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GemaThe document discusses three historical battles: the Battle of Saint Quintin in 1557 which was a victory for Spanish armies over French forces; the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 where Don Juan de Austria commanded Spanish-led forces to victory over the Ottoman Empire; and the failed Spanish Armada invasion of England in 1588 which was defeated by the English fleet. Key figures discussed include Don Juan de Austria, Admiral Álvaro de Bazán y Guzmán, writer Miguel de Cervantes who was wounded in the Battle of Lepanto, and Queen Elizabeth I of England who opposed Philip II of Spain.
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Ww1 map of gallipoli
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Este documento resume el resurgir de las ciudades que tuvo lugar durante la Alta Edad Media (siglos XI-XIII). 1) Las ciudades crecieron en número y tamaño debido a las nuevas técnicas agrarias que aumentaron la producción y la población. 2) Los campesinos llevaban sus excedentes a las ciudades para venderlos y comprar otros productos, lo que impulsó la economía urbana y la aparición de gremios, mercados y ferias. 3) También hubo cambios políticos como la creación
Unit 5: Rebirth of Cities_2022
The document summarizes the rebirth of cities in Europe during the High Middle Ages from the 11th to 13th centuries. Agricultural innovations like the triennial rotation and iron plough increased food production and allowed the population to grow from 36 to 80 million. The surplus population moved to cities to sell extra crops and buy goods, stimulating new industries and the rise of trade guilds and international fairs. This urban growth produced a new social class, the bourgeoisie, and led to political changes like the establishment of parliaments. Culturally, this era saw the rise of Gothic architecture, universities, and more realistic paintings and sculptures.
Arte Prehistórico
El arte prehistórico incluye el arte paleolítico y neolítico. El arte paleolítico apareció hace 35,000 años y consistía en pinturas realistas de animales en el interior de cuevas, mientras que el arte neolítico apareció alrededor de 8000 a.C. e incluía escenas esquemáticas de animales y figuras humanas pintadas en refugios rocosos.
Unit 4 (part 2): The Creation of the Christian Kingdoms
1) The Kingdom of Asturias originated from Don Pelayo defeating the Muslims in 722 at the Battle of Covadonga and establishing himself as a local leader. Over time, the Kingdom expanded and its capital was moved to Leon, becoming the Kingdom of Leon.
2) The Kingdom of Leon originated from the expanded former Kingdom of Asturias. Castile began as a county vassal to Leon, located in the east defending it from Muslim attacks. In the 10th century, the Count of Castile gained independence.
3) The County of Castile gained independence in the 10th century after originally being a vassal county of the Kingdom of Leon, located in the east defending it
Unit 4: Feudalism
Feudalism emerged in Europe in the 9th century after the fall of the Carolingian Empire. Kings granted lands and authority to nobles in exchange for military support. This led to the rise of a feudal system where society was divided into estates. Nobles received fiefs divided into demesne and holdings. Peasants lived on these lands and paid rents and taxes. Feudal relationships were based on oaths of loyalty between lords and vassals. Feudalism shaped politics, society, and the arts during the Middle Ages in Europe.
Unidad 4: Formación Reinos Cristianos
1) El Reino de Asturias surgió luego de que Don Pelayo derrotara a los musulmanes en la Batalla de Covadonga en 722. Más tarde, el reino se expandió y pasó a llamarse Reino de León.
2) El Condado de Castilla originalmente fue un condado vasallo del Reino de León, pero en el siglo X el conde Fernán González proclamó su independencia.
3) Carlomagno creó la Marca Hispánica como zona defensiva contra los musulmanes, dando origen a varios
Unidad 4: Feudalismo
El documento habla sobre el feudalismo en Europa. Explica que el feudalismo surgió en el siglo IX después de la muerte de Carlomagno debido a las luchas internas en el Imperio Carolingio y los ataques externos. El feudalismo consistía en que los monarcas débiles pedían ayuda a los nobles a cambio de tierras, creando una relación de vasallaje. La sociedad feudal estaba dividida en estamentos y los privilegiados eran la nobleza y el clero.
Climates - Cards
The equatorial climate is located near the equator between 0-15 degrees north and south. It has high, stable temperatures around 25-27 degrees C with very abundant and regular rainfall over 2000mm per year supporting lush rainforests with tall trees. The tropical climate is located between 15-25 degrees north and south, also with high temperatures over 18 degrees C but with alternating rainy and dry seasons and rainfall between 500-2000mm supporting savannas with grasslands and isolated trees. The hot desert climate is located on the tropics near cold currents and inland areas with very high daytime temperatures and cold nights, very scarce and irregular rainfall under 250mm per year supporting almost no vegetation except for oasis with date palms
Climas - Cartas
El documento describe los diferentes tipos de climas alrededor del mundo, incluyendo el clima ecuatorial, tropical, desértico cálido, mediterráneo, oceánico, continental, polar y de alta montaña. Para cada clima, se especifican su ubicación, temperaturas, precipitaciones y vegetación características.
Unit 3: al-Andalus
The document provides information about al-Ándalus from the 8th to 15th centuries. It begins with a timeline of the different phases: Conquest, Dependent Emirate, Independent Emirate, Caliphate of Córdoba, Taifa kingdoms, Almoravids, Almohads, and the Nasrid kingdom of Granada. It then discusses the Muslim conquest in the 8th century, the causes of their success, their only defeat at Covadonga, and the terms of the Treaty of Teodomiro. Subsequent sections cover the political independence of the Emirate of Córdoba, the establishment of the Caliphate, the reign of Almanzor,
Unidad 3: al-Ándalus
Este documento resume la historia de al-Ándalus desde la conquista musulmana en el siglo VIII hasta la caída del último reino musulmán en Granada en 1492. Incluye las distintas fases como el Emirato Dependiente de Damasco, el Emirato Independiente de Córdoba establecido por Abd al-Rahman I, el Califato de Córdoba bajo cuyo mandato alcanzó su máximo esplendor, los reinos de taifas posteriores a su desintegración, y los imperios norteafricanos de los
Unidad 2: Islam
Este documento resume la unidad 2 sobre el Islam. Explica la vida en la península arábiga antes del Islam, la figura de Mahoma y sus enseñanzas, los cinco pilares del Islam, normas de comportamiento, los inicios del Islam con la Hégira, los cuatro periodos del Califato y sus dinastías y capitales, las conquistas, la estructura política con el Califa, el Visir y el Emir, la economía, sociedad, ciencia, arte y la planta básica de una mezquita.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Image gallery Philip II 002
- 1. Typical soldiers of the Battle of Saint Quintin, 1557. This battle confronted the French and Spanish Armies. Finally the Spanish armies won the battle.
- 2. Battle of Lepanto, 1571
- 3. Heroes of the Battle of Lepanto Don Juan de Austria, illegitimate son of Charles V and half-brother of Philip II. He commanded bravely his troops. Álvaro de Bazán y Guzmán. Captain General of the Sea and General Admiral. One of the best Admirals of our naval history. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. He enlisted as a Navy infantry soldier for the battle. He lost the movement of his left arm.
- 4. Typical soldiers of the Battle of Lepanto.
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- 6. English ships and the Spanish Armada, 1588
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