in the industry? (Review Bloomberg.com/Reuters/WSJ/Forbes/PRJ’s.
· Briefly discuss the overview of the article.
Section 2: Identification and Discussion of Management concepts using
P-O-L-C framework. (Max 6 Pages, double space)
Using a Management Concepts lens, the students should be able to identify and discuss at least four management concepts and functions applicable in the selected article mentioned below:
· Management environment and landscape
· Strategy
· Organizational Culture
· Organization Structure (Identify your company’s organization structure; describe how organization use this structure, is it used in combinatory of other; discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the structure used).
· Organization design
· Employee engagement and motivation
· Leadership
· Human Resource Management
· Communications
· Teams
· Performance Management
· Operations
Section 3: Reflection (Max. 3 page, double space)
This section is mainly your analysis of the selected article focusing on the managers to be more effective and efficient.
· Through t ...
General Instructions for Case Studies A case study is a s.docxhanneloremccaffery
General Instructions for Case Studies
A case study is a short description of a real business situation. Analyzing case studies gives you
the opportunity to apply those concepts to real business problems. Cases are generally written
for several types of analysis. Usually, there is not a "right or wrong" answer. Rather, cases
provide a vehicle for you to demonstrate your understanding and ability to apply course
concepts. You must use appropriate sources (properly cited) to support your position. Check your
analysis by assessing how well it demonstrates your subject knowledge. If your answer relies on
your impressions of the topic prior to taking this course, it is likely that the analysis is not your
best effort.
Simply answering the questions which are part of the case is not enough; consider the questions
to be clues to the important concepts and facts. You are strongly encouraged to use the following
outline so that your analysis is organized appropriately:
1. Identify both the key issues and the underlying issues. In identifying the issues, you
should be able to connect them to the business principles which apply to this situation.
2. Discuss the facts which affect these issues. The case may have too much information. In
your discussion, you should filter the information and discuss those facts which are
pertinent to the issues identified above.
3. Discuss your tentative solution to the problem and how you would implement your
solution. What actions would you propose to correct the situation, based on the
knowledge you have gained in this course? Be sure to support your recommendation by
citing references in the text and in the supplementary readings. You should also draw
on other references such as business periodicals and relevant journals. Remember that
an ANALYSIS is more than simply a SUMMARY of the Case Study.
4. Discuss follow-up and contingency plans. How will the organization know that your
proposed solution is working? What should they do if it does not work?
It may be helpful for you to "role-play" this assignment. Your presentation should cover the
points listed above. By "role-playing" the situation, using the questions at the end of the case as
hints, and by using this guide, you should be able to develop an action-oriented analysis with a
recommended course of action.
Your analysis of each case study should be a minimum of 4 pages and written in APA format.
Evaluation Criteria:
• Have you identified the critical issues/problems in the case and analyzed the key facts
related to the issues/problems?
• Have you discussed a tentative solution that addresses the issues/problems and how you
would implement your solution?
• Is information from the textbook and other sources integrated into your analysis
appropriately? For all sources, you must provide complete citations.
• Is the paper professionally presented? Remember your audience. It is important to
present you ...
Course Project Development and Analysis of Two Mini Case Studies.docxfaithxdunce63732
Course Project: Development and Analysis of Two Mini Case Studies
Class: BUSN412 Business Policy
GRADING RUBRIC & EXPECTATIONS AT THE BOTTOM
Objectives
Select, develop, and analyze two mini case studies. The purpose of this project is to identify a successful strategy and compare and contrast it with an unsuccessful strategy, with the aim of identifying critical success factors (CSFs). You may select two strategies developed in the same company or from entirely different companies—or, indeed, different industries.
Case studies are used extensively in teaching business. Typically students perform an analysis on a case study prepared by an author or the professor—in this instance, the student is the author of the cases. The case study research strategy provides the opportunity to develop an in-depth understanding of an organization or event—data can be collected from multiple sources (for example, company websites, interviews, or published articles).
Please select two examples that reflect success and failure—collect data from multiple sources and develop two mini case studies of 500 words in length. Perform a cross-case analysis by comparing and contrasting the case studies on points of parity and points of difference. This should entail developing a framework, similar to many of the frameworks presented in class (e.g., SWOT or Five Forces) and analyzing the key data in your case studies. The analysis should be presented after your case studies and should be followed by a brief concluding statement and references in APA format.
Guidelines
Mini Case I: (Success): Sufficient length begins with general points and moves to a focus on specifics, evidence of success, good quality content—relevant, accurate, and timely.
Mini Case II: (Failure): Sufficient length begins with general points and moves to a focus on specifics, evidence of failure, good quality content—relevant, accurate, and timely.
Cross-Case Analysis: Once you have completed your cases you need to conduct a cross-case analysis. This requires comparing the two cases to determine points of similarity and points of difference.
Research Skills: Each case uses four to six sources, and sources are cited in the text and at the end of the case study in APA format.
Writing Skills: Ideas are communicated clearly in business English and using the appropriate business terminology. Work should be prepared following the development of a rough draft, revision, editing, and proofing to produce a final polished report.
A successful project will meet all of these requirements to earn a maximum of 200 points. At the conclusion of this project it will be beneficial to compare what factors are selected by your peers. Are there patterns here?
Milestones
· Week 1: Select company strategies, read supporting documents in Doc Sharing.
· Weeks 2–7: Research and prepare rough draft and analysis, followed by revision, editing, and proofing—obtaining feedback.
· Week 8: Submit Final Report.
Grading Rubrics.
Running head COMPANY NAME - OPERATIONS .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: COMPANY NAME - OPERATIONS 1
COMPANY NAME - OPERATIONS
3
Operations, Technology, and Management Plan
First Name Last Name
University
BUS 599
Professor
Date
Length: The assignment should be 4 to 8 full pages, excluding title page and reference page. I will be deducting points if the pages are not completely full!!!
You must use the appropriate information from the NAB Company Portfolio to complete this section!!!
1. Submit Assignment 3 before the deadline. Do a section or two every day and check in Grammarly before submitting. Use the attached template (video tutorial included). You must have headings for each section and subheadings as indicated.
2. Remember, you have to also attach the revised entire Excel document with Assignment 3.
3. Make a plan and stick to it. I expect this assignment to be submitted on time!!
Notes:
· Please remove the text in red throughout the paper and replace with your information.
· Leave the text in black as it is. You are required to have a heading for each of the sections in your paper.
· Use APA format. Your will respond to each question using indented paragraphs in font Times New Roman, size 12.
· The references must be on a separate page at the end of the paper.
Operations, Technology, Management, and Ethics Plan
Operations Plan
Note: Remember to assign a dollar amount to each operational cost you find, as you will need these figures for financials document.
Operations Plan Detailed
· Create the operations plan for your company using the template on page 214 as a guide (Operations Plan Preparation form).
· You must use information from the NAB Company Portfolio where applicable, completing the rest with your preferences.
· Per the template, you will discuss: key aspects of your operations, Cost and Time Efficiencies, Competitive Advantages, Problems Addressed and Overcome.
· Use the hints provided in the description of the assignment.
Research and Development
· Describe your research and development activities and explain how they will contribute to your company.
Hint: How will you stay abreast of new developments in your industry? What new products do you have in development now, in addition to your flagship product?
Technology Plan
Create a technology plan for your NAB Company using the template in the text as a guide (p. 227 | Technology Plan Preparation Form). Extract appropriate information from the NAB Company portfolio, where applicable. Other required items in the template should be filled in using your personal preferences.
Per the template, you will discuss (use these subheadings):
Software needs
Hardware Needs
Telecommunication Needs
Personnel Needs (for technology)
Hints: Consider the type of technology your company will use to conduct the following activities: manage personnel; take, fulfill, and track orders; manage inventory; communicate with customers and provide customer servi ...
Week 6 Discussion 2 TemplateLeadership Development and Social Chan.docxcockekeshia
Week 6 Discussion 2 TemplateLeadership Development and Social Change
Leadership and management development can go beyond the day-to-day operations of an organization and can actually help contribute to promoting positive social change at many levels. The human resource skills of effective managers translate well in promoting social causes like gender and economic equality.
Based on your reading for this week:
Consider how companies can utilize leadership development to promote positive social change within an organization and around the community.
Post by Day 4 a substantive response of approximately 200–250 words that addresses the following:
· Identify a company from your professional experience, including its industry and location.
· Describe leadership development strategies that the company could employ within the organization to promote positive social change.
· Explain how these leadership strategies could benefit both the company and the industry.
Be sure to support your work with specific citations from the Learning Resources and any additional sources.
Below are three UNRELATED EXAMPLES of how to cite within a paragraph in APA format. You need to cite resources in your Assignment to support and justify your thinking:
Haag and Cummings (2003) base their information on their experience and concepts of IT at the time, and...
The authors base their information on their experience and concepts of IT at the time, and... (Haag & Cummings, 2003).
The authors base their information on their experience and concepts of IT at the time. They stated that “…IT is the most important aspect that needs attention by upper management” (Haag & Cummings, 2003, p. 89).
Now, draft your response of at least 200–250 words below:
After you have finished addressing all elements of the Discussion prompt, do not forget to include your references in APA format. You will need to write the references to any resources that you cite in your Discussion Response. Below are examples of references, including your course text. When complete, please copy and paste your response in the appropriate thread in the Discussion Forum.
References
Blanchard, P. N., & Thacker, J. W. (2013). Effective training: Systems, strategies, and practices (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall.
Below are UNRELATED REFERENCES from a journal, a newspaper, and website. These references are only intended to illustrate correct APA formatting:
Ismail, A., Mohamad, M. H., Mohamed, H. A.-B., Rafiuddin, N. M., & Zhen, K. W. P. (2010). Transformational and transactional leadership styles as a predictor of individual outcomes. Theoretical and AppliedEconomics, 17(6), 89–104.
Porter, E. (2014, May 13). The politics of income inequality. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/14/business/economy/the-politics-of-income-inequality.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%222%22%3A%22RI%3A18%22%7D
Walmart. (n.d.). Our business. Retrieved from.
Group Management Concepts Analysis PaperPresentation(100 Points.docxshericehewat
Group Management Concepts Analysis Paper/Presentation
(100 Points)
Objective:
To analyze how management concepts relate to managers to be more effective and efficient. (see below for prompts to help you tackle the assignment). Being a group assignment, students will gain exposure to various perspectives, benefit and learn from different writing styles/strengths, and if each group member contributes at least one journal article, then groups will benefit from having a greater number of articles from which to choose.
Article Selection:
· Each team (4-5 students) will select a journal article (published no earlier than September 1, 2016 in outlets such as Wall Street Journal, Business Week, Forbes, and/or Peer reviewed journal articles in Academic Journals).
· Teams are required to choose an article related to concepts covered in the course and how they are relevant for managers to be more effective and efficient.
Paper Description:
This paper allows you to state your opinion about the management concepts of your choice and then support your claim with facts, theories, or research. Thoroughly explain your opinions and cite as much outside reference support (i.e., peer-reviewed, scholarly journal articles) to substantiate your discussion. Empirical research, in particular, will help strengthen your discussion.
(Note: Do not copy the information present on the web. Emphasis should be to understand the framework for understanding the factors that influence how managers can be more effective and efficient).
Prepare a detailed 8-10 pages concept paper using the questions below as a guide. Be sure to incorporate your readings, and cite your sources using APA guidelines (6th edition including in-text citations and references)
Section 1: Paper Overview (Max. 1 Page, double space)
· Article Specific- Discuss the management concepts and/or functions?
· What is the current status of the company in the industry? (Review Bloomberg.com/Reuters/WSJ/Forbes/PRJ’s.
· Briefly discuss the overview of the article.
Section 2: Identification and Discussion of Management concepts using
P-O-L-C framework. (Max 6 Pages, double space)
Using a Management Concepts lens, the students should be able to identify and discuss at least four management concepts and functions applicable in the selected article mentioned below:
· Management environment and landscape
· Strategy
· Organizational Culture
· Organization Structure (Identify your company’s organization structure; describe how organization use this structure, is it used in combinatory of other; discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the structure used).
· Organization design
· Employee engagement and motivation
· Leadership
· Human Resource Management
· Communications
· Teams
· Performance Management
· Operations
Section 3: Reflection (Max. 3 page, double space)
This section is mainly your analysis of the selected article focusing on the managers to be more effective and efficient.
· Through t ...
Strategic human resource issues Something Great/tutorialoutletdotcomdavvvid416
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.tutorialoutlet.com
Individual Project: Strategic Response Paper
Objective: To increase awareness of strategic human resource issues. An opportunity to discuss organizational responses to strategic HR issues. Plan appropriate individual responses to strategic HR issues. Be able to use the appropriate measurements for the response of the HR issue.
Find a recent merger or acquisition that has been announced in the.docxMalikPinckney86
Find a recent merger or acquisition that has been announced in the media. What are the implications for the merger or acquisition and plans for implementing the blending firms? Also, evaluate and describe two possible technological innovations that may have led to the merger or acquisition. Would you have obtained this new technology or innovation differently? Why? Include the reference information of the article. Respond substantively to at least two other learners.
.
Find an example of a document that misuses graphics. This can be a d.docxMalikPinckney86
Find an example of a document that misuses graphics. This can be a document that you have received (please blot out any sensitive information and names) or a document that you find on the Internet. Discuss how the graphics are misused and what could be done to better them. Address the three “Cs” of technical writing: Clarity, Conciseness, and Correctness. Add one or two personal experiences with this topic.
.
Find a scholarly research study from the Ashford University Library .docxMalikPinckney86
Find a scholarly research study from the Ashford University Library that uses measurement scales for data collection (e.g., a survey). Explain the measurement scales that the study used, and evaluate them. Did you think the researchers made good decisions about the scales? Why or why not? Cite the study in your post, and document it in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center
.
