The document discusses various aspects of Alzheimer's disease such as its genetic and pathological characteristics, mechanisms involved, and diagnostic techniques. The most prevalent genetic risk factor is the apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism. The progressive cognitive decline in Alzheimer's is associated with the accumulation of amyloid-beta and tau proteins. Astrocytes play roles in regulation of synaptic transmission, protection/support of neurons, and degradation of amyloid plaques through various mechanisms. Brain imaging techniques such as functional MRI and arterial spin-labeling MRI are used to measure alterations in cerebral blood flow that are linked to cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

1. 1)The most prevalent genetic risk factor of Alzheimer’s
Disease is: -
A) apolipoprotein E2 polymorphism
B) apolipoprotein E3 polymorphism
C) apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism
D) apolipoprotein E5 polymorphism

2. 2)The progressive cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s Disease is
associated with the accumulation of: -
A) tau proteins
B) amyloid-beta (Aβ)
C) both A and B options
D) none of the above

3. 3) Alzheimer’s disease is a: -
A)Brain disorder
B)Lung disorder
C)Kidney disorder
D)Liver disorder

4. 4) Which of the following is a function of the astrocyte in the brain: -
A) regulation of synaptic transmission
B) protection and support for neurons, through the release of
growth factors and cytokines
C) degradation of amyloid plaques through the production of TGF-β
to inhibit microglial activity
D) all of the above

5. 5) In AD, there is astrocyte involvement in: -
A) oxidative stress
B) increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines
C) suppression of innate immunity
D) all of the above

6. 6) Which neural mechanisms are involved in Alzheimer’s Disease?
A) oxidative stress
B) neuronal extracellular deposition of Aβ peptides and neuronal
intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
C) increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and associated genes
D) all of the above

7. 7) Which cells play a crucial role in the progression of AD?
A)neurons
B)glial cells
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above

8. 8) Which of the following is an emerging neural mechanistic
signaling pathway that has been found to be associated with
the pathogenesis of AD?
A) FGF7/FRFR2/PI3K/AKT Pathway
B) Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of the
Transcription Pathway
C) Nerve Growth Factor Metabolic Pathway
D) All of the above

9. 9) Which one of the following statements is most appropriate for Alzheimer’s
disease? (Mark the most appropriate statement)
A) Alzheimer’s disease is the cause of 60–80% of dementia cases
B) Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disease
C) Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible brain disorder
D) Alzheimer’s disease is associated with cognitive decline
E) All the above statements are true
F) Only A, C, and D are true

10. 10) Which modifiable vascular risk factors are linked to AD type
of dementia?
A) hypertension and diabetes mellitus
B) metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia
C) obesity and smoking
D) all of the above

11. 11) Brain magnetic resonance imaging of patients with clinically
diagnosed AD often showed: -
A) grey matter changes
B) white matter changes
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

12. 12) Progressive cognitive decline is observed in Alzheimer’s.
A) True
B) False

13. 13) Which neuroimaging techniques are used to measure the
alteration in CBF and its link to cognitive impairment and AD?
A) functional MRI and single photon emission computed
tomography
B) arterial spin-labeling MRI and dynamic susceptibility
contrast MRI
C) both A and B
D) None of the above

14. 14) Decreased CBF has been persistently demonstrated in
various brain regions before and during cognitive impairment
and AD. The most affected brain regions are: -
A) hippocampus and precuneus
B) posterior cingulate cortex and medial temporal lobe
C) amygdala and lateral temporal lobe
D) all of the above
E) only A and B

15. 15) The transport of Aβ across the BBB is typically regulated by
which major transporter protein?
A) LRP-1
B) RAGE
C) Both A and B
D) NRP-1

16. 16) Which of the following is a significant early component of
AD pathology?
A) gastric dysfunction
B) vascular dysfunction
C) anemia
D) hair loss

17. 17)Promising effect of______ in ameliorating pathologic
conditions associated with AD has been observed by scientists
in animal models.
A) Nerve Growth Factor
B) T-cell Growth Factor
C) Platelet Derived Growth Factor
D) All of the above

18. 18) Cholinergic atrophy is observed in Alzheimer’s disease.
A)True
B)False

19. 19)The major underlying factor for the cognitive and behavioral
dysfunction observed in AD is: -
A) hypothalamic dysfunction
B) sulfated tau aggregates
C) both A and B options
D) synaptic dysfunction

20. 20) We can obtain accurate cell state comparisons by comparing
healthy samples to sick samples in the same experiment using: -
A) pyrosequencing and microarray analysis
B) single-cell Gel Electrophoresis
C) single-cell RNA-seq
D) single-cell western blotting analysis