This document discusses the decline of handicrafts in India during British rule, known as de-industrialization. It provides various causes for the decline, including the disappearance of royal courts which supported artisans, the influence of British tastes which favored imported goods, exploitation of craftsmen by merchants, and the tariff policies pursued by Britain. Economic historians disagree on whether and when de-industrialization occurred. Nationalist economists argue it led to the decline of handicrafts, while others believe it was a myth or only occurred later. The document examines various indices and data used to analyze de-industrialization and whether India experienced absolute or relative de-industrialization under the British.
The document summarizes the negative economic impact of British colonial rule in India. It led to deindustrialization, decline of the handloom/handicraft sector, commercialization of agriculture focused on exports, and massive wealth extraction in the form of revenue drained from India to Britain. India was transformed from a manufacturing economy into primarily an exporter of raw materials and importer of British manufactured goods. This arrested India's economic development and weakened its domestic industry.
Decline of indian industry during british rulemanishkreddy
During British rule in India, the country's industries declined as it became a supplier of raw materials to British industries. The British abolished tariffs on Indian goods and promoted their own, while increasing taxes on Indian goods. As a result, Indian crafts lost royal patronage and external markets in Britain, France, and elsewhere. The British also used coercive tactics to force Indians to grow crops like indigo that were profitable for Britain. Meanwhile, the industrial revolution made British manufactured goods cheaper and better quality than Indian crafts. The British rulers were indifferent to helping Indian industries and displaced artisans. This led to a loss of local artisans in India and migration to villages, weakening traditional crafts under British rule.
Dadabhai Naoroji was an Indian scholar and political leader born in 1825. He was influential in the Indian independence movement. Some of his accomplishments include:
- He was the first Indian member of the British Parliament, elected as a Liberal Party MP in 1892.
- He founded the Indian National Congress, one of the key organizations in the Indian independence movement.
- His book "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India" brought attention to the negative economic impacts of British colonial rule in India by documenting the "drain of wealth" from India to Britain.
- He mentored several important later Indian political leaders and played a key role in developing Indian nationalist thought and organizations in the late 19
Sate of Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence, Synopsis:
Before the British Rule
During the British Rule
Components of Indian Economy
Agricultural Sector in India During Colonial Rule
Industrial Sector in India During Colonial Rule
Foreign Trade in India During Colonial Rule
Demography in India During Colonial Rule
Occupational Structure in India During Colonial Rule
Infrastructure in India During Colonial Rule
Positive Impacts of British Rule in India
Class XI AND XII, Economics, NCERT
Tribal revolts and movements led by deposed rulers and zamindarsSrinivasa Rao
1. The document discusses various tribal uprisings that occurred in India against British colonial rule between the late 18th century and early 20th century.
2. It describes rebellions led by different tribal groups such as Santhals, Mundas, Khonds, Bhils, and Kolis in response to issues like exploitation by zamindars, restrictions on traditional practices, heavy land revenue, and more.
3. Notable rebellion leaders mentioned include Birsa Munda, the brothers Siddhu and Khanu of the Santhal rebellion, and Gomdhar Konwar of the 1828-33 Ahom revolt in Assam.
Tribal societies and British colonialism veenasakhare
this presentation is all about the exploitation of tribes by the colonialist British. everything explained with beautiful pictures and everything mentioned about the tribal revolt
Mahatma Gandhi's View of Religion in Context of the Value of Religious Plural...rajib saha
Dr. Rajib Saha discusses Gandhi's view of religion in the context of religious pluralism in India. Some key points:
- Gandhi believed all religions were imperfect but pursued the same ultimate truth or God. He advocated respecting all faiths and understanding different perspectives.
- Gandhi criticized aspects of Hinduism like the caste system but saw value in its concept of all life coming from one source. He rejected any religious scripture that contradicted his principles of nonviolence.
- Gandhi viewed Islam, Christianity, and other faiths as religions of peace in essence and criticized the idea of religious conversions or proving the superiority of one faith.
- Gandhi's overarching view was
The document summarizes the negative economic impact of British colonial rule in India. It led to deindustrialization, decline of the handloom/handicraft sector, commercialization of agriculture focused on exports, and massive wealth extraction in the form of revenue drained from India to Britain. India was transformed from a manufacturing economy into primarily an exporter of raw materials and importer of British manufactured goods. This arrested India's economic development and weakened its domestic industry.
Decline of indian industry during british rulemanishkreddy
During British rule in India, the country's industries declined as it became a supplier of raw materials to British industries. The British abolished tariffs on Indian goods and promoted their own, while increasing taxes on Indian goods. As a result, Indian crafts lost royal patronage and external markets in Britain, France, and elsewhere. The British also used coercive tactics to force Indians to grow crops like indigo that were profitable for Britain. Meanwhile, the industrial revolution made British manufactured goods cheaper and better quality than Indian crafts. The British rulers were indifferent to helping Indian industries and displaced artisans. This led to a loss of local artisans in India and migration to villages, weakening traditional crafts under British rule.
Dadabhai Naoroji was an Indian scholar and political leader born in 1825. He was influential in the Indian independence movement. Some of his accomplishments include:
- He was the first Indian member of the British Parliament, elected as a Liberal Party MP in 1892.
- He founded the Indian National Congress, one of the key organizations in the Indian independence movement.
- His book "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India" brought attention to the negative economic impacts of British colonial rule in India by documenting the "drain of wealth" from India to Britain.
- He mentored several important later Indian political leaders and played a key role in developing Indian nationalist thought and organizations in the late 19
Sate of Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence, Synopsis:
Before the British Rule
During the British Rule
Components of Indian Economy
Agricultural Sector in India During Colonial Rule
Industrial Sector in India During Colonial Rule
Foreign Trade in India During Colonial Rule
Demography in India During Colonial Rule
Occupational Structure in India During Colonial Rule
Infrastructure in India During Colonial Rule
Positive Impacts of British Rule in India
Class XI AND XII, Economics, NCERT
Tribal revolts and movements led by deposed rulers and zamindarsSrinivasa Rao
1. The document discusses various tribal uprisings that occurred in India against British colonial rule between the late 18th century and early 20th century.
2. It describes rebellions led by different tribal groups such as Santhals, Mundas, Khonds, Bhils, and Kolis in response to issues like exploitation by zamindars, restrictions on traditional practices, heavy land revenue, and more.
3. Notable rebellion leaders mentioned include Birsa Munda, the brothers Siddhu and Khanu of the Santhal rebellion, and Gomdhar Konwar of the 1828-33 Ahom revolt in Assam.
Tribal societies and British colonialism veenasakhare
this presentation is all about the exploitation of tribes by the colonialist British. everything explained with beautiful pictures and everything mentioned about the tribal revolt
Mahatma Gandhi's View of Religion in Context of the Value of Religious Plural...rajib saha
Dr. Rajib Saha discusses Gandhi's view of religion in the context of religious pluralism in India. Some key points:
- Gandhi believed all religions were imperfect but pursued the same ultimate truth or God. He advocated respecting all faiths and understanding different perspectives.
- Gandhi criticized aspects of Hinduism like the caste system but saw value in its concept of all life coming from one source. He rejected any religious scripture that contradicted his principles of nonviolence.
- Gandhi viewed Islam, Christianity, and other faiths as religions of peace in essence and criticized the idea of religious conversions or proving the superiority of one faith.
- Gandhi's overarching view was
Economic prosperity & nobility under delhi sultanaterheareuben
Under the Delhi Sultanate, the main occupations were agriculture and crafts such as weaving, jewelry making, and metal/stone work. The nobility class, made up of provincial governors, military commanders, and officials, held powerful positions. Instead of cash salaries, the state granted officers land revenues through the Iqta system. Iqtas were land grants given to Iqtadars, who collected taxes and maintained soldiers, in exchange for keeping a portion of the revenues.
Bahadur Shah, the Mughal emperor, was asked to lead the Indian rebellion against the British in 1857. On May 11th, rebel regiments from Meerut reached Delhi and asked for an audience with Bahadur Shah, which was granted the next day. Although dismayed by the disorder, Bahadur Shah publicly supported the rebellion. However, on May 16th British prisoners held in the palace were killed in front of Bahadur Shah to implicate him in the killings and prevent any compromise with the British. Bahadur Shah then issued a decree on May 12th urging all Indians to join the revolt and fight the British.