Find a work of visual art, architecture, or literature from either A.docxMalikPinckney86
Find a work of visual art, architecture, or literature from either Ancient Greece or Rome that appeals to you. Ensure that your choice was created in the time frames identified here. It should not simply be a depiction of something in this time period.
In your initial post, describe where you can see the influence of your work of art in modern and contemporary times. What elements (its style, ideas, purpose, principles) can we see reflected in the world today, in art or in other areas, including government, philosophy, social structure, and entertainment?
.
Find a real-life” example of one of the following institutions. Exa.docxMalikPinckney86
Find a “real-life” example of one of the following institutions. Examples can be found in every state. A simple search for “Department of Corrections” is a good place to start.
Medium-Security Adult Male Institution
Regional Parole and Probation Office Team
Correctional Training Academy Team
Juvenile Justice Male Correctional Institution
Community Correctional Institution
Supermax Correctional Institution
Correctional Education Program of a State Correctional System
Correctional Mental Health Program of a State Correctional System
Medium/Minimum-Security Adult Female Institution
Large County Detention Center (County Jail)
Introduce your institution by identifying the following:
1) Name
2) Mission statement (if published)
3) Population served (number and demographics)
4) Examples of programs offered
5) Number of uniformed personnel and other staff members
Then develop a strategic plan considering the major themes of
Communication; Coordination (formal channels); and Cooperation (informal):
Include in your plan the following:
1) Four (4) organizational objectives (these can be future goals over a 1, 5, or 10-year period)
2) Strategies to address each of the objectives
3) At least 1 employee
or
inmate program that helps to achieve each objective
4) A method for assessing success for each objective
The final work product can include photographs, charts, graphics, or any other appropriate elements to enhance the effectiveness of your presentation
.
Find a listing of expenses by diagnosis or by procedure. The source .docxMalikPinckney86
Find a listing of expenses by diagnosis or by procedure. The source of the list can be internal (within a health care facility of some type) or external (such as a published article, report, or survey). Comment upon whether you believe the expense grouping used is appropriate. Would you have grouped the expenses in another way?
.
Financial Reporting Problem and spreedsheet exercise.This is an.docxMalikPinckney86
Financial Reporting Problem and spreedsheet exercise.
This is an comanding assignment. I am willing to pay good money because I need this assignment to be done correctly and on time. Please review the assignment before sending me an handshake.
**Serious inquires only***
Please see attachment for the assignment.
.
Find a Cybersecurity-related current event that happned THIS WEEK, a.docxMalikPinckney86
Find a Cybersecurity-related current event that happned THIS WEEK, activity, or development in the news. In your discussion post, briefly summarize the event and reflect on its significance. You should use any legitimate news source (television, internet, periodicals, etc.) to support your topical input.
Questions to address might include:
How does the event relate to issues addressed in class?
How might similar situations be mitigated?
What is the broader impact of the event (e.g., nationally, globally, etc.)
Include a link to the story or a citation so that others may read the story.
.
Financing Health Care in a Time of Insurance Restructuring Pleas.docxMalikPinckney86
"
Financing Health Care in a Time of Insurance Restructuring" Please respond to the following:
Analyze the impact of the ACA on changes to health care insurance and coverage. Investigate the major implications of the legislation on the manner in which institutions now provide health care in the U.S.
(NO MORE THAN 200 WORDS ALLOWED)
.
Financing International Trade Please respond to the followingCom.docxMalikPinckney86
Financing International Trade" Please respond to the following:
Compare two (2) methods that a company can use in order to finance international trade. Examine the advantages and disadvantages of financing with a portfolio of currencies. Provide two (2) examples of how companies or MNCs finance international transactions by using their own
bank
” or by keeping currencies on hand (marketable securities).
Analyze Interest Rate Parity (IRP) and two (2) methods for forecasting exchange rates. Determine the primary manner in which they all affect a company’s short-term financing decision. Support your response with one (1) example of the manner in which IRP and forecasting exchange rates methods affect a company’s short-term financing decision.
.
Financial Statement Analysis and DisclosuresDiscuss the import.docxMalikPinckney86
Financial Statement Analysis and Disclosures
Discuss the importance of financial statement analysis, and determine why it is important to investors and creditors.
Imagine you are considering investing in a corporation.
Suggest what key information you would look for in a company’s financial statements, and explain why this information is important to you.
From the e-Activity, highlight the main elements that primary disclosure accounting policies encompass, and provide at least two (2) examples of the most commonly required disclosures.
Give your opinion on the way in which the disclosures you identified are important to financial statement users.
Provide a rationale for your opinion.
e-Activity
Go to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Website to review authoritative guidance on “accounting policy disclosures”, located at
http://www.ifrs.org
in the search engine type in “accounting policy disclosures”.
Be prepared to discuss.
.
Financial Ratios what are the limitations of financial ratios .docxMalikPinckney86
Financial Ratios
what are the limitations of financial ratios? Classify your answer into at least the following categories: liquidity ratios, activity ratios, leverage ratios, and profitability ratios.
Financial Analysis
R.E.C. Inc.’s staff of accountants finished preparing the financial statements for 2010 and will meet next week with the company’s CEO as well as the Director of Investor Relations and representatives from the marketing and art departments to design the current year’s annual report. Write a paragraph in which you present the main idea(s) you think the company should present to shareholders in the annual report. Why do you think those ideas should be included?
.
Financial mangers make decisions today that will affect the firm i.docxMalikPinckney86
Financial mangers make decisions today that will affect the firm in the future. The dollars used for investment expenditures made today are different from the cash flows to be realized in the future. What are these differences? What are some of the techniques that can be used to adjust for these differences?
.
Financial Laws and RegulationsComplete an APA formatted 2 page pap.docxMalikPinckney86
Financial Laws and Regulations
Complete an APA formatted 2 page paper (not including the title and reference pages) answering the following questions:
What are five elements pertaining to the establishment of a false claim under the False Claims Act?
HIPAA privacy standards were designed to accomplish what three broad objectives? Explain each.
Stark II laws prohibit physician referrals to entities in which the physician has a financial relationship. What are 10 specific designated health services (DHS) for which referrals by physicians who have financial relationships with the entity providing the DHS are prohibited?
Discuss the following:
Qui tam
HIPAA Privacy Rule
EMTALA
Compliance programs
.
Financial Management DiscussionWhen reviewing the financial st.docxMalikPinckney86
Financial Management Discussion
When reviewing the financial statements of a company, there are many different ratios to choose from. Choose a ratio that looks at liquidity, solvency and profitability and discuss its importance.
75- 150 words required.
.
Final Written Art Project (500 words) carefully and creatively wri.docxMalikPinckney86
Final Written Art Project (500 words) carefully and creatively written words and sentences. Artist Statement (250 words)
WRITTEN ART PROJECT
Create a disjunctive or non-narrative piece
that engages all three aspects of reality that we have been discussing throughout the quarter: 1) larger political, social, and economic realities 2) personal or human dramatic situation and 3) detritus of existence. Make sure each of these are well represented and that they do not merely serve as a backdrop or props for other parts of your piece. In other words, make sure each of these aspects of reality is given its due as determining of your or others reality.
Possible Strategies and Advice:
Switch between first and third person perspectives. Make use of actual seeings—what you see. Describe and only occasionally explain or meditate. Meditate a great deal but be sure you are specific . Enact and don’t preach.
Create a concept (a title for your piece) that gives the reader a sense of the intent of your work.
This concept should serve to suggest complementary or conflictual relations between the different parts of your piece. Ultimately in placing all your parts together, in proximity to one another, you want the “whole” to be greater than the sum of the parts.
ARTIST STATEMENT
Please describe the intent of your piece and how you think its disjunctive form allows you to create a sense of reality that you wish to create. Please consider key words and concepts from the module syllabus as well as the ideas that have emerged from course discussions and thought challenges. You might also find these artist’s statements of use:
Chekov
Remove everything that has no relevance to the story. If you say in the first chapter that there is a rifle hanging on the wall, in the second or third chapter it absolutely must go off. If it’s not going to be fired, it shouldn’t be hanging there.
Marguerite Duras
Sometimes I realize that if writing isn’t, all things, all contraries confounded, a quest for vanity and void, it’s nothing. (
The Lover,
8)
Leslie Scalapino
I intended this writing to be the repetition of historically real events the writing of which punches a hole in reality. . . . There was when writing the work something else going interiorily besides what’s going on in segments.
.
Final Research Paper Research the responsibility of a critical t.docxMalikPinckney86
Final Research Paper
Research the responsibility of a critical thinker in a contemporary society. You may choose any topic that deals with a contemporary social concern. Examine the principles of critical thought in relation to the chosen societal concern, and consider the importance of ethics, moral reasoning, a research-based process to search for truth, and the advantages of information technology in gathering data.
Potential social concerns include, but are not limited to health (e.g., obesity, smoking, or underage drinking), poverty (e.g., homelessness, basic needs, or transportation issues), family relations and dynamics (e.g., teen violence, physical abuse, depression, or suicide), social media (e.g., privacy), immigration (e.g., illegal), and education (e.g., plagiarism and/or cheating).
.
Financial management homeworkUnit III Financial Planning, .docxMalikPinckney86
Financial management homework
Unit III
Financial Planning, the Financial System and Governance
Review:
Learning Activities (Non-Graded):
See Study Guide
Read:
Chapter 4:
Financial Planning
Chapter 5:
The Financial System, Corporate Governance, Interest, and the Financial Crisis of 2008
Submit:
.
Final ProjectThe Final Project should demonstrate an understanding.docxMalikPinckney86
Final Project
The Final Project should demonstrate an understanding of the reading assignments, class discussions, your own research and the application of new knowledge. It should utilize previous skills developed in foundational health care courses and apply them within the context and viewpoint of a health care administrator and their role in managing health and human services.
For the Final Project, select one of the following topics and conduct scholarly and professional research while integrating the course’s learning outcomes to address a selected topic:
Research specific leadership and management traits and theories necessary for managing a multidisciplinary and multicultural health care organization to promote organizational effectiveness.
Present how strategic planning, performance improvement, and information systems are interrelated and fundamental to the delivery of quality health care.
Examine the financial characteristics of health care delivery along with managing costs, revenues, and human resources.
Analyze ethical and legal concepts, including specific federal regulations, required of health care organizations to ensure the delivery of high quality health care that protects patient safety.
Research Requirements
Academic research and papers must meet certain standards of quality that are recognized by the academic community. What constitutes quality academic research?
The use of primary (original), credible sources written by experts in the field of study.
Ensuring secondary sources are supported by research in primary sources.
Making sure all research is relevant and that material used is pertinent to the area of study.
In graduate work, the use of peer-reviewed journal articles (journal articles reviewed by recognized experts in the relevant field of study) is required.
Keep in mind that educational websites may be appropriate, in some cases, but should be evaluated carefully.
The Ashford University Library offers many excellent databases and other resources to assist you in conducting scholarly research.
What sources are not acceptable for academic research and referencing?
Encyclopedias
Dictionaries
Wikipedia, other wikis, or blogs
Websites and other sources that do not provide quality researched materials (e.g., they do not use credible sources to support the information in the document).
All research must reflect professional academic protocol and must be documented according to APA standards as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Creating the Final Project
You may choose to present your research is the form of an eight- to ten-page research paper (excluding title and reference pages) or a comprehensive 10- to 15-slide PowerPoint presentation (excluding title and reference slides) with detailed speaker notes. In either case, the content of the assignment must include each of the elements listed below:
Introduction
Describe the issue. Include why it was selected, the perspective of your appr.
Final ProjectImagine that you work for a health department and hav.docxMalikPinckney86
Final Project
Imagine that you work for a health department and have been asked to make a presentation to a group of health care professionals on the role and responsibilities of community and public health.
After reviewing the materials throughout the course and based on what you have learned, create a PowerPoint presentation of at least six slides that covers the following topics:
Describe the role of community and public health in the well-being of populations.
Describe the public health organizational structure.
Examine the legal and ethical dimensions of public and community health services.
Analyze funding of public and community health services.
Discuss the role of communication in community and public health programs.
Creating the Final Project
The Final Project:
Must be created using a screencast program such as Jing, Screencast-O-Matic, Screenr, or other audio/video program.
Must be a minimum of six PowerPoint slides in length (excluding title and reference slide), and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a title slide with the following:
Title of presentation
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must include a succinct thesis that is presented on the opening slide.
Must address the topics with critical thought.
Must use at least four scholarly sources (not including the course text), including a minimum of two from academic journals found in the Ashford University Library. Other sources should be obtained from appropriate epidemiological information.
Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate reference slide, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Find a recent merger or acquisition that has been announced in the.docxMalikPinckney86
Find a recent merger or acquisition that has been announced in the media. What are the implications for the merger or acquisition and plans for implementing the blending firms? Also, evaluate and describe two possible technological innovations that may have led to the merger or acquisition. Would you have obtained this new technology or innovation differently? Why? Include the reference information of the article. Respond substantively to at least two other learners.
.
Find an example of a document that misuses graphics. This can be a d.docxMalikPinckney86
Find an example of a document that misuses graphics. This can be a document that you have received (please blot out any sensitive information and names) or a document that you find on the Internet. Discuss how the graphics are misused and what could be done to better them. Address the three “Cs” of technical writing: Clarity, Conciseness, and Correctness. Add one or two personal experiences with this topic.
.
Find a scholarly research study from the Ashford University Library .docxMalikPinckney86
Find a scholarly research study from the Ashford University Library that uses measurement scales for data collection (e.g., a survey). Explain the measurement scales that the study used, and evaluate them. Did you think the researchers made good decisions about the scales? Why or why not? Cite the study in your post, and document it in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center
.
Find a work of visual art, architecture, or literature from either A.docxMalikPinckney86
Find a work of visual art, architecture, or literature from either Ancient Greece or Rome that appeals to you. Ensure that your choice was created in the time frames identified here. It should not simply be a depiction of something in this time period.
In your initial post, describe where you can see the influence of your work of art in modern and contemporary times. What elements (its style, ideas, purpose, principles) can we see reflected in the world today, in art or in other areas, including government, philosophy, social structure, and entertainment?
.
Find a real-life” example of one of the following institutions. Exa.docxMalikPinckney86
Find a “real-life” example of one of the following institutions. Examples can be found in every state. A simple search for “Department of Corrections” is a good place to start.
Medium-Security Adult Male Institution
Regional Parole and Probation Office Team
Correctional Training Academy Team
Juvenile Justice Male Correctional Institution
Community Correctional Institution
Supermax Correctional Institution
Correctional Education Program of a State Correctional System
Correctional Mental Health Program of a State Correctional System
Medium/Minimum-Security Adult Female Institution
Large County Detention Center (County Jail)
Introduce your institution by identifying the following:
1) Name
2) Mission statement (if published)
3) Population served (number and demographics)
4) Examples of programs offered
5) Number of uniformed personnel and other staff members
Then develop a strategic plan considering the major themes of
Communication; Coordination (formal channels); and Cooperation (informal):
Include in your plan the following:
1) Four (4) organizational objectives (these can be future goals over a 1, 5, or 10-year period)
2) Strategies to address each of the objectives
3) At least 1 employee
or
inmate program that helps to achieve each objective
4) A method for assessing success for each objective
The final work product can include photographs, charts, graphics, or any other appropriate elements to enhance the effectiveness of your presentation
.
Find a listing of expenses by diagnosis or by procedure. The source .docxMalikPinckney86
Find a listing of expenses by diagnosis or by procedure. The source of the list can be internal (within a health care facility of some type) or external (such as a published article, report, or survey). Comment upon whether you believe the expense grouping used is appropriate. Would you have grouped the expenses in another way?
.
Financial Reporting Problem and spreedsheet exercise.This is an.docxMalikPinckney86
Financial Reporting Problem and spreedsheet exercise.
This is an comanding assignment. I am willing to pay good money because I need this assignment to be done correctly and on time. Please review the assignment before sending me an handshake.
**Serious inquires only***
Please see attachment for the assignment.
.
Find a Cybersecurity-related current event that happned THIS WEEK, a.docxMalikPinckney86
Find a Cybersecurity-related current event that happned THIS WEEK, activity, or development in the news. In your discussion post, briefly summarize the event and reflect on its significance. You should use any legitimate news source (television, internet, periodicals, etc.) to support your topical input.
Questions to address might include:
How does the event relate to issues addressed in class?
How might similar situations be mitigated?
What is the broader impact of the event (e.g., nationally, globally, etc.)
Include a link to the story or a citation so that others may read the story.
.
Financing Health Care in a Time of Insurance Restructuring Pleas.docxMalikPinckney86
"
Financing Health Care in a Time of Insurance Restructuring" Please respond to the following:
Analyze the impact of the ACA on changes to health care insurance and coverage. Investigate the major implications of the legislation on the manner in which institutions now provide health care in the U.S.
(NO MORE THAN 200 WORDS ALLOWED)
.
Financing International Trade Please respond to the followingCom.docxMalikPinckney86
Financing International Trade" Please respond to the following:
Compare two (2) methods that a company can use in order to finance international trade. Examine the advantages and disadvantages of financing with a portfolio of currencies. Provide two (2) examples of how companies or MNCs finance international transactions by using their own
bank
” or by keeping currencies on hand (marketable securities).
Analyze Interest Rate Parity (IRP) and two (2) methods for forecasting exchange rates. Determine the primary manner in which they all affect a company’s short-term financing decision. Support your response with one (1) example of the manner in which IRP and forecasting exchange rates methods affect a company’s short-term financing decision.
.
Financial Statement Analysis and DisclosuresDiscuss the import.docxMalikPinckney86
Financial Statement Analysis and Disclosures
Discuss the importance of financial statement analysis, and determine why it is important to investors and creditors.
Imagine you are considering investing in a corporation.
Suggest what key information you would look for in a company’s financial statements, and explain why this information is important to you.
From the e-Activity, highlight the main elements that primary disclosure accounting policies encompass, and provide at least two (2) examples of the most commonly required disclosures.
Give your opinion on the way in which the disclosures you identified are important to financial statement users.
Provide a rationale for your opinion.
e-Activity
Go to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Website to review authoritative guidance on “accounting policy disclosures”, located at
http://www.ifrs.org
in the search engine type in “accounting policy disclosures”.
Be prepared to discuss.
.
Financial Ratios what are the limitations of financial ratios .docxMalikPinckney86
Financial Ratios
what are the limitations of financial ratios? Classify your answer into at least the following categories: liquidity ratios, activity ratios, leverage ratios, and profitability ratios.
Financial Analysis
R.E.C. Inc.’s staff of accountants finished preparing the financial statements for 2010 and will meet next week with the company’s CEO as well as the Director of Investor Relations and representatives from the marketing and art departments to design the current year’s annual report. Write a paragraph in which you present the main idea(s) you think the company should present to shareholders in the annual report. Why do you think those ideas should be included?
.
Financial mangers make decisions today that will affect the firm i.docxMalikPinckney86
Financial mangers make decisions today that will affect the firm in the future. The dollars used for investment expenditures made today are different from the cash flows to be realized in the future. What are these differences? What are some of the techniques that can be used to adjust for these differences?
.
Financial Laws and RegulationsComplete an APA formatted 2 page pap.docxMalikPinckney86
Financial Laws and Regulations
Complete an APA formatted 2 page paper (not including the title and reference pages) answering the following questions:
What are five elements pertaining to the establishment of a false claim under the False Claims Act?
HIPAA privacy standards were designed to accomplish what three broad objectives? Explain each.
Stark II laws prohibit physician referrals to entities in which the physician has a financial relationship. What are 10 specific designated health services (DHS) for which referrals by physicians who have financial relationships with the entity providing the DHS are prohibited?
Discuss the following:
Qui tam
HIPAA Privacy Rule
EMTALA
Compliance programs
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Financial Management DiscussionWhen reviewing the financial st.docxMalikPinckney86
Financial Management Discussion
When reviewing the financial statements of a company, there are many different ratios to choose from. Choose a ratio that looks at liquidity, solvency and profitability and discuss its importance.
75- 150 words required.
.
Final Written Art Project (500 words) carefully and creatively wri.docxMalikPinckney86
Final Written Art Project (500 words) carefully and creatively written words and sentences. Artist Statement (250 words)
WRITTEN ART PROJECT
Create a disjunctive or non-narrative piece
that engages all three aspects of reality that we have been discussing throughout the quarter: 1) larger political, social, and economic realities 2) personal or human dramatic situation and 3) detritus of existence. Make sure each of these are well represented and that they do not merely serve as a backdrop or props for other parts of your piece. In other words, make sure each of these aspects of reality is given its due as determining of your or others reality.
Possible Strategies and Advice:
Switch between first and third person perspectives. Make use of actual seeings—what you see. Describe and only occasionally explain or meditate. Meditate a great deal but be sure you are specific . Enact and don’t preach.
Create a concept (a title for your piece) that gives the reader a sense of the intent of your work.
This concept should serve to suggest complementary or conflictual relations between the different parts of your piece. Ultimately in placing all your parts together, in proximity to one another, you want the “whole” to be greater than the sum of the parts.
ARTIST STATEMENT
Please describe the intent of your piece and how you think its disjunctive form allows you to create a sense of reality that you wish to create. Please consider key words and concepts from the module syllabus as well as the ideas that have emerged from course discussions and thought challenges. You might also find these artist’s statements of use:
Chekov
Remove everything that has no relevance to the story. If you say in the first chapter that there is a rifle hanging on the wall, in the second or third chapter it absolutely must go off. If it’s not going to be fired, it shouldn’t be hanging there.
Marguerite Duras
Sometimes I realize that if writing isn’t, all things, all contraries confounded, a quest for vanity and void, it’s nothing. (
The Lover,
8)
Leslie Scalapino
I intended this writing to be the repetition of historically real events the writing of which punches a hole in reality. . . . There was when writing the work something else going interiorily besides what’s going on in segments.
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Final Research Paper Research the responsibility of a critical t.docxMalikPinckney86
Final Research Paper
Research the responsibility of a critical thinker in a contemporary society. You may choose any topic that deals with a contemporary social concern. Examine the principles of critical thought in relation to the chosen societal concern, and consider the importance of ethics, moral reasoning, a research-based process to search for truth, and the advantages of information technology in gathering data.
Potential social concerns include, but are not limited to health (e.g., obesity, smoking, or underage drinking), poverty (e.g., homelessness, basic needs, or transportation issues), family relations and dynamics (e.g., teen violence, physical abuse, depression, or suicide), social media (e.g., privacy), immigration (e.g., illegal), and education (e.g., plagiarism and/or cheating).
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Financial management homeworkUnit III Financial Planning, .docxMalikPinckney86
Financial management homework
Unit III
Financial Planning, the Financial System and Governance
Review:
Learning Activities (Non-Graded):
See Study Guide
Read:
Chapter 4:
Financial Planning
Chapter 5:
The Financial System, Corporate Governance, Interest, and the Financial Crisis of 2008
Submit:
.
Final ProjectThe Final Project should demonstrate an understanding.docxMalikPinckney86
Final Project
The Final Project should demonstrate an understanding of the reading assignments, class discussions, your own research and the application of new knowledge. It should utilize previous skills developed in foundational health care courses and apply them within the context and viewpoint of a health care administrator and their role in managing health and human services.
For the Final Project, select one of the following topics and conduct scholarly and professional research while integrating the course’s learning outcomes to address a selected topic:
Research specific leadership and management traits and theories necessary for managing a multidisciplinary and multicultural health care organization to promote organizational effectiveness.
Present how strategic planning, performance improvement, and information systems are interrelated and fundamental to the delivery of quality health care.
Examine the financial characteristics of health care delivery along with managing costs, revenues, and human resources.
Analyze ethical and legal concepts, including specific federal regulations, required of health care organizations to ensure the delivery of high quality health care that protects patient safety.
Research Requirements
Academic research and papers must meet certain standards of quality that are recognized by the academic community. What constitutes quality academic research?
The use of primary (original), credible sources written by experts in the field of study.
Ensuring secondary sources are supported by research in primary sources.
Making sure all research is relevant and that material used is pertinent to the area of study.
In graduate work, the use of peer-reviewed journal articles (journal articles reviewed by recognized experts in the relevant field of study) is required.
Keep in mind that educational websites may be appropriate, in some cases, but should be evaluated carefully.
The Ashford University Library offers many excellent databases and other resources to assist you in conducting scholarly research.
What sources are not acceptable for academic research and referencing?
Encyclopedias
Dictionaries
Wikipedia, other wikis, or blogs
Websites and other sources that do not provide quality researched materials (e.g., they do not use credible sources to support the information in the document).
All research must reflect professional academic protocol and must be documented according to APA standards as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Creating the Final Project
You may choose to present your research is the form of an eight- to ten-page research paper (excluding title and reference pages) or a comprehensive 10- to 15-slide PowerPoint presentation (excluding title and reference slides) with detailed speaker notes. In either case, the content of the assignment must include each of the elements listed below:
Introduction
Describe the issue. Include why it was selected, the perspective of your appr.
Final ProjectImagine that you work for a health department and hav.docxMalikPinckney86
Final Project
Imagine that you work for a health department and have been asked to make a presentation to a group of health care professionals on the role and responsibilities of community and public health.
After reviewing the materials throughout the course and based on what you have learned, create a PowerPoint presentation of at least six slides that covers the following topics:
Describe the role of community and public health in the well-being of populations.
Describe the public health organizational structure.
Examine the legal and ethical dimensions of public and community health services.
Analyze funding of public and community health services.
Discuss the role of communication in community and public health programs.
Creating the Final Project
The Final Project:
Must be created using a screencast program such as Jing, Screencast-O-Matic, Screenr, or other audio/video program.
Must be a minimum of six PowerPoint slides in length (excluding title and reference slide), and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a title slide with the following:
Title of presentation
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must include a succinct thesis that is presented on the opening slide.
Must address the topics with critical thought.
Must use at least four scholarly sources (not including the course text), including a minimum of two from academic journals found in the Ashford University Library. Other sources should be obtained from appropriate epidemiological information.
Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate reference slide, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
In answering the assigned questions, please always note the follow
1. In answering the assigned questions, please always note the
following:
· Answer only the assigned question(s)
· A well-developed answer is required
· Thoughtful and thorough answers are expected
· Avoid rehashing case facts
· Make reasonable assumptions
· Don’t confuse symptoms with problems
· Make effective use of financial and other quantitative
developed in the case
· Make good use of evidence developed in the case
Case Study Grading
You will be graded on the following criteria:
· Case Studies should have 500-words MINIMUM. The best
work exceeds the minimum word count above.
· Include cover page, abstract, and reference pages -- these
do not count towards your total word count.
· Use TWO authored outside references with all submissions (an
outside reference is something in addition to our class
textbook). You must quote from this reference!.
· Utilize APA formatting at the end of your submission FOR all
assignments…if you do not, you will lose points.
· Case studies must be submitted in a Microsoft Word
document.
Writing Style Expectations
The following are writing style expectations:
· Use subject headers for all papers - your reader appreciates
and expects that level or organization to your work!
· No contractions & No abbreviations - if you are referring to
the United States of America, write it out...do not write 'US' -
this is not stellar academic writing.
· Use Times New Roman 12-point font, 1" margins, double-
2. spacing with 0 point spacing.
· Only one citation credit allowed per sentence in this course.
· Indent the first line of each new paragraph five spaces.
· No extra blank lines inserted between sections – deliver a tight
paper.
· No bullet points, alphanumeric lists, or numbered list - write
formally in full sentences / paragraphs.
· Numbers one through nine within your paper should be written
out
· Cover page and reference page required for ALL paper
submissions
· Never use all capital letters
· Use authored references for your research to earn full points.