Rise of British Rule and other International powers in India; Positive and Negative reforms of British in Indian System, Rebellions and Mutiny, Effects of World War on India under British Rule. Independent Kashmir Issue and other outcomes of end of British rule.
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
1857Revolt
Jallianwala bhag
khilafat movement
rawlet act
Non cooperation
Round table conference
Cabinet mission, Mound batten act
The document summarizes the challenges of Indian independence and partition in 1947 as seen through Nehru's speech from the Red Fort on August 15th. It outlines 3 challenges: 1) uniting a diverse society, 2) establishing democracy, and 3) ensuring development and well-being for all. It then discusses the two-nation theory that divided India into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan, which led to the painful partition along religious lines. However, implementation was difficult as Muslim populations were not confined to single areas. Partition resulted in massive displacement, violence, and deaths as millions migrated across the new borders.
Kautilya was an Indian teacher, philosopher, economist and royal advisor from ancient India. He is considered the pioneer of political science and economics in India. His book Arthashastra discusses in detail the political, social, economic and military organization of the Mauryan Empire. It covers topics like public finance, taxation, trade, agriculture, labour and welfare. Kautilya advocated for a strong role of the state in the economy through industries, trade, agriculture and providing welfare. He emphasized wealth creation and its equitable distribution through a just system of taxation and wages.
Dadabhai Naoroji was an early Indian political and social leader who was the first Asian to be elected to the British House of Commons in 1892. He was born in Mumbai and received a prominent education before becoming a professor and later founding several important associations focused on India's relationship with Britain. Naoroji is best known for his "Drain Theory" which argued that Britain's colonial rule in India drained the country's wealth. He played a key role in the founding of the Indian National Congress and raising issues of unfair taxation of India to the British Parliament. Naoroji is regarded as one of the most important figures of the early Indian independence movement.
The document discusses several peasant movements and revolts in India against exploitative landlords, moneylenders, and British policies. It describes the Santhal rebellion of 1855-56 against zamindars claiming their land in Jharkhand. The Bengal Indigo Cultivators' Revolt of 1860 was a general strike against abusive British indigo planters. The Deccan Riots of 1875 in Maharashtra targeted Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders for usurious practices and debt bondage of peasants. Recurring famines in the late 19th century exacerbated rural poverty and oppression.
The Indian economy prior to colonial rule had several characteristics. Agriculture was the primary occupation and villages were largely self-sufficient. Trade within India and abroad existed, including overland trade along routes like the Silk Road and maritime trade on the western and eastern coasts. Different kingdoms and empires, such as the Maurya Empire and Delhi Sultanate, unified parts of India and improved infrastructure to boost trade. The Mughal Empire transformed India into one of the world's largest economies in the 17th-18th centuries, with India producing about a quarter of global GDP at the time through agriculture, textiles, and other manufacturing.
This document provides an overview of Mahatma Gandhi and the national movement in India. It discusses Gandhi's life and influence, including his time in South Africa which shaped his philosophy of non-violence. It then summarizes the key movements and events led by Gandhi, including the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and interactions with the British government including the Round Table Conferences. The document outlines Gandhi's strategies of non-violence, truth, passive resistance and mass participation that helped mobilize the Indian people and put pressure on the British to work towards independence.
Commercialization of agriculture in India began during British rule in the 1860s. The British implemented policies and activities that promoted commercialization, such as the Ryotwari Settlement which made agricultural land freely exchangeable. Certain crops with high market demand, such as cotton, jute, sugarcane and tea, began to be intensively cultivated for sale rather than local consumption. While commercialization increased agricultural productivity and benefited wealthy farmers and traders, it also led to income inequalities in rural societies and caused famines by substituting food crops for cash crops. Overall, commercialization had mixed impacts on India's agriculture and rural economy.
1. The document summarizes the impact of colonial rule on rural areas in different parts of colonial India, including Bengal, the Rajmahal hills, and the Deccan region.
2. In Bengal, the Permanent Settlement established zamindars as landlords but also limited their powers, leading to conflicts with wealthy peasants.
3. In the Rajmahal hills, colonial policies disrupted the livelihoods of the Paharia and Santhal communities and led to conflicts over land between the two groups.
4. In the Deccan, the revenue policies imposed on ryots placed heavy burdens on peasants and led to massive indebtedness and rural unrest, such as the Deccan Ri
INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCESavita Sonam
CHAPTER:1 (ECONOMICS) SOLE PURPOSE OF BRITISHER'S COLONIAL AT THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE.
IN THIS CHAPTER WE GOING TO KNOW THE SOLE PURPOSE OF BRITISHER COLONIAL RULE IN INDIA WAS TO REDUCE THE COUNTRY TO BEING A FEEDER ECONOMY FOR GREAT BRITAIN’S OWN RAPIDLY EXPANDING MODERN INDUSTRIAL BASE . THUS ,IN 1947 ,WHEN BRITISH TRANSFERRED POWER BACK TO INDIA ,WE INHERITED A CRPPLED ECONOMY.
Dadabhai Naoroji was an Indian scholar and political leader who is considered the "Grand Old Man of India" and the "Father of Indian Nationalism". He developed the "Drain of Wealth" theory to explain how British rule in India negatively impacted the country's economy by draining its wealth. According to Naoroji, Britain exploited India's resources through factors such as lack of Indian representation in government, lack of Indian labor and capital influx, expenses of British administration being borne by India, infrastructure expenses in Britain also being paid by India, India being plundered of its resources through free trade, and capital drain as foreign income earners returned to their home countries with wealth. Naoroji believed India
The document provides an overview of the Indian economy between 1950-1990. It discusses the adoption of a mixed economy model with a focus on economic planning and development in the areas of agriculture, industry, and trade. For agriculture, it describes the land reforms and Green Revolution that increased food production. Industrialization was driven by public sector expansion and import substitution policies. Five-Year Plans aimed to accelerate growth, reduce inequality, and achieve self-reliance through state-led development.
The document discusses the concept of economic drain from India to Britain during the colonial period. It defines economic drain as a portion of India's wealth and resources that was transferred to Britain for political reasons rather than being available for India's own development. The drain took the form of exports exceeding imports, resulting in a unilateral transfer of wealth. It consisted of an internal drain through taxes and an external drain of unrequited exports that did not return equivalent imports. Estimates show a significant portion of India's annual revenues, perhaps as much as one-fourth, was drained away to Britain. While critics argue the drain exploited India, supporters claim it enabled infrastructure development, but nationalists strongly objected to this view.
The document summarizes the history of the Maurya and Gupta Empires in India. It discusses how the Maurya Empire unified northern India under Chandragupta Maurya with the help of his advisor Kautilya. It then focuses on the reign of Ashoka the Great, who propagated Buddhist values through edicts. Finally, it describes the Gupta Empire and the cultural and scientific achievements that flourished during its rule, including advances in mathematics, astronomy, medicine and literature, before its eventual decline due to Hun invasions.
This document provides background information on the decline of the Mughal Empire in India and the rise of European trading powers like the Portuguese, Dutch, and British. It discusses key events like the British taking control of India from the East India Company in 1858, the reasons for the Mughal collapse after Aurangzeb's death in 1707, and the establishment of early trading posts and territories by European nations along the Indian coasts and major river systems over the 1600s-1700s. These footholds eventually allowed the British to expand their influence and formally abolish the Mughal Empire in 1858.
The British Raj refers to the British rule over India between 1858 and 1947. The British East India Company originally established as a trading company gained control of India through military victories and treaties with local rulers. Key events that increased British control included the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 after which the British government took direct control over India from the East India Company. While British rule brought infrastructure development and order, it also negatively impacted India's economy through taxation and policies that led to famines, and did not allow Indians significant roles in government.
Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of Golden.pptxHussain469826
Tribal groups in India lived in various ways, including through shifting cultivation, hunting and gathering, herding animals, and some settled cultivation. Under British colonial rule, tribal lives and powers changed dramatically. Tribal chiefs lost administrative powers and had to pay tribute. Efforts were made to settle shifting cultivators but weren't fully successful. New forest laws reserved many forests for timber and displaced some tribes. Many tribes faced poor treatment working on plantations or in mines. Birsa Munda led a movement aiming to improve tribal society and regain rights, but he died in 1900 with his dream fading.
The Indian textile industry occupies an important position in the Indian economy, contributing 14% of industrial production and employing over 35 million people. The industry encompasses traditional handloom and mill sectors as well as a large decentralized powerloom and knitting sector. Cotton accounts for 70% of total textile production. While the industry has strengths like abundant raw materials and low labor costs, it faces weaknesses such as fragmentation and technology obsolescence. With opportunities in the growing domestic market and new product development, the industry must address threats from competition and increasing social and environmental standards to capitalize on its growth prospects.
The British came to India for trade but eventually established political control over the entire subcontinent through a series of wars, treaties, and policies. They defeated rival powers like the Marathas and Sikhs and annexed their territories. Through policies like subsidiary alliances, doctrines of lapse, and revenue settlements, the British made the Indian states dependent on them and consolidated their rule. This led to economic and social changes that negatively impacted India's economy and people's livelihoods.
Economic prosperity & nobility under delhi sultanaterheareuben
Under the Delhi Sultanate, the main occupations were agriculture and crafts such as weaving, jewelry making, and metal/stone work. The nobility class, made up of provincial governors, military commanders, and officials, held powerful positions. Instead of cash salaries, the state granted officers land revenues through the Iqta system. Iqtas were land grants given to Iqtadars, who collected taxes and maintained soldiers, in exchange for keeping a portion of the revenues.
Bahadur Shah, the Mughal emperor, was asked to lead the Indian rebellion against the British in 1857. On May 11th, rebel regiments from Meerut reached Delhi and asked for an audience with Bahadur Shah, which was granted the next day. Although dismayed by the disorder, Bahadur Shah publicly supported the rebellion. However, on May 16th British prisoners held in the palace were killed in front of Bahadur Shah to implicate him in the killings and prevent any compromise with the British. Bahadur Shah then issued a decree on May 12th urging all Indians to join the revolt and fight the British.
Rise of British Rule and other International powers in India; Positive and Negative reforms of British in Indian System, Rebellions and Mutiny, Effects of World War on India under British Rule. Independent Kashmir Issue and other outcomes of end of British rule.
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
1857Revolt
Jallianwala bhag
khilafat movement
rawlet act
Non cooperation
Round table conference
Cabinet mission, Mound batten act
The document summarizes the challenges of Indian independence and partition in 1947 as seen through Nehru's speech from the Red Fort on August 15th. It outlines 3 challenges: 1) uniting a diverse society, 2) establishing democracy, and 3) ensuring development and well-being for all. It then discusses the two-nation theory that divided India into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan, which led to the painful partition along religious lines. However, implementation was difficult as Muslim populations were not confined to single areas. Partition resulted in massive displacement, violence, and deaths as millions migrated across the new borders.
Kautilya was an Indian teacher, philosopher, economist and royal advisor from ancient India. He is considered the pioneer of political science and economics in India. His book Arthashastra discusses in detail the political, social, economic and military organization of the Mauryan Empire. It covers topics like public finance, taxation, trade, agriculture, labour and welfare. Kautilya advocated for a strong role of the state in the economy through industries, trade, agriculture and providing welfare. He emphasized wealth creation and its equitable distribution through a just system of taxation and wages.
Dadabhai Naoroji was an early Indian political and social leader who was the first Asian to be elected to the British House of Commons in 1892. He was born in Mumbai and received a prominent education before becoming a professor and later founding several important associations focused on India's relationship with Britain. Naoroji is best known for his "Drain Theory" which argued that Britain's colonial rule in India drained the country's wealth. He played a key role in the founding of the Indian National Congress and raising issues of unfair taxation of India to the British Parliament. Naoroji is regarded as one of the most important figures of the early Indian independence movement.
The document discusses several peasant movements and revolts in India against exploitative landlords, moneylenders, and British policies. It describes the Santhal rebellion of 1855-56 against zamindars claiming their land in Jharkhand. The Bengal Indigo Cultivators' Revolt of 1860 was a general strike against abusive British indigo planters. The Deccan Riots of 1875 in Maharashtra targeted Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders for usurious practices and debt bondage of peasants. Recurring famines in the late 19th century exacerbated rural poverty and oppression.
The Indian economy prior to colonial rule had several characteristics. Agriculture was the primary occupation and villages were largely self-sufficient. Trade within India and abroad existed, including overland trade along routes like the Silk Road and maritime trade on the western and eastern coasts. Different kingdoms and empires, such as the Maurya Empire and Delhi Sultanate, unified parts of India and improved infrastructure to boost trade. The Mughal Empire transformed India into one of the world's largest economies in the 17th-18th centuries, with India producing about a quarter of global GDP at the time through agriculture, textiles, and other manufacturing.
This document provides an overview of Mahatma Gandhi and the national movement in India. It discusses Gandhi's life and influence, including his time in South Africa which shaped his philosophy of non-violence. It then summarizes the key movements and events led by Gandhi, including the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and interactions with the British government including the Round Table Conferences. The document outlines Gandhi's strategies of non-violence, truth, passive resistance and mass participation that helped mobilize the Indian people and put pressure on the British to work towards independence.
Commercialization of agriculture in India began during British rule in the 1860s. The British implemented policies and activities that promoted commercialization, such as the Ryotwari Settlement which made agricultural land freely exchangeable. Certain crops with high market demand, such as cotton, jute, sugarcane and tea, began to be intensively cultivated for sale rather than local consumption. While commercialization increased agricultural productivity and benefited wealthy farmers and traders, it also led to income inequalities in rural societies and caused famines by substituting food crops for cash crops. Overall, commercialization had mixed impacts on India's agriculture and rural economy.
1. The document summarizes the impact of colonial rule on rural areas in different parts of colonial India, including Bengal, the Rajmahal hills, and the Deccan region.
2. In Bengal, the Permanent Settlement established zamindars as landlords but also limited their powers, leading to conflicts with wealthy peasants.
3. In the Rajmahal hills, colonial policies disrupted the livelihoods of the Paharia and Santhal communities and led to conflicts over land between the two groups.
4. In the Deccan, the revenue policies imposed on ryots placed heavy burdens on peasants and led to massive indebtedness and rural unrest, such as the Deccan Ri
INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCESavita Sonam
CHAPTER:1 (ECONOMICS) SOLE PURPOSE OF BRITISHER'S COLONIAL AT THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE.
IN THIS CHAPTER WE GOING TO KNOW THE SOLE PURPOSE OF BRITISHER COLONIAL RULE IN INDIA WAS TO REDUCE THE COUNTRY TO BEING A FEEDER ECONOMY FOR GREAT BRITAIN’S OWN RAPIDLY EXPANDING MODERN INDUSTRIAL BASE . THUS ,IN 1947 ,WHEN BRITISH TRANSFERRED POWER BACK TO INDIA ,WE INHERITED A CRPPLED ECONOMY.
Dadabhai Naoroji was an Indian scholar and political leader who is considered the "Grand Old Man of India" and the "Father of Indian Nationalism". He developed the "Drain of Wealth" theory to explain how British rule in India negatively impacted the country's economy by draining its wealth. According to Naoroji, Britain exploited India's resources through factors such as lack of Indian representation in government, lack of Indian labor and capital influx, expenses of British administration being borne by India, infrastructure expenses in Britain also being paid by India, India being plundered of its resources through free trade, and capital drain as foreign income earners returned to their home countries with wealth. Naoroji believed India
The document provides an overview of the Indian economy between 1950-1990. It discusses the adoption of a mixed economy model with a focus on economic planning and development in the areas of agriculture, industry, and trade. For agriculture, it describes the land reforms and Green Revolution that increased food production. Industrialization was driven by public sector expansion and import substitution policies. Five-Year Plans aimed to accelerate growth, reduce inequality, and achieve self-reliance through state-led development.
The document discusses the concept of economic drain from India to Britain during the colonial period. It defines economic drain as a portion of India's wealth and resources that was transferred to Britain for political reasons rather than being available for India's own development. The drain took the form of exports exceeding imports, resulting in a unilateral transfer of wealth. It consisted of an internal drain through taxes and an external drain of unrequited exports that did not return equivalent imports. Estimates show a significant portion of India's annual revenues, perhaps as much as one-fourth, was drained away to Britain. While critics argue the drain exploited India, supporters claim it enabled infrastructure development, but nationalists strongly objected to this view.