An authored source is simply one that is associated with a
human(s) NAME. For example, your textbook is an authored
source. The United States Census Bureau is not an authored
source. But it is fine to use as long as you ALSO use an
authored reference source.
· Always include the full URL as to where you found your
research online articles - never just the home page.
· Avoid wikis, blogs, tweets, videos, dictionaries, and
encyclopedias as outside references - use Masters-level sources
like the Journal of Marketing or the Journal of International
Business - No wikis, prezis, slideshares, dictionaries,
encyclopedias, videos, interviews, & podcasts allowed as
references – only scholarly written sources from well-respected
sources.
Be sure to use the Writing Resources (see left menu) view the
"Instructor's Writing Guide and Reminders" under "Writing
Guide & Resources".
Plan ahead and do not wait until the last minute! Upload and
submit completed Case Study assignments via the associated
submission link (see below) by the end of assigned week.
CASE STUDY GRADING CRITERIA
POINTS POSSIBLE
3. POINTS EARNED
Substance of Paper - Minimum 500-words – solid MARKETING
content. Template must be used & submitted in MICROSOFT
WORD document. Minus 5 points if template is not used.
Subject headers required – Introduction, Question # 1, etc. &
Conclusion – minus 5 points if not used for organization.
Writing caliber includes spelling, grammar, etc. (SEE
announcement in classroom – non-adherence to those items will
be deducted here). Do not write out questions – minus 3 points
if you do.
No Abstract is desired.
35
Two AUTHORED Outside Reference cited in APA format and
credited within your reference page at the end of your paper.
One source MUST be a peer reviewed Marketing reference –
specifically from the Journal of Marketing (if you deviate from
this peer-reviewed source, gain pre-approval 48-hours before
the paper is due by sending the actual article to your instructor
to gain approval). Minus 3 points if you do not use the
Marketing Journal but have two other authored sources that are
valid. Citations must be appropriately done within paper in
APA FORMAT. Always provide the exact web site address for
this course in your recap of references for full credit.
If reference page and citations do not match 100% - minus 10
points. Verify BEFORE you submit your paper.
No wikis, prezis, slideshares, dictionaries, encyclopedias,
videos, interviews, & podcasts allowed as references – only
scholarly written sources from well-respected sources.
10
APA formatted paper with cover page and reference page,
Times New Roman 12 font, 1" margins, double-spacing, etc.
5
5. more like cogs in a vast machine than self-determining team
members.
In the name of teamwork and profitability, Henderson traveled
to other factories looking for places where worker autonomy
was high. He implemented his favorite ideas at the factory at
Durham. Instead of hiring generic “mechanics,” for example,
Henderson hired staffers with FAA (Federal Aviation
Administration) mechanic’s licenses. This superior training
created a team capable of making vital decisions with minimal
oversight, a fact that upped the factory’s output and his
workers’ feelings of worth.
Henderson’s “self-managing” factory functioned beautifully.
And it looked different, too. Plant manager Jack Fish described
Henderson’s radical factory, saying Henderson “didn’t want to
see supervisors, he didn’t want to see forklifts running all over
the place, he didn’t even want it to look traditional. There’s
clutter in most plants, racks of parts and so on. He didn’t want
that.”
Henderson also contracted out non-job-related chores, such as
bathroom cleaning, that might have been assigned to workers in
traditional factories. His insistence that his workers should
contribute their highest talents to the team showed how much he
valued them. And his team valued their jobs in turn.
Six years later, a Fast Company reporter visiting the plant
noted, “GE/Durham team members take such pride in the
engines they make that they routinely take brooms in hand to
sweep out the beds of the 18-wheelers that transport those
engines—just to make sure that no damage occurs in transit.”
For his part, Henderson, who remained at GE beyond the
project, noted, “I was just constantly amazed by what was
accomplished there.”
GE’s bottom line showed the benefits of teamwork, too. From
the early 1980s, when Welch became CEO, until 2000, when he
retired, GE generated more wealth than any organization in the
history of the world.
Case written by Talya Bauer and Berrin Erdogan to accompany
6. Carpenter, M., Bauer, T., & Erdogan, B. (2009). Principles of
management (1st ed.). New York: Flat World Knowledge. Based
on information from Fishman, C. (1999, September). How
teamwork took flight. Fast Company. Retrieved August 1, 2008,
from http://www.fastcompany.com/node/38322/print; Lear, R.
(1998, July–August). Jack Welch speaks: Wisdom from the
world’s greatest business leader. Chief Executive; Guttman, H.
(2008, January–February). Leading high-performance teams:
Horizontal, high-performance teams with real decision-making
clout and accountability for results can transform a company.
Chief Executive, pp. 231–233.
Discussion Questions
1. Teams are an essential part of the leading facet of the P-O-L-
C framework. Looking at the team role typology, how might you
categorize the roles played by the teams in this case?
2. What do you think brought individuals at GE together to
work as a cohesive team?
3. In the case of GE, do you view the team members or the
management leaders as the most important part of the story?
4. How do you think Henderson held his team members
accountable for their actions?
5. Do you think that GE offered a support system for its
employees in order to create this type of team cohesion? If so,
how might this have been accomplished?
6. What are the benefits of creating a team whose members are
educated to make vital decisions with minimal oversight, as GE
did in hiring staffers with FAA mechanic’s licenses?
Please read Chapter 13 for reference
:https://open.lib.umn.edu/principlesmanagement/part/chapter-
13-managing-groups-and-teams/
Task 2 : Please read and understand the Samuel C. Johnson
Family Enterprise case and write up your key learning points (1
page).
Samuel C. Johnson Family Enterprises by Prof. Joachim
7. Schwass*
“We should worry not about whether we have lived up to the
expectations of our fathers…but whether we, as fathers, live up
to
the expectations of our children.” - Sam Johnson
The founder of what is today the Samuel C. Johnson Family
Enterprises was Samuel Curtis Johnson (1833-1919). In his
early working years, Johnson was employed at the Racine
Hardware Company, where he sold parquet floors. In 1886 he
acquired the parquet flooring business, which in its first year
generated a profit of $268.27 Recognizing people’s need to treat
wooden floors, Johnson developed a wax product from beeswax
and other components that he mixed in a bathtub. In 1888 he
introduced “Johnson Prepared Wax” and bought his first
national advertising in The Saturday Evening Post. By the turn
of the century, wax sales were larger than the revenues from
selling parquet floors, so Johnson discontinued the sales of
parquet. As the company’s wax products gained wide
acceptance, Johnson exported them to Britain and even as far as
Australia, and the number of employees ballooned to over 100.
By 1900, Johnson Wax was at the forefront in human resources
policies, offering paid vacations to the employees. In 1917 it
introduced a profit-sharing plan that gave employees 25% of the
company’s earnings. In 1919 Samuel C. Johnson died and his
son, Herbert Fisk Johnson (1868-1928) took over. Herbert’s
sister, Jessie, neither worked in the business nor inherited
ownership. Herbert, who
had joined the business at 20, working closely with his father,
became an equal partner in 1906, at which time the company
became S.C. Johnson & Son. On Samuel’s death in 1919,
Herbert, then 51, became President. More technical than his
father, Herbert’s research-orientation lead to a number of new
cleaning and treating products, which earned him a reputation
8. as the “real business builder” through diversification. In 1926,
Herbert, who
shared his father’s strong sense of social responsibility,
established a 40-hour workweek, calling his approach
“enlightened selfishness.” In 1927, on occasion of the
Christmas Profit Sharing, Herbert gave a widely respected
speech that still serves as a philosophical guide for 2 current
generations:
“The goodwill of the people is the only enduring thing in any
business. It
is the sole substance…the rest is shadow!”
In 1928 Herbert unexpectedly died at age 59 and left the family
business devoid of any will or succession plan. His son, Herbert
Fisk (H.F.) Johnson Jr. (1899-1978), assumed management
control – he was 28. It took a decade to clarify ownership with
Henrietta, H.F.’s younger sister, who eventually received 1/3 of
the shares. This protracted legal battle caused H.F. to
state that he was “never going to let that happen to [his] son,”
and in his will he subsequently designated his son Sam as his
successor. H.F. led the 500-strong company through the Great
Depression with no layoffs. He is widely seen as the creator of
international growth and the progenitor of new manufacturing
technologies. H.F. was, in fact, the company’s first chemist. On
the personal side, besides the relatively early loss of his father,
he also suffered the death of his 4-year old daughter and a
subsequent divorce from his first wife, who suffered from
alcoholism. The other two children, Karen and Sam, moved
between their father in the Midwest and their mother in New
York.
After the Depression years, H.F. started to worry about the
supply of the key ingredient in the company’s wax products,
which comes from the carnauba palm in the Brazilian rain
forest. His background as a chemist had raised his awareness of
9. the importance not only of the manufacturing technology, but
also about the nature of the raw materials used in production.
Believing strongly in product quality he launched the “Product
Plus” concept: every new Johnson product had to have a distinct
advantage over everything else on the market, or it had to be
new and unique enough to outstrip the competition. In 1935
H.F. bought an amphibious plane and led a 22,000 mile
expedition from Milwaukee
to the Brazilian rain forest to study the carnauba palm tree. The
trip, which received broad press coverage, was described by
Time magazine as “Johnson’s search for the ‘tree of life’.” The
expedition had a strong, favorable impact on the 36-year old
H.F.. He returned invigorated and full of new visions for the
business. In 1936 he invited Frank Lloyd Wright
to design the new company headquarters in Racine, Wisconsin.
He also wrote a book about his Brazilian sojourn. On the inside
of his son’s copy he wrote: “Sammy, I hope you take this tri p
someday. It changed my life. Love, Dad.” Sam later described
his father as “a scientist, and indisputably proud of it, the
“father” of technology at Johnson Wax,” an “internationalist”
who created an “organization he could trust” so he could travel,
enjoy himself and “still take care of the business details on an
overseas journey.” According to Sam, H.F. was “a creative
leader” who “insisted on the best,” drew superior performance
from his people, and “believed in the benefits of retaining wise
consultants and counsel,” a man with a vision who thought in
terms of entire generations, a “humanist” who believed in the
good of individual creativity and in the dignity of man and
woman.” Sam quotes his father as frequently saying, “Every
community where we operate should become a better place
because we are there.” Sam remembered his father as “a family
man who […] took his son hunting and fishing.”
In 1953 H.F. wrote Sam a letter that was to be opened upon his
death. Twenty-five years later Sam opened it: 3
Some people may try to challenge you by saying you are not
doing as well as your grandfather or father did. This is
10. something you should not give any worry to because what your
great grandfather, grandfather and I did was to build on a
foundation of honesty and integrity in business. Just go ahead in
the way you think best. I’m confident in your future.
Sam (1928-) joined the business as his father’s assistant in
1954, with a master’s degree in business from Harvard Business
School in his pocket and two years of US Air Force service. On
the advice of a consulting firm (Booz, Allen and Hamilton),
H.F. developed a career plan for Sam. Later, Sam recalled that
he had been upset about having to follow a carefully laid-out
development plan – after all, wasn’t he the son of the owner and
entitled to go straight to the top? But in time, he came to
appreciate the wisdom of the incremental approach thought out
by Jim Allen of Booz, Allen and Hamilton that initially had him
directing a newly created
department responsible for developing new products. The
Johnson Wax Company had grown internationally, but it was
still primarily limited to wax products for various applications.
“I had just become the company’s New Products Director, and
our section had decided that the insecticide field was a good and
growing business, one in which we wanted to play a part.”
Sam recalls his first product idea. “I had a mock label created,
stuck it on a can, brought the sample of “Johnson’s Aerosol
Insecticide” to my father, and announced that this was a
business we surely ought to enter. He looked at me and then at
the can. ‘Don’t you realize we don’t make any products without
wax in them?’ he said. Although he was the boss, he
was also my father, so I was able to risk a little impertinence
and I answered, ‘Well, we could put a little wax in it, but I
don’t think it would do the product any good.’ My shot at
humor didn’t throw him off track. He told me we didn’t know
anything about bugs. I replied that we were learning. He said:
‘OK, then let’s get down to fundamentals. Tell me what is better
about that product than what is already on the market.’ I
offered: ‘It will have a nice label and be an aerosol.’ He said,
‘Does it work better than the other ones?’ I admitted finally:
11. ‘No. It’s just a darn good aerosol insecticide.’ My father
replied, ‘Then take it back to the lab and
when you have something that is better, come back and we’ll
talk about the insecticide business.’ His instincts were right and
we did come back with a better insect killer: Raid. When we
came out with an aqueous formula, we indeed had a Product
Plus. It smelled better and killed insects without harming
plants.” The following years saw a number of new products
move the company away from the wax-related products: the
Garden Bug Killer, Off (a mosquito repellent), Pledge (a
furniture duster and polisher), and Glade air freshener. Within a
year of market introduction they represented
35% of total domestic sales.
The new product development process created by Sam was so
innovative that it became the subject of a Harvard Business
School Case study, and stands today as a model for new product
development organizations.
In 1959 Sam moved into international operations and traveled to
Europe. In 1960 he was named European Regional Director and
in 1962 he was promoted to International Vice President. Sam’s
first important setback occurred in 1965 when he oversaw the
consolidation of European regional manufacturing in a large
new plant in the Netherlands, an effort that was
designed to reduce cost and improve efficiency. Faced with
overcapacity, start-up problems and major losses, Sam was
called back to the US. His father was furious about the bad
results. Several weeks later, at the age of 65, Sam’s father
suffered a stroke that left him severely handicapped. He could
neither read nor write well and became very irritable. Sam 4
recalls, “I always wondered whether I had given him the stroke
because of the mess-up I’d made in Europe.”
In 1966, at 38, Sam became President of the company, which
now boasted annual sales of US$ 171 million. His father, now
honorary Chairman, wintered in Florida, so Sam had to fly down
every two weeks to report. These visits often turned very
12. unpleasant. His increasingly irritable father often railed, “I
don’t like these numbers. And I don’t like you either. And
you’re fired.” Later, Sam recalled that this was a most difficult
and depressing time. When his father died in 1978, Sam
received the letter his father had written in 1953 for posthumous
delivery. The twenty-five year old letter “released [him] to be
[himself] and not just a clone of [his] father.”
By then, Sam had put his imprint as a strong leader on a
company with revenues reaching US$ 1 billion in 1978. This
was based on a strong, international expansion through
diversification and acquisitions. He had decided on this
approach during a one-year sabbatical he took in 1968 after his
father’s stroke. He also planned for the ownership transition
from himself to his four children by setting up trusts for them
and the
grandchildren. In 1976, in a statement of corporate philosophy
entitled “This We Believe,” Sam codified the basic principles
that he believed drove the family business. It built on his
grandfather’s famous 1927 Christmas Profit Sharing speech:
Employees: We believe that the fundamental vitality and
strength of our worldwide company lies in our people.
Consumers and Users: We believe in earning the enduring
goodwill of consumers and users of our products and services.
General Public: We believe in being a responsible leader within
the free market economy.
Neighbors and Hosts: We believe in contributing to the well
being of the countries and communities where we conduct
business.
World Community: We believe in improving international
understanding.
Further to these principles, Sam added: “the way of
safeguarding these beliefs is to remain a privately held
company. Our way of reinforcing them is to make profits
through growth and development, profits which allow us to do
13. more for all the people on whom we depend.” Dick Hansen,
current CEO of Johnson Financial Group, talks about how these
beliefs make a
difference for employees in a family owned business: “I see
Sam’s integrity through his respect for the community. Sam
challenges us to make our communities better because we are
there. He doesn’t talk values, he lives them.” One strong
example for this values-based management approach occurred in
1975, when Sam Johnson voluntarily and unilaterally banned
the worldwide use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) from all
Johnson aerosol products. At the time, unproven research
suggested that CFCs might
harm the ozone layer. Both internally and externally, Sam’s
decision was widely criticized until, three years later, it was
validated when the US and Canada officially banned the use of
CFCs in aerosols. It also turned out to be a smart business
decision as company scientists 5 discovered that propane was a
cheaper substitute for CFC, a strong advantage over
competitors. The business continued to grow in the consumer
products field. In 1970 Johnson Diversified, now known as
Johnson Outdoors Inc., was created, making leisure products
like boats and camping equipment. The Johnson Bank was
started in Wisconsin. These steps were made
both out of fear and logic. Fear of being cornered by larger,
publicly held consumer products companies, like Procter &
Gamble. Logic by providing entrepreneurial opportunities in
new businesses to the next generation of family business
leaders. Sam had married Imogene Powers, whom he had met in
college, in 1954. Together they have four children: Curt (b.
1955), Helen, (b. 1956), Fisk (b. 1958), and Winnie (b. 1959).
All four were educated at Cornell, where the business school is
called the Johnson School. Each of the children decided to join
the family business without pressure from their father. Although
they recognized the expectations and pressures put on next
generation members of the owning family, they felt the
company was a special place. Like their father a generation
14. before, they believed family leadership was necessary to ensure
the core values - which led to its success - continued to guide
the operations. In 1985 Helen was the first member of the fifth
generation to join the company as an associate product manager.
In 1986 Winnie joined as a public affairs manager. One year
later Fisk joined the company as a marketing associate. And in
1990, Curt joined the company when Windpoint Ventures, a
venture capital fund he started, was folded into the family
business. Late in his career, Sam began to suffer from the same
addiction to alcohol his mother had once had. With strong
support from his wife and children, he decided to confront this
dependence. After a one-month treatment in 1993 in the Mayo
Clinic, of which he was the Chairman, he returned home cured,
and readying himself for retirement from day-to-day
responsibilities. He started to think about his father’s journey to
Brazil and what it had meant in his life.
Recalling the note his father had left in his book expressing the
hope that Sam would make the same journey one day, Sam
decided to follow in his father’s footsteps. The original aircraft
had been sold and crashed in Asia and could not be salvaged.
Sam decided to have an exact replicate built, a project that took
over three years. On October 22, 1998, Sam and his two sons,
Curt and Fisk, took off from Racine, Wisconsin, for a month-
long
trip to the Brazilian rainforest, following the route of Sam’s
father well over 60 years earlier. There the rest of the family
joined them. The trip proved to be an invigorating experience –
much as it had been for his father. But Sam also wanted it
filmed as a legacy for his family and companies. The film,
“Carnauba: A Son’s Memoir,” turned out much more personal
than intended. In it, Sam speaks very openly about his father,
himself and the
difficult periods in their lives. Even his children had not
understood the extent of Sam’s difficulties with his father. Fisk
said, “My brother and sisters and I have been huge beneficiaries
15. of the relationship that my father had with his father. I think my
father said to himself, ‘I’m never going to put my children
through this’. ”His brother Curt stated in an Internet posting to
the company employees: “The trip has provided us with an
opportunity to
talk about some of the issues and opportunities facing the
family businesses. I feel connected to the visioning process my
grandfather experienced when he made this trip.” 6 By this
time, the family had created a council with regular meetings of
all family members to deal with both family and business
matters. Sam had a strong interest in the history of family
business; he knew well their fragile structures, and he devoted
much
to preparing next generation family members and creating a
large degree of transparency. The council became the forum for
succession planning. It became increasingly apparent that the
children had different interests and leadership aspirations. Sam,
who had seen many family businesses
suffer from sibling rivalry, wanted to avoid siblings reporting to
each other. Without conflicts, the family arrived at a suitable
arrangement in 1999.
Fisk, who has a Ph.D. in applied physics, became chairman of
SC Johnson, the core consumer products business. Helen
became chairman of Johnson Outdoors Inc., the recreational
products business. Curt became chairman of JohnsonDiversey,
now the second largest institutional and industrial products and
services business in the world. And Winnie, who had
expressed a lesser interest in the business, became president of
the Johnson Family Foundation. Helen described the functional
separation as follows: “We each found our spot. Curt was the
wheeler-dealer entrepreneur, Fisk was the technician, and I was
the one interested in marketing.”
In a joint statement, the four children talk about the relationship
between the two generations:
Under Dad’s leadership, within just a few brief decades, the
16. Johnson business went from a small wax company (US$171
million in sales) to four major global enterprises (combined
US$ 8 billion in sales) that include household goods, innovative
commercial products and services, environmentally-responsible
polymers, diverse financial services
and some of the most recognized brands in the recreational
industry. And he didn’t just champion the business. He took
seriously the challenge of making our world a better place to
live. Whether funding the restoration of Martin Luther King
Junior’s birthplace, contributing time and money to the World
Business Council for Sustainable Development, or helping
protect a unique ecosystem in Brazil, Dad has dedicated himself
personally and positioned the family businesses to shape our
communities and
protect our planet. But even more important to us, his children,
is the support Dad provides right here at home. From the famil y
dining room to the corporate boardroom, he has been a coach,
protector and friend to each of us. He has guided us with wise
counsel, but also encouraged us to follow our hearts.
*Joachim Schwass, Professor of Family Business, IMD, and
Director,
The IMD–Lombard Odier Darier Hentsch & Cie Family
Business Center, wrote this article.
References:
- The Essence of a Family Enterprise, by Samuel C. Johnson,
1988
- S.C. Johnson Commemorative Journal, 2000
- Father Divides a Business to Keep the Children united, by D.
Barboza, New York
Times, August 22, 1999
- Waxing Personal, by J. Tannenbaum, Wall Street Journal, May
7, 2001
- Various company publications
· Award ceremony with Sam and Curt Johnson, Helsinki,
September 2002
17. Shortened Title Goes Here 4
Running head: TITLE IN LESS THAN 51 CHARACTERS
CAPITALIZED
Assignment #
Your Name Here
Central Michigan University – MKT560
Date (optional)
Introduction
Start your paper here. An introduction paragraph is a good idea.
It should state the purpose of the paper and provide a roadmap
for the reader.
Please run the spelling and grammar checker before you submit
your paper. It will catch mistakes like more than one space
between sentences, spelling errors, punctuation mistakes, and
split infinitives. Specific errors common in student papers that
are not standard APA format include not having 1 inch margins
on all sides of your paper and use two spaces between
sentences. Note that in this example, there are no blank lines
between paragraphs. This is correct in APA format.
Question # 1
Paragraphs start with an indentation using the ruler setting. Do
not use spaces or the tab key. Do not use the “enter” key to get
to the next line, just keep typing, and let the computer do the
work. Please note that the references at the end of this paper are
not cited in the text. This is not okay. They are there to give
you examples of correct APA format for references. You must
use APA citation format for all sources you use to write your
paper.
Question # 2
Paragraphs start with an indentation using the ruler setting. Do
18. not use spaces or the tab key. Do not use the “enter” key to get
to the next line, just keep typing, and let the computer do the
work. Please note that the references at the end of this paper are
not cited in the text. This is not okay. They are there to give
you examples of correct APA format for references. You must
use APA citation format for all sources you use to write your
paper.
You might not use this level of heading in your papers.
However, consider it is to your advantage to ensure the reader,
i.e., the instructor, sees the organization of your content fits the
assignment criteria. Every paragraph should have at least three
sentences and contain only one idea (this is not a good example
of that!)
Question # 3 (if there is one – if not, delete)
Paragraphs start with an indentation using the ruler setting. Do
not use spaces or the tab key. Do not use the “enter” key to get
to the next line, just keep typing, and let the computer do the
work. Please note that the references at the end of this paper are
not cited in the text. This is not okay. They are there to give
you examples of correct APA format for references. You must
use APA citation format for all sources you use to write your
paper.
Question # 4 (if there is one – if not, delete)
Paragraphs start with an indentation using the ruler setting. Do
not use spaces or the tab key. Do not use the “enter” key to get
to the next line, just keep typing, and let the computer do the
work. Please note that the references at the end of this paper are
not cited in the text. This is not okay. They are there to give
you examples of correct APA format for references. You must
use APA citation format for all sources you use to write your
paper.
Conclusion
19. Your final paragraph should provide a summary of your paper.
This reminds the reader of where you took them on your road
trip. It is similar to reviewing your photographs after a
vacation. There should be no new information included in the
conclusion.
References
Do you need help with your APA format of references? Check
out http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php
One September, a fraud squad, led by Jean-Claude Van Espen, a
Belgian magistrate, raided Airbus’s headquarters in Toulouse.
“They wanted to check whether there was possible falsification
of
documents, bribery or other infractions as part of the sale of
Air-
bus aircraft to Sabena,” says Van Espen’s spokesman. The team
of 20 Belgian and French investigators interviewed several
Airbus
employees during its three-day stay in Toulouse and carted
away
boxes of documents.
In November 1997, Sabena had approved an order for 17 Airbus
A320s (narrow-bodied aircraft), which it did not need. Even
more
oddly, it had doubled the order at the last minute to 34, a move
that
helped trigger the airline’s collapse four years later.
Although nominally controlled by the Belgian government,
Sabena
was run by the parent company of Swissair, SAirGroup, which
20. had
owned a stake of 49.5 percent since 1995 and which also went
bust in
2001. A former Sabena manager, who arrived after the Airbus
order
was placed, says that the planes were not needed: “It was a fatal
busi-
ness decision.” A Belgian parliamentary commission’s recent
report
confirms that the Airbus order was a big cause of Sabena’s
collapse.
Van Espen’s separate criminal investigation is continuing.
According to the report, it started in October 2001 after
Philippe
Doyen, then a Sabena employee, lodged a complaint. Among
other
things, he suggested to Van Espen that he interview Peter
Gysel, a
former Swissair employee now working at Airbus, who put
together
Sabena’s deal with Airbus. Gysel denies any impropriety. The
for-
mer Sabena manager says: “I never got the slightest whiff that
the
decision was driven by kickbacks, side-payments, and so on.
But I
cannot rule anything out.” Neither does Van Espen.
Today airlines are ordering about 400 aircraft a year. But in
good times, 800 planes, worth around $60 billion, are sold a
year.
In the past 10 years, Airbus (originally a consortium, now
owned
80 percent by EADS and 20 percent by BAE Systems) has
caught
21. up with Boeing, which had enjoyed two-thirds of the market
since
its 747 jumbo-jet entered commercial service in 1970.
Many aircraft are no doubt bought and sold in entirely conven-
tional ways. But many are not. After all, lots of airlines are still
state-owned and not subject to normal business rules. Commis-
sion payments (licit or illicit) on multimillion-dollar aircraft
deals
increase the capital cost of aircraft, which are therefore subject
to
higher depreciation or operating-lease charges, or both. But
these
extra costs are barely discernible in the pool of red ink created
by
the carriers’ perennial losses.
Aircraft purchases drag on for years, as airlines play Boeing and
Airbus off against each other. Especially in a buyer’s market,
deep
discounts are common, performance guarantees are demanding,
and manufacturers have to offer all sorts of sweeteners (e.g.,
air-
craft trade-ins, unusual guarantees) to persuade an airline to
switch
to their aircraft.
Unsurprisingly, given the regulated nature of international air
travel, politics plays a part. For instance, no sooner had Air
Mauri-
tius bought Airbus A340s in 1994 than it obtained an upgrade
from
Paris Orly to Charles de Gaulle airport, which is Air France’s
main
base with better onward connections.
22. Aircraft purchases have long been associated with controversy.
In the 1970s, when Lockheed was still making civil jets, it was
caught bribing Japanese officials to buy its L1011 wide-bodied
airliner. A Japanese prime minister was later charged and
convicted
in 1983 for taking a bribe. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands
also was disgraced for his involvement with Lockheed. This
scan-
dal led in 1977 to Congress passing the Foreign Corrupt
Practices
Act (FCPA), which forbids American companies, their officers,
or
their representatives from bribing foreign officials.
Critics often have pointed out that American firms can sidestep
the FCPA by using foreign subsidiaries and nationals to pay
bribes.