The document summarizes the history of the Maurya and Gupta Empires in India. It discusses how the Maurya Empire unified northern India under Chandragupta Maurya with the help of his advisor Kautilya. It then focuses on the reign of Ashoka the Great, who propagated Buddhist values through edicts. Finally, it describes the Gupta Empire and the cultural and scientific achievements that flourished during its rule, including advances in mathematics, astronomy, medicine and literature, before its eventual decline due to Hun invasions.
This document provides background information on the decline of the Mughal Empire in India and the rise of European trading powers like the Portuguese, Dutch, and British. It discusses key events like the British taking control of India from the East India Company in 1858, the reasons for the Mughal collapse after Aurangzeb's death in 1707, and the establishment of early trading posts and territories by European nations along the Indian coasts and major river systems over the 1600s-1700s. These footholds eventually allowed the British to expand their influence and formally abolish the Mughal Empire in 1858.
The British Raj refers to the British rule over India between 1858 and 1947. The British East India Company originally established as a trading company gained control of India through military victories and treaties with local rulers. Key events that increased British control included the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 after which the British government took direct control over India from the East India Company. While British rule brought infrastructure development and order, it also negatively impacted India's economy through taxation and policies that led to famines, and did not allow Indians significant roles in government.
Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of Golden.pptxHussain469826
Tribal groups in India lived in various ways, including through shifting cultivation, hunting and gathering, herding animals, and some settled cultivation. Under British colonial rule, tribal lives and powers changed dramatically. Tribal chiefs lost administrative powers and had to pay tribute. Efforts were made to settle shifting cultivators but weren't fully successful. New forest laws reserved many forests for timber and displaced some tribes. Many tribes faced poor treatment working on plantations or in mines. Birsa Munda led a movement aiming to improve tribal society and regain rights, but he died in 1900 with his dream fading.
The Indian textile industry occupies an important position in the Indian economy, contributing 14% of industrial production and employing over 35 million people. The industry encompasses traditional handloom and mill sectors as well as a large decentralized powerloom and knitting sector. Cotton accounts for 70% of total textile production. While the industry has strengths like abundant raw materials and low labor costs, it faces weaknesses such as fragmentation and technology obsolescence. With opportunities in the growing domestic market and new product development, the industry must address threats from competition and increasing social and environmental standards to capitalize on its growth prospects.
The British came to India for trade but eventually established political control over the entire subcontinent through a series of wars, treaties, and policies. They defeated rival powers like the Marathas and Sikhs and annexed their territories. Through policies like subsidiary alliances, doctrines of lapse, and revenue settlements, the British made the Indian states dependent on them and consolidated their rule. This led to economic and social changes that negatively impacted India's economy and people's livelihoods.
Growth Prospects Of Indian Textile Industry – Home Textile Focus Textile Comm...FNian
The document summarizes the growth prospects of the Indian textile industry, with a focus on the home textile sector. It notes that the home textile market in India is large and growing, and India has the potential to become a global market leader in this sector. Key reasons for optimism about growth include increasing domestic demand driven by rising incomes and housing growth, as well as opportunities in global markets as restrictions are lifted. Both industry and government need to continue investing, developing infrastructure, and building brands to fully capitalize on the growth potential.
The document summarizes the Indian textile industry. It states that the industry is an important part of the Indian economy, contributing 14% to industrial production and employing over 35 million people. It also notes that the industry has seen high growth in output and exports in recent years. The industry benefits from India's large raw material base and presence across the entire textile value chain. The government has implemented several initiatives to support the industry through modernization, infrastructure development, and improving competitiveness.
Indian Textile Industry Outlook_Arpit NagdaArpeit Nagda
The document discusses the Indian textile industry, including its history, current state, opportunities, and challenges. Some key points:
- The Indian textile industry is one of the oldest in India, dating back 3000 years, and plays an important role in the economy through jobs, output, and exports.
- The industry faces challenges from competition from countries like China and Vietnam, rising labor costs, outdated technology and infrastructure issues.
- However, opportunities exist through the growing domestic retail market, policy support programs, and potential wage inflation in China driving companies to other lower-cost countries like India.
The document discusses the growth of militant nationalism in India between 1905-1918. It contrasts the approaches of moderates and extremists, and outlines the key events and movements during this period, including the Swadeshi movement, the rise of revolutionary terrorism, and responses to World War 1 such as the Ghadar movement and Home Rule League. It examines the strategies and ideologies of both moderate and extremist nationalists in their struggle against British rule.
Textile industry in india (aliya siddiqua , mounika, divya)Aliya Siddiqua
The Indian textile industry contributes significantly to the Indian economy through industrial production, employment, and exports. It accounts for 20% of industrial output, 9% of excise collections, 18% of industrial employment, nearly 20% of total exports, and 4% of GDP. The modern Indian textile industry began in the early 19th century with the establishment of the first textile mill in Calcutta in 1818. Today it is one of the largest textile industries in the world, dominated by cotton but also including silk, jute, wool, and man-made fibers.
History, Class-VIII, Education and british rulePankaj Saikia
Before British rule, India had a network of elementary schools and religious schools that taught traditional subjects from texts like the Vedas. The British East India Company was initially not concerned with Indian education. However, the Charter Act of 1813 made the Company responsible for Indian education. They established institutions like the Calcutta Madrasa for Muslim education and the Sanskrit College for Hindu law and philosophy. Later, education became focused on those who could pay fees, and missionaries sought to convert Indians to Christianity through the schools they established. The Wood's Despatch of 1854 outlined steps to expand and regulate the education system, but primary education was still neglected. Over time, Indians and reformers increasingly advocated for Indian control of education.
India played a significant role in World War 1 by contributing several divisions and brigades to different theaters of the war. Over 1 million Indian troops fought, with 800,000 volunteering, 62,000 dying, and 67,000 wounded. Indian troops received over 13,000 medals for gallantry including 12 Victoria Crosses. While India's role is often overlooked, it made large contributions to the Allied forces during World War 1.
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was a prominent Indian nationalist leader who fought for India's independence from British rule. He was born in 1897 in Cuttack, Orissa to an affluent family. He emerged as a popular youth leader within the Indian independence movement and was elected president of the Indian National Congress. However, he disagreed with the moderate approach of Gandhi and resigned from the Congress, forming his own Forward Bloc party. During World War II, he escaped from house arrest in India and sought help from Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in attempting to liberate India from British control. The precise circumstances of his death remain unclear.
The Gangaikondacholapuram Temple was built in the 11th century by Rajendra Chola I in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva and houses one of the largest Shivalingams in South India. The temple was built to rival and outshine the nearby Brihadisvara Temple constructed by Rajendra Chola's father. The temple features intricate stone carvings and sculptures throughout its tall gopurams and walls.
This document provides an overview of the Indian textile industry. It states that India is the second largest textile fiber producer and manufacturer globally, as well as the largest cotton and jute producer. It also notes that the textile and apparel sector contributes significantly to India's GDP and employment. The document discusses fiber production statistics and presents information on the spinning, weaving, and apparel sub-sectors. It outlines various government initiatives and policies to support the industry and lists key players and investment opportunities in the Indian textile market.
Subhash Chandra Bose was a charismatic leader in pre-Independence India who fought for independence. He was born in 1897 and was a brilliant student. Though he passed the Civil Service exam in 1920, he resigned to join the Indian independence movement. He worked under leaders like Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das and Gandhi but disagreed with Gandhi's policy of non-violence. He was imprisoned multiple times by the British and later sought help from Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan to form an army to liberate India. While the date and place of his death remains a mystery, Bose is remembered as a revolutionary leader who fought courageously for India's freedom.
Subhash Chandra Bose was an Indian nationalist born in 1897 who fought for India's independence. He organized the Indian National Army to fight against British forces with Japanese support. Bose disagreed with Gandhi's ideology of nonviolence and believed India should use force against the British. He went missing in 1945 after a plane crash over Taiwan and was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna. The circumstances of his death remain mysterious.
Memorandum and articles of associationchetankotian
The document discusses key aspects of a company's Memorandum and Articles of Association, including:
- The Memorandum sets out the company's name, objectives, address, liability, and capital, while the Articles govern internal affairs like meetings and share transfers.
- The Memorandum and Articles bind the company and its members, and any money owed by members under them is a debt to the company.
- The company can alter its Articles through a special resolution but changes must be consistent with the Memorandum and valid laws.
- The "doctrine of indoor management" holds that outsiders dealing with a company in good faith can assume its internal requirements and proceedings are valid.
The first phase of Pallavan architecture from 610-690 AD saw the development of rock-cut cave temples known as mandapas at Mahabalipuram. These included early experiments with pillared halls and structural prototypes like the Rathas that served as models for later temples. Key features included the beginnings of the Dravidian column with elements like the lion capital, and the use of reliefs to combine sculpture with architecture. This phase established foundations for the evolution of the temple architecture in the Dravidian style.
Arrival and expansion of british power in indiaIshank Sahu
The document summarizes the arrival and expansion of British power in India from the 1600s to the mid-1800s. It discusses the establishment of European trading companies, including the English East India Company in 1600. It then covers key battles like the Carnatic Wars of the mid-1700s and the pivotal Battles of Plassey in 1757 and Buxar in 1764, which helped the EIC gain control of Bengal. It also outlines the policies of dual government, subsidiary alliances, and the Doctrine of Lapse that the British used to further expand their territorial control across India in the late 1700s-early 1800s.
This document analyzes the Indian textile industry. It provides an overview of the industry, noting that it contributes significantly to India's GDP and employment. It also profiles major players in the industry like Raymond and discusses Porter's Five Forces analysis, a PEST analysis, financial ratios for key companies, and a SWOT analysis of Raymond. The document presents a high-level examination of the Indian textile industry landscape.
The document summarizes the key differences between Dravidian and Nagara styles of Hindu temples in India. Dravidian temples, more common in South India, emphasize horizontality with one or more stories and a stepped pyramidal tower. Nagara temples of North India emphasize verticality with a tall spire and suppression of horizontal lines. Some examples of architectural features described include the Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora, Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur, and Kandariya Mahadeva Temple at Khajuraho.
The Indian economy on the eve of independence was characterized by low levels of economic development, stagnation in the agricultural sector, and deindustrialization under the colonial rule which aimed to transform India into a supplier of raw materials and market for British goods. The national per capita income was very low and poverty was rampant. After independence, India adopted a mixed economy approach under which the government played a key role in development through five-year plans while allowing private enterprise. The early plans aimed for self-reliant growth, modernization, and more equitable distribution of wealth through policies like land reforms and developing agriculture and industry.
The document provides an overview of the Indian economy on the eve of independence and the economic challenges facing the newly independent nation. It discusses the colonial policies that hindered India's economic development and left it with low levels of industrialization, widespread poverty, and a lack of infrastructure and modernization. The new government aimed to achieve balanced economic growth, modernization, self-reliance, and equity through a mixed economy approach and five-year plans. Key goals were land reforms, boosting agriculture through the Green Revolution, and increasing investment in infrastructure and industry. However, building a strong, self-sufficient economy remained a significant challenge.
Indian entrepreneurship has a long history, though the term is relatively new. After independence in 1947, India sought to revive an entrepreneurial spirit after centuries of foreign domination hurt indigenous business. Dr. Akhouri notes that pre-colonial India had thriving trade and skilled artisans, but Portuguese and British colonizers later forced Indian entrepreneurs into trader roles while taking the entrepreneur roles themselves. This colonial policy led to a decline in Indian business. After independence, India worked to rebuild an entrepreneurial mindset and economy.
This document summarizes an academic paper about the origins of uneven economic development between India and Britain from the 17th century to Indian independence in 1947. It presents a theoretical model showing how small initial differences in capital accumulation between two regions can lead to increasing specialization through trade, with one region industrializing while the other declines. It argues this helps explain India's relative economic stagnation under British colonial rule from 1757-1947, as British policies disrupted India's manufacturing industries and shifted its trade to primary goods exports and imports of British manufactures. While various factors contributed, these policies may have exacerbated India's deindustrialization according to the theoretical framework presented. The document considers some counterarguments but maintains British rule likely reduced India's
The Age Of Industrialization Class 10thNehaRohtagi1
HISTORY!
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'The Age Of Industrialization'. For Class:- 10th
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'.
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- India's economy was transformed under British colonial rule from an independent economy focused on agriculture and handicrafts to a colonial economy focused on exporting raw materials and importing British manufactured goods.
- Key policies like deindustrialization, lack of infrastructure investment in India, and restricting India's foreign trade weakened India's economic development and caused per capita income to decline relative to Britain.
- At independence, India adopted a mixed economy, combining socialist policies like economic planning with private enterprise, in order to promote equitable growth while maintaining economic freedom.
IEPH History IEPH History IEPH_2019__2.pdff20180184h
The document provides information on India's economic and political history prior to colonization by European powers. It discusses India's role in international trade networks between Asia, Europe, and East Africa. When the Europeans arrived in India, they initially participated in existing trade networks but eventually established political control over Indian territories through companies like the East India Company. The summary discusses three stages of colonization from 1757-1900 where India transformed from a producer of manufactured goods to a source of raw materials for British factories through policies of extraction and deindustrialization.
The document discusses the origins and early development of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. It notes that prior to industrialization, most people worked in agriculture. The emergence of colonialism and capitalism helped drive industrialization. Early factories producing cotton emerged in the 1730s in England. Richard Arkwright established the first cotton mill, bringing production under one roof. However, industrialization spread gradually and traditional industries remained important for some time. Hand labor remained common where specialized goods were needed. Mechanization increased but industrialists were cautious about new technologies.
The Industrial Revolution had both positive and negative effects on society. It led to advances in technology but also caused widespread poverty and poor living/working conditions. As machines replaced skilled workers, unemployment increased and many turned to violence. While it increased production, it also exploited child labor and polluted the environment. The enclosure acts displaced farmers and filled cities with impoverished workers. Overall, the Industrial Revolution was a period of significant change that improved technology but detrimentally affected many members of society.
The Industrial Revolution had both positive and negative effects on society. It led to advances in technology but also caused widespread poverty and poor living/working conditions. As machines replaced skilled workers, unemployment increased and many moved to cities where they faced overcrowding and pollution. While it boosted some economies, it harmed others through exploitation of resources and loss of rights for farmers and workers. Overall the Industrial Revolution transformed society through both gains in production and enduring social costs.
The Industrial Revolution had both positive and negative effects on society. It led to advances in technology but also caused widespread poverty and poor living/working conditions. As machines replaced skilled workers, unemployment increased and many turned to violence. While it increased production, it also exploited child labor and polluted the environment. The enclosure acts displaced farmers from their land, increasing poverty in cities. Overall, it was a time of both progress and human suffering.
The Industrial Revolution had both positive and negative effects on society. It led to advances in technology but also caused widespread poverty and poor living/working conditions. As machines replaced skilled workers, unemployment increased and many turned to violence. While it increased production, it also exploited child labor and polluted the environment. The enclosure acts displaced farmers from their land, increasing poverty in cities. Overall, it was a time of both progress and human suffering.
This includes complete notes needed for the chapter Industrialization included in CBSE Class X Curriculum.
The notes are prepared by topper of CBSE who scored A1 in Social Science and a 10 CGPA.
The Industrial Revolution had both positive and negative effects on society. It led to advances in technology but also caused widespread poverty and poor living/working conditions. As machines replaced skilled workers, unemployment increased and many turned to violence. While it increased production, it also exploited child labor and polluted the environment. The enclosure acts displaced farmers and filled cities with impoverished populations to work in factories. Overall, the Industrial Revolution changed societies and economies but in many ways was detrimental to quality of life for many.
The Industrial Revolution had both positive and negative effects on society. It led to advances in technology but also caused widespread poverty and poor living/working conditions. As machines replaced skilled workers, unemployment increased and many turned to violence. While it increased production, it also exploited child labor and polluted the environment. The enclosure acts displaced farmers and filled cities with impoverished populations to work in factories. Overall, the Industrial Revolution changed societies and economies but in many ways was detrimental to quality of life for many.