Boeing says that its policy is to adhere to the spirit and letter of
the
FCPA, that its systems of controls ensure employees comply
with
this policy, and that no Boeing employee has been charged
under
the FCPA. In 1982 Boeing pleaded guilty to false statements
about
commissions on the sale of commercial aircraft prior to 1977.
Boe-
ing also says that there have been public hearings in the
Bahamas
over allegations of bribery in the 1990 sale of deHavilland
aircraft
to Bahamas Air, during Boeing’s ownership of deHavilland.
Airbus has not been subject to such constraints. France ratified
an OECD convention to outlaw bribery of foreign public
23. officials
in 2000. Until then the government even permitted French
compa-
nies tax deductions for giving bribes.
For years, as they steadily lost market share to the European
challenger, the Americans have been outspokenly critical of
Airbus.
In the 1980s the beef was the huge subsidies that European
govern-
ments poured into the industry. Now that Airbus repays such
launch
aid, that is less relevant, especially as Boeing receives indirect
subsi-
dies through America’s defense budget and space program.
But the American government also has spoken out on the sub-
ject of bribery. Grant Aldonas, an undersecretary for
international
trade, told a congressional committee: “Unfortunately this
[aircraft
manufacturing] is an industry where foreign corruption has a
real
impact . . . this sector has been especially vulnerable to trade
distor-
tions involving bribery of foreign public officials.”
According to a European Parliament report, published in 2001,
America’s National Security Agency (NSA) intercepted faxes
and
phone calls between Airbus, Saudi Arabian Airlines, and the
Saudi
government in early 1994. The NSA found that Airbus agents
were
offering bribes to a Saudi official to secure a lion’s share for
Airbus
24. in modernizing Saudi Arabian Airlines’ fleet. The planes were
in
a $6 billion deal that Edouard Balladur, France’s then prime
min-
ister, had hoped to clinch on a visit to see King Fahd in January
1994. He went home empty-handed.
James Woolsey, then director of the Central Intelligence
Agency,
recounted in a newspaper article in 2000 how the American gov-
ernment typically reacted to intelligence of this sort. “When we
have caught you [Europeans] . . . we go to the government
you’re
bribing and tell its officials that we don’t take kindly to such
corrup-
tion,” he wrote. Apparently this (and a direct sales pitch from
Bill
Clinton to King Fahd) swung the aircraft part of the deal
Boeing’s
and McDonnell Douglas’s way.
KUWAITI KICKBACKS?
Not even the NSA, however, knows about everything in the
aircraft-
manufacturing industry as it actually happens. Consider the
history
of an Airbus order placed by Kuwait Airways Corporation
(KAC),
another state-owned airline.
Ethics and AirbusCASE 2-4
CS2−12
cat12354_case2_CS2-1-CS2-29.indd 12 4/3/19 11:05 AM
25. Cases 2 The Cultural Environment of Global Marketing
CS2−13
In November 1995, Reuters reported that Kuwaiti prosecutors
had questioned Bader Mallalah, KAC’s then chief financial
officer,
over allegations of embezzlement made against him by KAC.
The
firm’s chairman, Ahmed al Mishari, had suspended Mallalah
from
his job the previous month. But KAC had trumped up the allega-
tions against Mallalah to put the lid on a story of corruption in
which its then chairman was himself involved.
That story began exactly five years earlier in Cairo, where KAC
had set up temporary headquarters after Iraq’s invasion of
Kuwait
in August 1990. Most of its planes would inevitably be lost or
dam-
aged, so al Mishari was planning a shiny new postwar fleet.
Nat-
urally, both Boeing and Airbus were asked to tender. Both firms
expected politics to play a part in KAC’s choice, especially
after an
American-led coalition had liberated Kuwait.
Shortly after the liberation of Kuwait, Boeing and KAC met in
London. One person present says al Mishari gave the impression
that the order would be Boeing’s. After all, until then, American
companies had won most of the large reconstruction contracts
from a grateful government.
Airbus hoped otherwise. In 1991, shortly before the Paris Air
Show, Jean Pierson, the then-boss of Airbus, met al Mishari at
26. the
Churchill Hotel in London. The two talked in private for part of
the
time, so what they discussed is not known. Two clear
inferences,
however, can be drawn from subsequent events: al Mishari
prom-
ised the order to Airbus, and Pierson pressed for an
announcement
at the imminent air show.
As substantial public funds were involved, KAC was supposed
to follow the formal process in Kuwait before placing the order.
This process included approvals from the Ministry of Finance
and
the public-spending watchdog. None of these approvals was
sought
before the air show. In June 1991, at the show, al Mishari
stunned
Kuwaiti officials and Boeing when he announced a firm order
for
15 Airbus aircraft, worth $1.1 billion, and options for nine
more,
worth up to $900 million. A delighted Pierson trumpeted the
deal
as Airbus’s first single order for all its aircraft types.
Most unusually, Boeing was not asked for its “best and final”
offer, according to a former KAC employee. Boeing’s response
to
the announcement was to offer generous discounts to KAC—so
that
its package was around $100 million cheaper than its rival’s —
but
it was too late. The upshot of a meeting in the summer of 1991
between the boss of Boeing Commercial, furious American offi-
27. cials, and the Crown Prince of Kuwait was a messy compromise.
KAC would order the engines for the Airbuses from General
Elec-
tric; Boeing would receive an order for two wide-bodied planes
as
a sop; and the firm order for 15 Airbus aircraft would go ahead
provided that KAC bought from Boeing in the future.
This compromise left al Mishari in a rather awkward spot. KAC
had an option to buy nine more aircraft from Airbus. An airline
is
usually able to walk away from an option deal if it forfeits the
modest
deposit paid. But this case was far from normal. The company
that
was to take up the option was not KAC itself but a subsidiary,
Avia-
tion Lease and Finance Company (ALAFCO), which al Mishari
had set up in Bermuda in September 1992. ALAFCO was to buy
the
aircraft and lease them to KAC. In late 1992 al Mishari
confirmed
to Pierson that ALAFCO would buy the nine planes and sent off
a $2.5 million deposit. By buying the planes through ALAFCO,
al
Mishari intended to bypass formal governmental approval.
There was more to the deal. Airbus chipped in a total of
$450,000 between 1992 and 1994 to help with the costs of set-
ting up and running ALAFCO. On December 15, 1992,
ALAFCO
appointed a part-time commercial adviser, Mohamed Habib El
Fekih, a Tunisian national. His day job was then as head of
sales
in the Middle East—for Airbus. Under his ALAFCO contract of
28. employment, a copy of which The Economist has and which was
to
run for three years from January 1993, El Fekih received $5,000
a month and $80,000 in back pay for “services” rendered to
ALAFCO from February 1, 1990—31 months before ALAFCO’s
incorporation—to December 31, 1992. The $5,000 was paid
each
month from ALAFCO’s account number 201-901-04 at the Com-
mercial Bank of Kuwait in New York to El Fekih’s personal
account
at Crédit Lyonnais’s branch in Blagnac, France, where Airbus is
based on the outskirts of Toulouse.
By 1993 three of the nine aircraft under option, all cargo planes,
were nearly ready for delivery. However, Mallalah, who was
also
ALAFCO’s chief executive, insisted that the transaction be
subject
to formal procedure in Kuwait. This meant competitive tenders
from Airbus and Boeing. Unsurprisingly, Airbus, with inside
knowl-
edge from its two-hatted vice president, El Fekih, was able to
match
exactly offers from Boeing, after Boeing came in over $50
million
cheaper. With nothing to choose between the offers, ALAFCO
selected Airbus, on the grounds that KAC’s fleet now comprised
predominantly Airbus aircraft.
The deal sailed through KAC’s board and the Ministry of
Finance. However, Mallalah provided Kuwait’s public spending
watchdog with full details of ALAFCO’s order for the cargo
planes.
It refused to sanction the deal. Consultants concluded in early
1995
that the purchase of the cargo aircraft was not justified. The
29. Min-
istry of Finance told KAC not to proceed. After Mallalah
submit-
ted a report to KAC’s board on the affair, El Fekih resigned
from
ALAFCO in March 1995.
El Fekih says that he acted in an honest way; Pierson approved
his ALAFCO contract, as did the boards of KAC and ALAFCO;
his ALAFCO contract had nothing to do with the sale of Airbus
to
KAC; KAC canceled its option; ALAFCO never bought any
Airbus
aircraft; he acted as a consultant to help set up ALAFCO as an
aircraft-financing company; and he declared his earnings to the
tax
man. Airbus says that it offers this sort of support to customers,
when asked. The present owners of the ALAFCO business
confirm
that ALAFCO bought three Airbus aircraft.
Of the other six aircraft under option, three were not converted
into firm orders. Two Airbus A320s were leased to Shorouk Air
in
Egypt. This joint venture between KAC and EgyptAir was
specifi-
cally set up to find a home for them but is being liquidated
because
of massive losses. Kuwait’s Ministry of Finance leased another.
Al Mishari, sacked as the chairman of KAC in 1999 after spend-
ing almost his entire career with the airline, owns a shopping
com-
plex in the Salmiya district of Kuwait, which local wags have
dubbed
the “Airbus Centre.” Al Mishari, whose family is wealthy,
30. suffered
financial problems when the Kuwaiti stock market collapsed in
the
early 1980s. Al Mishari declines to comment, as does KAC.
It is not irrelevant to ask if the price of the Airbus aircraft was
inflated to allow for kickbacks. No evidence of graft has ever
come
to light. However, no policeman, in Kuwait (or elsewhere), has
looked for any.
INDIA INK
What about cases where police have carried out investigations?
In
March 1990 India’s Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) filed
a first information report (FIR). It was investigating allegations
that Airbus had bribed highly placed public servants and others
to
induce Indian Airlines (IA) to order its aircraft.
cat12354_case2_CS2-1-CS2-29.indd 13 4/3/19 11:05 AM
CS2−14 Part 6 Supplementary Material
In March 1986 state-owned IA had ordered 19 Airbus A320s,
worth $952 million, with an option for 12 more, later exercised.
This order was despite the fact that, when IA set up a committee
in
1983 to recommend replacement aircraft for its aging Boeing
fleet,
the A320 was not considered—it had not then been launched or
flown. With approval from the Indian government, IA had in
July
1984 paid Boeing a deposit for 12 Boeing 757s, large narrow -
31. bodied
aircraft.
Several civil servants and IA officials were named in the FIR.
One
name not on the list was that of Rajiv Gandhi, India’s prime
minister
in 1984–89, who was killed in a bomb explosion in May 1991.
How has the CBI’s investigation progressed in the intervening
years? Hardly at all, despite the hounding on public-interest
grounds
of the CBI in Delhi’s High Court since 1998 by B. L. Wadehra,
an
anti-corruption lawyer based in Delhi. The Economist has
examined
the publicly available court documents—the CBI’s status
reports on
its investigation are secret—from Wadehra’s litigation.
These papers allege, first, that in October 1984, weeks before
Gandhi, a former pilot, succeeded his mother, IA received an
offer
from Airbus for A320 aircraft, a smaller and less expensive
plane
than Boeing’s 757. It required urgent attention. Second, in
Novem-
ber, the aviation ministry gave IA just three days to appraise the
offer for Gandhi’s office.
Much later, in 1990, Indian Express, an Indian newspaper,
reported a leaked manuscript note that showed that Gandhi had
decided at a meeting on August 2, 1985, that IA “should go in
for
Airbus A320 aircraft.”
32. Gandhi’s correspondence file on the deal mysteriously van-
ished. The court papers show that civil servants reconstructed
29 pages of the missing file for the CBI by obtaining copy
corre-
spondence from government departments. Remarkably, this task
took seven years—and even then the reconstruction was only
partial.
After the green light from Gandhi, approvals from IA and
government bodies were a formality. For instance, the IA board
approved the Airbus order at a meeting on August 30, 1985,
which
started at noon. The quality of the analysis presented to the
board
on the competing offers was pitiful. The board considered only
one
criterion—comparative fuel efficiency. Even for that, the data
were
incomplete. The A320 with the engine chosen by IA had yet to
be
tried and tested anywhere; provisional data only were included
in
the report for Boeing 737s “since no technical data were
supplied
by the company.”
But Boeing had not been asked for any because two hours
before
the board meeting, at 9:50 a.m., IA’s managing director, who is
named in the FIR as an alleged recipient of kickbacks, received
a
letter from Richard Elliott, then Boeing’s regional sales
director.
Boeing offered to supply up to 35 of its 737 aircraft, its narrow -
bod-
ied rival to the A320, with a discount of $5 million per plane.
33. This
offer would reduce IA’s investment in new planes by $140
million,
stated Elliott. IA’s board brushed the offer aside on the grounds
that “if Boeing was [sic] too serious . . . they [sic] could have
made
the offer earlier.”
The Delhi court has a withering opinion of the help Airbus has
given the CBI. It allowed Wadehra to add Airbus’s Indian
subsid-
iary to his action on the grounds that Airbus in France was not
cooperating. Airbus told Wadehra that French law forbade it
from
answering his questions. “[Airbus] sells its aircraft on their
merits,”
the firm insisted.
The court has castigated the CBI for its dilatory approach. It
took the Indian authorities until 1995 to contact Airbus for
infor-
mation, only to be told that such requests should be routed
through
the French government. The CBI told Wadehra, despite trying
Interpol and diplomatic channels, it was not getting any help
from
the French government. The French embassy in Delhi in effect
told Wadehra to get lost when he wrote to ask why France was
not
cooperating.
Wadehra’s case became topical because IA’s board approved
an order for 43 Airbus planes, worth around $2 billion. The
order
now needs government approval. However, in September 2000,
34. the
Delhi court ruled that the Indian government should not approve
further purchases from Airbus until the CBI had obtained the
infor-
mation it wanted from the French.