The Industrial Revolution had both positive and negative effects on society. It led to advances in technology but also caused widespread poverty and poor living/working conditions. Many farmers lost their lands and were forced into overcrowded cities to work long hours in unsafe factories for low wages. While it increased production, it also led to unemployment as machines replaced skilled workers. It boosted some economies but harmed others through unfair trade policies. Overall, the document examines both the benefits of industrialization as well as its human costs and detrimental social impacts.
Industrialization began in Britain in the late 18th century and later spread to other parts of the world including India. In Britain, the cotton industry was an early leader followed by iron and steel. Factories consolidated production processes under one roof. In India, the East India Company disrupted traditional textile production networks and exerted greater control over weavers. The establishment of cotton mills in India in the mid-19th century competed with local handloom weavers and led many to abandon weaving. Advertising played a role in expanding markets for industrial goods and shaping new consumer cultures. Throughout the industrialization process, small-scale production remained important.
This document summarizes the transition from pre-industrial to industrial production in Europe and its impact in India. It describes how merchants in Europe first turned to the countryside to produce goods due to guild restrictions in towns. Rural artisans agreed to work for merchants. This led to the development of relationships between towns and countryside. Eventually, factories began to consolidate all stages of production under one roof, driven by inventions that increased efficiency. The growth of factories had mixed impacts - it provided jobs but also unemployment and poor working conditions. The rise of European industries like cotton had negative effects in India, undermining weavers and the export trade they relied upon.
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to 19th century where major technological and manufacturing changes had a profound impact on economic and social conditions. It began in the United Kingdom and later spread throughout Europe, North America, and the world. The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history, with unprecedented sustained growth in average income and population. For the first time, the living standards of ordinary people began to undergo sustained growth.
Do you not see rapid industrialization as a time of progress and modernity ? D you think that the spread of railways and factories, and construction of high-rise building and bridges is a sign of society's development ? Is industrialization always based on rapid technological development ? Can we today continue to glorify continuous mechanization of all work ? What has industrialization meant to people's lives ? To answer such questions we need to tun to the history of Industrialization. In this chapter we will look at this history by focusing first on Britain, the first industrial nation, and the India, where the pattern of industrial change was conditioned by colonial rule.
Similar to Impact Of British Rule De Industrialisation In India (20)
This document discusses the IS-LM model, which jointly determines the equilibrium interest rate and level of income in the goods/commodity market and the money market. It describes the demand and supply factors in each market. The commodity market equilibrium depends on consumption, investment, and government spending functions. The money market equilibrium depends on the transactions, precautionary, and speculative demand for real money balances, given the money supply. General equilibrium is reached where the commodity market and money market equations are simultaneously satisfied.
OMR Sheet Design for Internal Assessment designed by me.Dr. Subir Maitra
The document provides instructions for students taking an exam at Heramba Chandra College. It instructs students to fill in their details correctly, use black or blue pen only, and put a cross on the correct answer choice for each question. It also notes that students should darken incorrect answers and select the correct choice, and that putting a cross on multiple choices will be marked as wrong. Students are told to do any rough work on the attached sheets only and that using mobile devices is prohibited during the exam.
This document provides an overview of a simple Keynesian model in an open economy. It defines an open economy and the three types of openness. It then outlines the key components of the model, including consumption, disposable income, taxes, investment, government expenditure, exports, and imports. It shows how these are used to derive the equilibrium income and various multipliers in the open economy model. Specifically, it shows the investment, government expenditure, export, tax, and transfer payment multipliers, as well as demonstrating that the balanced budget multiplier in this open economy model is not equal to one.
This document discusses the Keynesian multiplier concept. It defines the autonomous expenditure multiplier as showing how a one unit increase in autonomous expenditure causes an increase in equilibrium income. The multiplier captures the idea that a change in autonomous spending causes a larger change in equilibrium income due to subsequent rounds of spending. The document also derives formulas for different types of multipliers, such as the lump-sum tax multiplier, tax rate multiplier, transfer payment multiplier, and government expenditure multiplier. It explains that the government expenditure multiplier has a larger effect than the tax multiplier. Finally, it discusses how the multiplier is stronger when investment is partly induced by income.
Educating the Tribal Population in the Era of GlobalisationDr. Subir Maitra
The document discusses approaches to educating India's tribal population in the era of globalization, noting that while literacy rates have increased, tribal students still lag behind with high dropout rates. It analyzes both supply-side interventions like building schools and demand-side interventions like stipends or scholarships, arguing that a combination of improving access through infrastructure while also incentivizing attendance through conditional cash transfers may be most effective at reducing dropout rates and improving educational attainment for tribal communities.
Self Financing Courses in Higher Education--Pricing and Quality IssuesDr. Subir Maitra
This document summarizes the debate around who should pay for higher education and discusses self-financed courses in India. It notes that globally, there is a debate between those who believe higher education is a private good that students should pay for, versus those who believe the state should finance universities. In India, self-financed courses have a wide range of prices depending on the type of institution, with private universities charging the highest fees to cover all costs, while government colleges can only charge fees to cover recurring expenses. The document examines issues of pricing and quality for self-financed courses in India.
This document discusses quality and employability issues in technical education in India. It notes that while technical education has expanded greatly since the 1990s, around 75% of engineering graduates are reportedly unemployable. This points to poor quality of education lacking necessary technical skills. The document explores definitions of quality in higher education and factors that make it difficult to define, such as the inseparability of production and consumption of educational services. It also examines stakeholders' perspectives on quality and issues that impact the employability of technical graduates.
The document discusses the development of technical education in India from its origins in the late 18th century to the present day. It notes that technical education grew out of the need for a skilled workforce during the Industrial Revolution. Some key points:
- The first technical schools were established in India in the late 18th/early 19th century by the British to train personnel for public works departments.
- Formal technical education expanded slowly until after independence, when the government established more institutions like IITs, NITs, and regional engineering colleges.
- Most growth has occurred since the 1990s, as the number of engineering colleges and student intake has increased dramatically, especially driven by private institutions.
-
Governance of Higher Education:The Global Scenario, University News, Nov 21-2...Dr. Subir Maitra
Higher education governance has undergone significant changes in recent decades. Governments have shifted from direct control of higher education institutions to more indirect supervision and governance involving multiple actors and levels. This reflects an ideological shift towards market-based coordination and new public management approaches. As a result, higher education institutions have been granted greater autonomy over organizational structure, policies, finances, and operations while also facing increased accountability. However, governments still play an important role in agenda-setting, regulation, and facilitating market forces in the higher education sector.
Cu m com-mebe-mod-i-multiplier theory-keynesian approach-lecture-1Dr. Subir Maitra
1) The Simple Keynesian Model (SKM) is used to analyze business cycles and fluctuations in economic activity. It assumes prices are fixed in the short-run and demand determines output.
2) The SKM equilibrium occurs when actual expenditure (aggregate supply) equals planned expenditure (aggregate demand). This is shown as the point where the 45-degree aggregate supply line intersects the aggregate demand line.
3) In a closed economy without government, aggregate demand consists of consumption (C) and investment (I). Equilibrium income is determined by the consumption function C=C0+cY and investment function I=I0.
CU M Com-MEBE-Mod-I-National Income Accounting-Lecture-3Dr. Subir Maitra
This document provides sample problems and explanations related to national income accounting concepts. It begins with 16 questions asking students to explain or demonstrate concepts like gross domestic product, national income, value added, the basic macroeconomic identity for an open economy, and deriving personal income from national income. It then provides sample numerical problems demonstrating how to calculate GDP, NDP, NI and other measures using the value added, income and expenditure methods. It concludes with abbreviations commonly used in national income accounting.
CU M Com-MEBE-MOD-I-National Income Accounting-Lecture-2Dr. Subir Maitra
The document discusses three methods for measuring national income:
1) Product method - Summing the value added of all sectors in the economy through production.
2) Income method - Summing incomes from factors of production like wages, profits, interest.
3) Expenditure method - Summing expenditures in the economy through consumption, investment, government spending, and trade. It shows how these methods are equivalent.
CU M Com-MEBE-MOD-1-National Income Accounting-Lecture-1Dr. Subir Maitra
This document provides an overview of macroeconomics and the key issues addressed in macroeconomics. It discusses long-term economic growth, business cycles and fluctuations in economic activity, unemployment, inflation, international economic links, and the role of fiscal and monetary policy in economic performance. The main topics in macroeconomics are determining a nation's long-run growth, causes of short-term economic fluctuations, sources of unemployment, drivers of inflation, effects of globalization and trade, and how government policy can influence prosperity and stability.