The upshot of the IA story is that no serious attempt has been
made to establish whether or not Airbus paid kickbacks to
Gandhi
and associates. The CBI has not answered written questions.
MOUNTIES AND BANKS
But there are police forces that have shown rather more resolve
and
initiative than the CBI. One important case establishes that
Airbus
has paid “commissions” to individuals hiding behind shell
compa-
nies in jurisdictions where ownership of companies is not a
matter
of public record, and where strict bank secrecy applies.
Airbus’s first big sale in North America was a $1.5 billion deal,
signed in 1988, to sell 34 aircraft to the then state-owned Air
Can-
ada. The middleman was Karlheinz Schreiber, a German-
Canadian
with connections to politicians in Germany and Canada.
Schreiber
emerged as a figure in the financing scandal that engulfed
Germa-
ny’s Christian Democrat party and its top politician, Helmut
Kohl,
a former chancellor, in the late 1990s.
In August 1999 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, acting on
35. a German arrest warrant, nabbed Schreiber. In 2000, Schreiber
was
charged in Germany with tax evasion on money he had received
for
the Airbus transaction and other deals. The Süddeutsche
Zeitung,
a German daily, supplied a copy of Schreiber’s indictment to
The
Economist. According to this document, Airbus signed a consul -
tancy contract (amended four times) with International Aircraft
Leasing (IAL) in March 1985. IAL, which was to help with the
Air
Canada deal, was a shell company based in Vaduz,
Liechtenstein,
and a subsidiary of another Liechtenstein-registered shell,
Kensing-
ton Anstalt.
According to the indictment, between September 30, 1988,
and October 21, 1993 (i.e., as Air Canada took delivery of
Airbus
planes), Airbus paid a total of $22,540,000 in “commissions” to
IAL. Then $10,867,000 was paid into IAL’s account at the
Verwal-
tungs-und Privat-Bank in Vaduz and $11,673,000 into IAL’s
account
number at Swiss Bank Corporation (SBC) in Zurich. During
extra-
dition proceedings against Schreiber in 1999, Airbus admitted
to
these payments. In October 2000, Schreiber won a suspension of
execution of his case.
The court ruled that IAL belonged to Schreiber, and also that,
to the extent that Schreiber had paid out the Airbus
“commissions”
36. as Schmiergelder (“grease monies”), these payments could be
tax
deductible. Schreiber’s German tax lawyer later told the court:
“Schmiergelder were not openly paid to the ‘greased’ person by
[Air-
bus]. It was through third persons to make reception anonymous
and the Schmiergelder unrecognizable as such.”
So who got the commissions? After years of police investiga-
tions in at least five jurisdictions, it is still not clear. According
to
The Last Amigo, a well-researched book on the affair by Harvey
Cashore and Stevie Cameron, both Canadian journalists, a lot
was
withdrawn in cash. Cashore, a producer on The Fifth Estate, the
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Canadian Broadcasting Corporation’s main investigative
program,
says that Schreiber’s bank records and diaries showed that he
usu-
ally followed a simple formula for dividing up the money: half
for
Canadians and half for Europeans.
The book alleges that there may have been a smaller scam
within the bigger scam: An Airbus employee may have got some
of
the money. Some of the money was transferred into subaccounts
at SBC in Zurich. One of the subaccounts, code-named
37. “Steward-
ess,” received as much as one-eighth of the commissions. The
book
suggests that this account was intended for Stuart Iddles,
Airbus’s
senior vice president from 1986 to 1994.
Iddles’s wife bought Casa Las Estacas, a luxurious beachfront
villa in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, in September 1992. Documents
in The Economist’s possession show the price was $1.5 mi llion.
According to a person involved in the deal, the money was
wired
from an account in the name of the Ciclon Foundation at the
Zurich branch of Lloyds, a British bank. Mrs. Iddles confirms
that
she bought the villa in 1992 but says she has not the “foggiest
idea”
how much it cost, or which bank the money came from. Mr.
Iddles
has denied any impropriety. Airbus says it has not been indicted
in
any jurisdiction over the Air Canada deal, or over any other
sales.
It adds that no investigator has found unethical behavior on its
part.
SYRIAN SCANDALS
Only one case of Airbus’s colluding with a middleman
apparently
to bribe officials to buy its aircraft has led to convictions.
Accord-
ing to Syria’s state news agency, three people were sentenced in
Syria in October 2001 to 22 years’ imprisonment each (later
reduced to 10 years) for “serious irregularities” in connection
with
state-owned Syrianair’s order for six Airbus A320s in 1996. The
38. court also imposed a fine on the three of $268 million. They
were
a former minister for economic affairs, a former transport
minister,
and Munir Abu Khaddur, the middleman. Khaddur was
sentenced
in absentia and is reportedly living in Spain. The court found
that
the men had forced the airline to buy the planes, w orth $240
mil-
lion, and as a result Syrianair had incurred “big financial
losses.”
The only inferences to be drawn are either that there was a mis -
carriage of justice or that bribes were paid. If the latter, the
news
agency did not release details of how much the men embezzled.
Quite why bribes would have been necessary is puzzling.
Because
America deems Syria to be a sponsor of terrorism, Boeing has
long been prohibited from exporting there. The Syrian
government
declines to comment.
The result of investigations discussed at the beginning of the
case into instances of corruption or alleged corruption by
Airbus
suggests that Van Espen will have a very long haul as he tries to
establish whether “commissions” influenced Sabena’s decision
to
buy Airbuses. The order for the 34 A320s could be viewed as
incom-
petence. But nobody can predict the results of Van Espen’s
inquiry.
The parliamentary report says Sabena’s board received some
39. lacunary information that was misleading. The choice of Airbus
supposedly meant Sabena was confident of strong sales growth.
Yet
a month after the order was placed, SAirGroup’s chief
executive,
who also sat on Sabena’s board, said: “We’re now in the last
year
or years of the boom in air travel.” (We do not mean to imply
by
inference that the chief executive was corrupt.)
Most of what is recounted in this case happened before Airbus’s
present top management team arrived, before it was established
as
a proper company, and before France adopted the OECD
conven-
tion on bribery.
No one doubts the company’s ability to compete across the
whole product range with Boeing. By the time the Paris Air
Show is
over, Airbus will probably be well ahead of its rival in market
share,
thanks to an attractive range of planes. But if charges of
corruption
involving Airbus were to emerge from Van Espen’s
investigation of
Sabena, that would deal the company’s reputation a severe
blow.
AIRBUS LOBBIES TO RELAX
ANTI-BRIBERY RULES
Released documents have revealed how companies used their
lobbying
power to loosen official rules designed to stop corruption. In
behind-
40. the-scenes maneuvers, Rolls-Royce, BAE Systems, and the
aircraft
giant Airbus persuaded then-trade secretary Patricia Hewitt to
allow
them to keep secret details of the middlemen used to secure
interna-
tional contracts.
She brushed aside the advice of U.K. government officials who
argued that these middlemen are often used to channel bribes to
foreign politicians and officials to win contracts. The
government’s
Export Credits Guarantee Department (ECGD) had proposed
that
exporters had to disclose the identities of middlemen when they
applied for financial support from the taxpayer. The government
required the details as part of tougher measures to stop the pay-
ment of bribes overseas by British companies.
The documents were released by the ECGD following a free-
dom of information request from The Guardian (a British
newspa-
per) and a recent court case. Minutes of a meeting on August 9,
2004, show that the three companies told the ECGD that
informa-
tion about these middlemen was “very commercially sensitive.”
The
minutes continued: “The network of agents/intermediaries was a
valuable asset built up over a number of years and offered
impor-
tant commercial advantages such as being able to open doors . .
. .
The intermediaries themselves may have valid and justifiable
rea-
sons for wanting to remain anonymous.”
41. The companies claimed that the names of the agents would leak
from the ECGD, enabling competitors to poach them. Hewitt
agreed
that the companies did not have to give the names or addresses
of
these middlemen, provided the firms gave an explanation.
The companies wanted “confirmation that commercial confi-
dentiality would be accepted as a valid reason for not
identifying its
agents.” Hewitt was forced to rethink the anti-bribery rules
because
of a legal victory by anti-corruption campaigners, the Corner
House
group. Susan Hawley, for the group, said: “Knowing who is the
middle-
man is crucial to stopping corruption, otherwise the taxpayer
will end
up directly supporting bribery.” BAE was alleged to have made
cor-
rupt payments through middlemen in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and
India.
Rolls-Royce is accused of paying £15 million to win a contract
in India.
2018 update: Delta, the world’s largest carrier, chose the
Airbus
A321 over Boeing’s newest 737 model, the Max 10, for an order
of
100 planes for delivery starting in 2020. In an effort to battle
Air-
bus’ global growth, Brazil’s Embraer and Boeing began
partnership
talks, but the Brazilian federal government was wary of any
deal
that would infringe on “national sovereignty.”
42. QUESTIONS
1. In each of the cases described, who benefits and who suf-
fers from the alleged ethical and legal lapses of Airbus?
2. How should the public relations staff at Airbus respond to
the articles appearing in The Economist, The Guardian, and
Reuters News?
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3. What steps might Boeing take to defend itself from this sort
of competition?
4. Do you think that Boeing and Airbus behave differently in
marketing their aircraft around the globe? How and why?
5. Had France adopted the OECD convention on bribery
ahead of these transactions, would the firm’s behavior have
differed? Why?
Sources: “Airbus’ Secret Past—Aircraft and Bribery,” The
Economist, June 14, 2003,
pp. 55–58; Rob Evans and David Leigh, “Firms Can Keep
Secret Agents: Minister
Persuaded to Ease Anti-bribery Rules,” The Guardian, January
25, 2005, p. 18; “EADS
Says Airbus Audit Shows No Wrongdoing,” Reuters News,
April 3, 2007. Michael
Sasso, “Delta Chooses Airbus over Boeing,” Orange County
Register, December 15,
43. 2017, p. A10. Shasta Darlington, “Boeing Deal in Brazil Hits
Headwind,” The New York
Times, February 4, 2018, p. 11.
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Fair & Lovely, a branded product of Hindustan Unilever Ltd.
(HUL), is touted as a cosmetic that lightens skin color. On its
web-
site (hul.co.in), the company calls its product “the miracle
worker,”
“proven to deliver one to three shades of change.” While
tanning is
the rage in Western countries, skin lightening treatments are
popu-
lar in Asia.
According to industry sources, the top-selling skin lightening
cream in India is Fair & Lovely from Hindustan Unilever Ltd.
(HUL), followed by CavinKare’s Fairever brand. HUL’s Fair &
Lovely brand dominated the market with a 90 percent share
until
CavinKare Ltd. (CKL) launched Fairever. In just two years, the
Fairever brand gained an impressive 15 percent market share.
HUL’s share of market for the Fair & Lovely line generates
about
$60 million annually. The product sells for about 23 rupees
($0.29)
for a 25-gram tube of cream.
The rapid growth of CavinKare’s Fairever (www.cavinkare
.com) brand prompted HUL to increase its advertising effort and
to launch a series of ads depicting a “fairer girl gets the boy
44. theme.”
One advertisement featured a financially strapped father
lamenting
his fate, saying, “If only I had a son,” while his dark-skinned
daugh-
ter looks on, helpless and demoralized because she can’t bear
the
financial responsibility of her family. Fast-forward and plain
Jane
has been transformed into a gorgeous light-skinned woman
through
the use of a “fairness cream,” Fair & Lovely. Now clad in a
mini-
skirt, the woman is a successful flight attendant and can take
her
father to dine at a five-star hotel. She’s happy and so is her
father.
In another ad, two attractive young women are sitting in a bed-
room; one has a boyfriend and, consequently, is happy. The
darker-
skinned woman, lacking a boyfriend, is not happy. Her friend’s
advice: Use a bar of soap to wash away the dark skin that’s
keeping
men from flocking to her.
HUL’s series of ads provoked CavinKare Ltd. to counter with
an ad that takes a dig at HUL’s Fair & Lovely ad. CavinKare’s
ad has a father–daughter duo as the protagonists, with the father
shown encouraging the daughter to be an achiever irrespective
of
her complexion. CavinKare maintained that the objective of its
new
commercial is not to take a dig at Fair & Lovely but to
“reinforce
Fairever’s positioning.”
45. Skin color is a powerful theme in India, and much of Asia,
where a lighter color represents a higher status. While
Americans
and Europeans flock to tanning salons, many across Asia seek
ways
to have “fair” complexions. Culturally, fair skin is associated
with
positive values that relate to class and beauty. One Indian l ady
com-
mented that when she was growing up, her mother forbade her
to
go outdoors. She was not trying to keep her daughter out of
trouble
but was trying to keep her skin from getting dark.
Brahmins, the priestly caste at the top of the social hierarchy,
are considered fair because they traditionally stayed inside,
poring
over books. The undercaste at the bottom of the ladder are
regarded
as the darkest people because they customarily worked in the
sear-
ing sun. Ancient Hindu scriptures and modern poetry eulogize
women endowed with skin made of white marble.
Skin color is closely identified with caste and is laden with
sym-
bolism. Pursue any of the “grooms” and “brides wanted” ads in
newspapers or on the web that are used by families to arrange
suit-
able alliances, and you will see that most potential grooms and
their
families are looking for “fair” brides; some even are progressive
enough to invite responses from women belonging to a different
46. caste. These ads, hundreds of which appear in India’s daily
news-
papers, reflect attempts to solicit individuals with the
appropriate
religion, caste, regional ancestry, professional and educational
qual-
ifications, and, frequently, skin color. Even in the growing
numbers
of ads that announce “caste no bar,” the adjective “fair”
regularly
precedes professional qualifications. In everyday conversation,
the
ultimate compliment on someone’s looks is to say someone is
gora
(fair). “I have no problem with people wanting to be lighter,”
said
a Delhi beauty parlor owner, Saroj Nath. “It doesn’t make you
rac-
ist, any more than trying to make yourself look younger makes
you
ageist.”