- Taxes have existed for a long time and are referenced in both the Bible and Koran. They are a means for governments to legally extract money from individuals and organizations.
- This chapter will explore the theory behind designing tax systems and the fundamental principles of taxation. Specifically, it will discuss how to make tax systems both efficient by minimizing costs and equitable by fairly distributing the tax burden.
- An efficient tax system is one that imposes small deadweight losses from distorting incentives and small administrative burdens on taxpayers. The deadweight loss is the inefficiency created when taxes cause people to allocate resources based on tax incentives rather than true costs and benefits.
Indian economic planning aimed to achieve predetermined goals through state regulation and control of economic activity. Planning involved setting priorities, mobilizing resources, and creating organizations to execute comprehensive economic plans. Early plans focused on infrastructure, agriculture, and industrial development to raise savings rates and productivity. Later plans prioritized capital goods to rapidly industrialize and fulfill targets in a nearly closed economy with inelastic exports. Indian planning was democratic, indicative, decentralized, and development-oriented to solve issues like poverty and inequality through growth.
This document provides an overview of a chapter on supply and demand. It begins by listing four learning objectives for the chapter, which are to describe the supply and demand curves and how they determine equilibrium price and quantity, illustrate how shifts in the curves affect prices and quantities, and explain the efficiency and equilibrium principles. It then introduces the topic of the chapter by contrasting New York City's efficient food distribution system, which relies on market forces, with its inefficient housing market, which is regulated. The document goes on to discuss how centralized economic planning is difficult for large societies and markets typically allocate resources more efficiently through the decentralized decisions of individuals and firms.
Horizontal equity aims for equal tax treatment of those in the same economic situation, treating equals equally based purely on income figures. However, exactly equal treatment is difficult to achieve due to tax breaks and incentives. Vertical equity maintains that those with more wealth and income should pay more in taxes than those with less, as they are better able to do so. This principle is fulfilled through progressive taxation where higher income brackets face higher tax rates, with revenues redistributed to poorer members of society through benefits and tax credits.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
Impact Of British Rule De Industrialisation In India
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DE-INDUSTRIALISATION IN INDIA : THE DECLINE OF
HANDICRAFTS
India was not an industrial country in the true and modern sense of the term. But, by the standards
of the 17th and 18th centuries, i.e., before the advent of the Europeans in India, India was the 'industrial
workshop' of the world. Three kinds of industry existed in India—(i) the rural cottage industry (weaving,
carpentry, pottery etc.) usually providing the day-to-day requirements of the agriculturists in the village,
(ii) the urban domestic industry turning out various products (such as fine textiles etc.) for the use of
townsfolk and carried on by family members, possibly in a room in the house where the family lived and,
finally, (iii) the small urban factory producing more sophisticated products(like iron industry), engaging
some hired labourers and generally carrying specialization further than in domestic industry.
The urban industry of India, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, was mainly in the nature of
handicrafts, producing fine textiles or other luxury products for the aristrocracy. In the handicrafts Indian
urban industry had reached a high water-mark of excellence. The products of Indian industry enjoyed a
world-wide reputation. The urban industry occupied a very favourable and inportant position in India’s
economic activity. In spite of this we are confrontred with the problem of rapid decline both in the artistic
excellence and economic importance of these handicrafts, a decline which, though in some cases began as
early as the end of eighteenth century, became very marked about the middle of the nineteenth century.
This process came to be known as 'de-industrialisation'.
Economic historians, however, differ on the issue whether de-industrialisation had at all taken place
or not. Nationalist economists like R. C. Dutta, M.G.Ranade etc. argued that British misrule in India led to
the decline of Indian handicrafts. But, Morris D. Morris, Daniel and Alice Thorner were of the opinion that
de-industrialisation was a myth.
CAUSES OF DECLINE :
The major causes of decline in handicrafts in India during the British rule were as follows :
(a) DISAPPEARANCE OF COURT CULTURE : The main source of demand for the products of these handicrafts
came from the royal courts and the urban aristocrats. With the abolition of the royal court, the main source
of demand for the product of the handicrafts ceased to exist and handicrafts began to decline. ‘Karkhanas’
which were set up in different parts of the country to provide the requirements of the royal court and the
urban nobility had to be closed down when the establishment of British rule in India dislodged the local
rulers and their camp-followers.
(b) ADVERSE INFLUENCE OF BRITISH RULE ON TASTES AND HABITS : The establishment of the British rule
affected the existence of the handicrafts. With the virtual elimination of demand for the industry following
the disappearance of noble courts, the industry wished a new source of demand from the European officials
and tourists and from the 'baboos' and black Indian 'sahibs'. The European officials, of course, favoured
imported manufactures. The consumption habits of the newly educated Indians — a product of English
education — also dealt a crippling blow to these industries. These newly created Indian 'bourgeoisie' not
only disdained the products of indigenous industries but also tried to copy everything European which was
considered to be the "hallmark of enlightenment. "
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(c) PROHIBITION OF USE AND POSSESSION OF ARMS : British rule also effectively killed a handicraft which
used to produce arms ,weapons and shields by active prohibition of their use and possession.
(d) WEAKENING OF GUILDS : British also indirectly weakened the power of the guilds and other bodies
which regulated trade and controlled the quality of materials used. As soon as the supervising bodies were
removed, many evils such as adulteration of materials, poor workmanship etc. began to creep in which led
to a decline in value, artistic and commercial, of the wares.
(e) COMPETITION FROM EUROPEAN MANUFACTURERS : The competition from the European manufacturers
was also partly responsible for the decline of Indian handicrafts. In the matter of quality, Indian weaver
could easily hold his own; but in the matter of price, he was hopelessly beaten by the machine made goods.
Great regard for everything foreign by the Indian middle class helped foreign goods a great deal in their
competition with Indian textiles. Thus, the process of decay which began with the establishment of foreign
rule and foreign influence got completed by the competition from foreign goods.
(f) TARIFF POLICY : The tariff policy pursued by the British Government was also responsible for the decay
of handicrafts. This tariff policy came to be known as 'one-way free trade'. To put her manufacturing
industries on a sound footing at home, England pursued the policy of protection through the imposition of
import duties. But for India, she preached the gospel of free trade. R. C. Dutt wrote that the East India
Company and the British Parliament following the selfish commercial policy of a hundred years ago,
discouraged Indian manufacturers in the early years of British rule in order to encourage the rising
manufacturers of England. Their policy was to make India subservient to the industries of Great Britain
and to make the Indian producer grow raw material for the industries of England. Indian cotton and silk
goods which could be sold at a price 50 to 60 per cent lower than the price of cloth manufactured in
England were subjected to import duties varying between 70 to 80 per cent in England simply to drive
them out from the British market.
(g) WEAK INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE : Some people argue that the weaknesses in the industrial structure itself
must also be blamed for this decline of handicrafts. No efforts were made to explore markets for products.
Indian foreign trade was in the hands of foreigners. This meant that Indian artisans and producers were at
the mercy of foreign merchants so far as sales or demand propagation in overseas markets were concerned.
India also did not have a class of industrial entrepreneurs.
(h) EXPLOITATION OF CRAFTSMEN BY MERCHANTS : As the power of native rulers declined, British
merchants and their commission agents began to exercise illegitimate pressure on craftsmen for delivery of
goods to them on a priority basis at unduly low prices. Craftsmen were forced to sign agreements for
delivery which under more normal conditions, they could hardly be induced to. Due to exploitation, Indian
craftsmen were forced to abandon their crafts in some cases or to flee to regions where more sympathetic
policies are still pursued.
EFFECTS OF DE-INDUSTRIALISATION :
De-industrialisation brought far-reaching changes in the economy of India. These are:
(i) DISPLACEMENT FROM TRADITIONAL OCCUPATION : India's traditional village economy had been
characterised by Marx as the "blending of agriculture and handicrafts". Apart from agricultural activities,
spinning and weaving were also carried on by each family as subsidiary industries in the old Indian village
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economy. By breaking up the Indian handloom and destroying the spinning wheel, the British ended the
"blending of agriculture and handicrafts". As a result, the artisans were displaced from traditional
occupations. Finding no other alternative source of livelihood, the artisans fell back on land.