Bollywood (India’s Hollywood) glorifies conventions on beauty
by always casting a fair-skinned actress in the role of heroine,
surrounded by the darkest extras. Women want to use whiteners
because it is “aspirational, like losing weight.”
Even the gods supposedly lament their dark complexion—
Krishna sings plaintively, “Radha kyoon gori, main kyoon kala?
(Why is Radha so fair when I’m dark?).” A skin deficient in
melanin
(the pigment that determines the skin’s brown color) is an
ancient
predilection. More than 3,500 years ago, Charaka, the famous
sage,
wrote about herbs that could help make the skin fair.
47. Indian dermatologists maintain that fairness products cannot
truly work as they reach only the upper layers of the skin and so
do not affect melanin production. Nevertheless, for some, Fair
&
Lovely is a “miracle worker.” A user gushes that “The last time
I
went to my parents’ home, I got compliments on my fair skin
from
everyone.” For others, there is only disappointment. One 26-
year-
old working woman has been a regular user for the past eight
years
but to no avail. “I should have turned into Snow White by now,
but
my skin is still the same wheatish color.” As an owner of a pub-
lic relations firm commented, “My maid has been using Fair and
Lovely for years and I still can’t see her in the dark . . . . But
she goes
on using it. Hope springs eternal, I suppose.”
The number of Indians who think lighter skin is more beauti -
ful may be shrinking. Sumit Isralni, a 22-year-old hair designer
in
his father’s salon, thinks things have changed in the last two
years,
at least in India’s most cosmopolitan cities, Delhi, Mumbai, and
Bangalore. Women now “prefer their own complexion, their
natural
way,” Isralni says; he prefers a more “Indian beauty” himself:
“I
won’t judge my wife on how fair her complexion is.” Sunita
Gupta,
a beautician in the same salon, is more critical. “It’s just
foolish-
ness!” she exclaimed. The premise of the ads that women could
48. not become airline attendants if they are dark-skinned was
wrong,
she said. “Nowadays people like black beauty.” It is a truism
that
women, especially in the tropics, desire to be a shade fairer, no
matter what their skin color. Yet, unlike the approach used in
India,
advertisements elsewhere usually show how to use the product
and
how it works.
Commenting on the cultural bias toward fair skin, one critic
states, “There are attractive people who go through life feeling
inferior to their fairer sisters. And all because of charming
grand-
mothers and aunts who do not hesitate to make unflattering
com-
parisons. Kalee Kalooti is an oft-heard comment about women
who
happen to have darker skin. They get humiliated and mortified
over
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the color of their skin, a fact over which they have no control.
Are
societal values responsible? Or advertising campaigns?
Advertising
49. moguls claim they only reflect prevailing attitudes in India.
This
is possibly true, but what about ethics in advertising? Is it
correct
to make advertisements that openly denigrate a majority of
Indian
people—the dark-skinned populace? The advertising is blatant
in
their strategy. Mock anyone who is not the right color and shoot
down their self-image.”
A dermatologist comments, “Fairness obtained with the help
of creams is short-lived. The main reason being, most of these
creams contain a certain amount of bleaching agent, which
whitens
facial hair, and not the skin, which leads people to believe that
the
cream worked.” Furthermore, “In India the popularity of a
product
depends totally on the success of its advertising.”
HUL launched its television ad campaign to promote Fair &
Lovely but withdrew it after four months amid severe criticism
for
its portrayal of women. Activists argued that one of the
messages
the company sends through its “air hostess” ads demonstrating
the
preference for a son who would be able to take on the financial
responsibility for his parents is especially harmful in a country
such
as India where gender discrimination is rampant. Another
offense
is perpetuating a culture of discrimination in a society where
“fair”
is synonymous with “beautiful.” AIDWA (All India Women’s
50. Democratic Association) lodged a complaint at the time with
HUL
about their offensive ads, but Hindustan Unilever failed to
respond.
The women’s association then appealed to the National Human
Rights Commission alleging that the ad demeaned women.
AIDWA
objected to three things: (1) the ads were racist, (2) they were
pro-
moting son preference, and (3) they were insulting to working
women. “The way they portrayed the young woman who, after
using Fair & Lovely, became attractive and therefore lands a job
suggested that the main qualification for a woman to get a job is
the
way she looks.” The Human Rights Commission passed
AIDWA’s
complaints on to the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting,
which said the campaign violated the Cable and Television Net-
work Act of 1995—provisions in the act state that no
advertisement
shall be permitted which “derides any race, caste, color, creed
and
nationality” and that “Women must not be portrayed in a
manner
that emphasized passive, submissive qualities and encourages
them
to play a subordinate secondary role in the family and society.”
The
government issued notices of the complaints to HUL. After a
year-
long campaign led by the AIDWA, Hindustan Unilever Limited
discontinued two of its television advertisements for Fair &
Lovely
fairness cold cream.
51. Shortly after pulling its ads off the air, HUL launched its Fair &
Lovely Foundation, vowing to “encourage economic
empowerment
of women across India” by providing resources in education and
business to millions of women “who, though immensely talented
and capable, need a guiding hand to help them take the leap for-
ward,” presumably into a fairer future.
HUL sponsored career fairs in over 20 cities across the country,
offering counseling in as many as 110 careers. It supported 100
rural scholarships for women students passing their 10th grade,
a professional course for aspiring beauticians, and a three-
month
Home Healthcare Nursing Assistant course catering to young
women between the ages of 18 and 30 years. According to HUL,
the Fair & Lovely Academy for Home Care Nursing Assistants
offers a unique training opportunity for young women who
possess
no entry-level skills and therefore are not employable in the
new
economy job market. The Fair & Lovely Foundation plans to
serve
as a catalyst for the economic empowerment for women across
India. The Fair & Lovely Foundation will showcase the achieve-
ments of these women not only to honor them but also to set an
example for other women to follow.
AIDWA’s campaign against ads that convey the message, “if
she
is not fair in color, she won’t get married or won’t get
promoted,” also
has resulted in some adjustment to fairness cream ads. In
revised
versions of the fairness cream ads, the “get fair to attract a
groom”
52. theme is being reworked with “enhance your self-confidence”
so that a potential groom himself begs for attention. It is an
attempt
at typifying the modern Indian woman, who has more than just
marriage on her mind. Advertising focus is now on the message
that lighter skin enables women to obtain jobs conventionally
held
by men. She is career-oriented, has high aspirations, and, at the
same time, wants to look good. AIDWA concedes that the
current
crop of television ads for fairness creams are “not as
demeaning”
as ones in the past. However, it remains against the product; as
the president of AIDWA stated, “It is downright racist to
denigrate
dark skin.”
Although AIWDA’s campaign against fairness creams seems
to have had a modest impact on changing the advertising mes-
sage, it has not slowed the demand for fairness creams. Sales of
Fair & Lovely, for example, have been growing 15 to 20 percent
year over year, and the $318 million market for skin care has
grown by 42.7 percent in the last three years. Says Euromonitor
International, a research firm: “Half of the skin care market in
India is fairness creams and 60 to 65 percent of Indian women
use these products daily.”
Recently, several Indian companies were extending their mar -
keting of fairness creams beyond urban and rural markets.
CavinK-
are’s launch of Fairever, a fairness cream in a small sachet pack
priced at Rs 5, aimed at rural markets where some 320 million
Indi-
ans reside. Most marketers have found rural markets impossible
to
penetrate profitably due to low income levels and inadequate
53. distri-
bution systems, among other problems. However, HUL is
approach-
ing the market through Project Shakti, a rural initiative that
targets
small villages with populations of 2,000 people or less. It
empow-
ers underprivileged rural women by providing income-
generating
opportunities to sell small, lower-priced packets of its brands in
villages. Special packaging for the rural market was designed to
pro-
vide single-use sachet packets at 50 paise for a sachet of
shampoo
to Rs 5 for a fairness cream (for a week’s usage). The aim is to
have
100,000 “Shakti Ammas,” as they are called, spread across
500,000
villages in India by year end. CavinKare is growing at 25
percent in
rural areas compared with 15 percent in urban centers.
In addition to expanding market effort into rural markets, an
unexpected market arose when a research study revealed Indian
men were applying girlie fairness potions in droves—but on the
sly. It was estimated that 40 percent of boyfriends/husbands of
girlfriends/wives were applying white magic solutions that came
in little tubes. Indian companies spotted a business opportunity,
and Fair & Handsome, Menz Active, Fair One Man, and a male
bleach called Saka were introduced to the male market. The
sector
expanded dramatically when Shah Rukh Khan, a highly
acclaimed
Bollywood actor likened to an Indian Tom Cruise, decided to
endorse Fair & Handsome. Euromonitor International forecasts
that in the next five years, spending on men’s grooming
54. products
will rise 24 percent to 14.5 billion rupees, or US$320 million.
A recent product review in www.mouthshut.com praises Fair &
Lovely fairness cream: “[Fair & Lovely] contains fairness
vitamins
which penetrate deep down our skin to give us radiant fairness.”
“I
don’t know if it can change the skin color from dark to fair, but
my
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Cases 2 The Cultural Environment of Global Marketing CS2−9
personal experience is that it works very well, if you have a
naturally
fair color and want to preserve it without much headache.” “I
think
Riya Sen has the best skin right now in Bollywood. It appears to
be
really soft and tender. So, to have a soft and fair skin like her I
rec-
ommend Fair & Lovely Fairness Lotion or Cream.” Yet “skin
color
isn’t a proof of greatness. Those with wheatish or dark skin are
by
no way inferior to those who have fair skin.”
Here are a few facts from Hindustan Unilever Ltd.’s homepage:
Lever Limited is India’s largest Packaged Mass Consump-
tion Goods Company. We are leaders in Home and Personal
Care Products and Food and Beverages including such prod-
55. ucts as Ponds and Pepsodent. We seek to meet everyday
needs of people everywhere—to anticipate the aspirations
of our consumers and customers and to respond creatively
and competitively with branded products and services which
raise the quality of life. It is this purpose which inspires us
to build brands. Over the past 70 years, we have introduced
about 110 brands.
Fair & Lovely has been specially designed and proven to
deliver one to three shades of change in most people. Also
its sunscreen system is specially optimized for Indian skin.
Indian skin, unlike Caucasian skin, tends to “tan” rather
than “burn” and, hence, requires a different combination of
UVA and UVB sunscreens.
You may want to visit Fair and Lovely’s homepage hul.co.in
/brands/personal-care/fair-and-lovely.html for additional
informa-
tion about the product.
QUESTIONS
1. Is it ethical to sell a product that is, at best, only mildly
effective? Discuss.
2. Is it ethical to exploit cultural norms and values to promote
a product? Discuss.
3. Is the advertising of Fair & Lovely demeaning to women, or
is it promoting the fairness cream in a way not too dissimi -
lar from how most cosmetics are promoted?
4. Will HUL’s Fair & Lovely Foundation be enough to counter
charges made by AIDWA? Discuss.
5. In light of AIDWA’s charges, how would you suggest Fair &
56. Lovely promote its product? Discuss. Would your response
be different if Fairever continued to use “fairness” as a
theme of its promotion? Discuss.
6. Propose a promotion/marketing program that will counter
all the arguments and charges against Fair & Lovely and be
an effective program.
7. Now that a male market for fairness cream exists, is the
strength of AIDWA’s argument weakened?
8. Comment on using “Shakti Ammas” to introduce “fairness
cream for the masses” in light of AIDWA’s charges.
9. Listen to “In India, Skin-Whitening Creams Reflect Old
Biases,” NPR, November 12, 2009.
10. In 2014, the Advertising Standards Council of India, a self-
regulated advertiser group, issued a new set of guidelines
that will ban all ads that depict those with darker skin as
being inferior in any way. See https://digiday.com/marketing
/four-ads-wont-see-indian-television-ever/. How do you think
this will affect Fair & Lovely as a brand? How should HUL
deal with the news?
Sources: Nicole Leistikow, “Indian Women Criticize ‘Fair and
Lovely’ Ideal,” Wom-
en’s eNews, April 28, 2003; Arundhati Parmar, “Objections to
Indian Ad Not Taken
Lightly,” Marketing News, June 9, 2003, p. 4; “Fair & Lovely
Launches Foundation to
Promote Economic Empowerment of Women,” press release,
Fair & Lovely Founda-
tion, hul.com.in (search for foundation), March 11, 2003; Rina
Chandran, “All for
Self-Control,” Business Line (The Hindu), April 24, 2003;
57. Khozem Merchant and
Edward Luce, “Not So Fair and Lovely,” Financial Times,
March 19, 2003; “Fair &
Lovely Redefines Fairness with Multivitamin Total Fairness
Cream,” press release,
Hindustan Unilever Ltd., May 3, 2005; “CavinKare Launches
Small Sachet Packs,”
Business India, December 7, 2006; “Analysis of Skin Care
Advertising on TV Dur-
ing January–August 2006,” Indiantelevision.com Media,
Advertising, Marketing Watch,
October 17, 2006; “Women Power Gets Full Play in
CavinKare’s Brand Strategy.” The
Economic Times (New Delhi, India), December 8, 2006;
Heather Timmons, “Telling
India’s Modern Women They Have Power, Even Over Their
Skin Tone,” The New
York Times, May 30, 2007; “The Year We Almost Lost Tall (or
Short or Medium-
Height), Dark and Handsome,” The Hindustan Times, December
29, 2007; “India’s
Hue and Cry Over Paler Skin,” The Sunday Telegraph (London),
July 1, 2007; “Fair
and Lovely?” University Wire, June 4, 2007; “The Race to Keep
up with Modern
India,” Media, June 29, 2007; Aneel Karnani, “Doing Well by
Doing Good—Case
Study: ‘Fair & Lovely’ Whitening Cream,” Strategic
Management Journal 28, no. 13
(2007), pp. 1351–57; “In India, Skin-Whitening Creams Reflect
Old Biases,” NPR,
November 12, 2009.
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