(ii) DECLINE IN AGRICULTURAL EFFICIENCY : Overcrowding of agriculture badly affected its efficiency. The
problem of subdivision and fragmentation of land holdings, overcultivation or cultivation of inferior and
unproductive land, etc. are the direct effects of the British rule. Over-burdened agriculture failed to
generate surplus and consequent shortage of capital resources required for improvements in land and that
the pressure on land enticed competition among cultivators to acquire tenancies on grossly unprofitable
and high rate of rent.
(iii) UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT : De-industrialisation caused imbalance in the occupational
structure leading to rural unemployment and under-employment. Daniel and Alice Thorner showed that in
1881, the number of workers engaged in agricultural activities stood at 7.17 crores. The numbers swelled
to 10.02 crores in 1931. As against this, people engaged in industrial activities declined from 2.11crores to
1.29 crores between 1881 and 1931. However, a plausible inference of de-industrialisation can be drawn
from Thorners' figures. But, the timing of de-industrialisation is controversial. Amiya Bagchi used
employment statistics of the period 1809 to 1901 as evidence of de-industrialisation when the proportion of
cotton spinning and weaving population to total industrial population declined from 62.3 p.c. to 15.1 p.c.
People released from industry of various kinds found agriculture as the only alternative means of
livelihood. Consequently, agricultural sector became overburdened with surplus population. A new
proletariat class — landless labourers — emerged in the countryside.
WAS DE-INDUSTRIALISATION A MYTH:
Three different sets of views have emerged round the process of de-industrialisation following the
evidence suggested by nationalist economists, modern researchers and foreign scholars. One school of
thought represented by Daniel Thorner tends to argue that de-industrialisation might have appeared in the
early 19th century but the evidence of industrialisation was clearly visible in the last decade of the 19th
century and the early 20th century. Secondly, to the U.S. scholar Morris D. Morris the stage of de-
industrialisation in India was highly difficult to find. Nationalist economists, however, had no doubt about
de-industrialisation. In support of their assertion, nationalists like R. C. Dutt, M. M. Malabya relied on
external trade statistics which indicated a rapid growth of imports of broadcloth in conjunction with a
decline in textiles import. The value of imports showed a remarkable uptrend during 1860 and 1900 when
it rose from 96 lakh pounds to 27 crore ounds. Fall in exports is tantamount to loss of foreign market of
indigenous products while rise in imports means destruction of home-made goods in the home market.
However, this trade data do not clearly explain de-industrialisation since this data do not give any definite
inkling about the decline in productions. Industrial production data is more decisive on the question of
industrialisation which was not available at that time. In view of this, researchers now rely more on the
industrial distribution of the workforce.
According to Morris D. Morris, de-industrialisation was a myth since it did not take place even in
the early 19th century.Morris argued that nationalists' index of de-industrialisation (that is, external trade
data) could not stand as a fair index. Further, nationalists did not take into account the 'compensatory
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effect' of de-industrialisation. According Moris, had there been de-industrialisation, village handicrafts
would not have survived long. Unfortunately, his arguments were more conjectural and dubious. Village
handicraft industries survived mainly as an only occupation left to the artisans. Above all, artisans were
forced to put themselves into the clutches of moneylenders. In a colonial economy, this merchant capital or
the question of exploitation played a dominant role in the survival of these industries. In terms of output
and employment,handloom and a variety of traditional industries suffered a catastrophic decline.
The purpose of Daniel Thorner’s study was to evaluate the notion of de-industrialisation in India
under British Rule during the last phase of the 19th century. Thorner’s presentation of the issue is a
threefold proposition to the effect that decline of handicrafts continued into the 20th century and it was not
compensated by a sufficient rise of modern industry. In consequence the Indian economy became more and
more agricultural. To test this hypothesis, Thorner depended on the information available in the census
report from 1881 to 1931. As an index he considered Manufacturing Work Force (MWF) and reached the
conclusion that the census data for males do not support the case either for absolute de-industrialiation or
even for relative de-industrialisation. He suggested that if indeed a major shift from industry to agriculture
ever occurred during the British Rule in India, it might have happened sometime between 1815 and 1880.
J. Krishnamurthy challenged Thorner‘s thesis on theoretical and empirical grounds. To discuss de-
industrialisation Krishnamurthy defines industrialisatlon as a rise in the share of manufacturing output per
capita. This is historically associated with a rise in the share of manufacturing workers to total workers.
But this is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for industrialisation. With this proposition
Krishnamurthy argues against Thorner that to show that the number or the proportion of working force
engaged in manufacturing has remained roughly constant does not disprove the de-industrialisation
hypothesis. The hypothesis can only be tested by the data on output in manufacturing and total output in
the economy. But at present neither the data on output in non-factory establishment nor the data on output
per worker in such establishments can be depended upon.
Krishnamurthy is correct in his criticism of Thorner that MWF data alone do not give us a total
picture of the degree of de-industrialisation. But what Krishnamurthy overlooks is that the output data---
like the working force data — alone cannot give us any measure of de-industrialisation. We can hardly
understand anything from the ratio, suggested by Krishnamarthy without considering the institutional—
structural framework of the economy.
Apart from the usual index number problem associated with the measurement of the change in
such a ratio, there also exists the problem of ownership of the output. When the manufacturing sector of a
colonised economy is in the hands of imperialists, then the output may be generated for the outside market.
In such a situstion any increase in output may not increase the net national income. The profit accrued may
not be ploughed back Into the economy.
R. Chattopadhyay’s objection to Thorner is twofold. FIrst, Thorner was wrong in considering the
ratio between the industrial working force and the total working force as the index of de-industrialisation.
By taking the total working force as the denominator of the ratio, Thorner did not take into account the
unemployed population and the dependants. The correct method would be to consider the industrial
working force as a ratio of total population. The ratio between the industrial working force and the total
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population may decrease owing to an increase in population over time without a corresponding increase in
industrial working force. This phenomenon should be considered as a case of relative de-industrialisation.
The second objection regarding Thorner’s method of collection of data on the working force can
be made clear by three points. First, Thorner’s handling of the data on general labour is wrong because he
includes workers under this heading only workers in the agricultureal sector. B.R.KaIra, a census officer
for 1961 census, calculated that about 20 per percent of the unspecified labourers were in the urban areas.
Secondly, the idea of including trade in the industrial sector is also erroneous. This is particularly so when
the object is to study the process of de-industrialisation. Thirdly, Thorner did not take the data on female
workers into account.
Following R. Chattopadhyay’s own definition, we can evolve the following criteria for the study
of changes in an economy vIs-a-vis industrialisation --- (i) change in NNP; (ii) change in the ratio of
manufacturing output to the total output (NNP) and (iii) change in the ratio of manufacturing working
force with respect to total population. If all these three factors increase over the years, we can strictly
define a process of industrialisation. Similarly a decline in all the three factors will strictly indicate a
process of de-industrialisation. A decline in the second or third factor together with a constant NNP will
also indicate a process of de-industrialisation.
As far as the output part of (i) and (ii) are concerned the information available for India is
scattered and needs through research. But studies by Thorner, S. J. Patel and S. Sivasubramaniam show
that national income in India remained more or less stagnant over the period 1900-1940. So, if we can now
show that manufacturing working force declined over the period, then we have a strong case for de-
industrialisation. A.K.Bagchi has interpreted de-industrialisation as a decline in the proportion of
population dependent on industry in total population. He has based his estimation on the detailed tables
giving the number of common artisans prepared by Buchanan Hamilton from his survey of different
districts of Blhar over 1809-13. Bagchi has made certain adjustment in the data. To arrive at an estimate
regarding the family size of industrial workers Bagchi has assumed that except for cotton spinners, each
industrial worker supported five people Including himself. An average cotton spinner was assumed to
support either only himself or two persons including himself. Based on these alternative assumptions
Bagchi has derived two estimates of the proportion of total population dependent on the industrial
population for 1809-13 in the 5 districts of Bihar. Comparing them with the 1901 census figures he has
come to the conclusion that in all these districts there was a rapid decline in the proportion of population
dependent on industry suggesting a de-industrialisation. Bagchi has argued that since the districts
concerned had nothing unique compared to other parts of India, his de-industrialisation thesis is true for the
whole of India.