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IL CERVELLO E IL COMPUTER analogie e differenze
 
analogico digitale
101010111010000111010001110010 101010111010000111010001110010 101000011101000111001010101011 110100011100101010101110100001 101010111100101010000111010001 101011000111001001110100001110 seriale parallelo
Tutto... o nulla
velocità dimensioni potenza dissipata
 
sommazione
“ Il Chi”???
“ noi” inclusivo “ noi” esclusivo
AMIGDALA Risposte corporee Sistemi attivanti del tronco encefalico Corteccia prefrontale laterale Corteccia prefrontale mediale Corteccia prefrontale ventrale
 
 

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Il cervello e il computer

Editor's Notes

  1. Analogie e differenze tra cervello e computer Interesse biologico: modellizzare il cervello Interesse pratico: soluzione di particolari problemi Interesse filosofico: l'origine del pensiero (LeDoux)
  2. John Von Neumann (1903-1957) Doppia laurea in ing. Chimica e mate Va in USA x nazi (ebreo) -> Princeton Progetto Manhattan, calcolatori balistici (fire control) Architettura (1945): 5 componenti
  3. Analogico: grandezze fisiche (continue) Digitale: marcatori (discreti)
  4. Seriale e parallelo Importanza della precisione: propagazione dell'errore 3-4 cifre nei dati e risultati, qualche 10na nel calcolo
  5. La natura “a soglia” del potenziale d'azione lo rende a prima vista digitale
  6. Velocità: 10E-2 neur, 10E-10 (500GHz record transistor) Dimensioni: transistor -> nanometri Potenza: 10E-9 neur, 10E-5 dig Potenza calcolo processori cresce 40% a fronte di 100% aumento velocità transistor (L. di Moore) perché bisogna abbassare frequenza e voltaggio
  7. IPSP: ingresso Na+ EPSP: ingresso Cl- o uscita K+ Canali V-dipendenti Carica e scarica condensatore (tau=RC) Costante di spazio: sqrt(Rm/Ra)
  8. I potenziali elettrotonici si possono sommare Stimoli da più neuroni contemp. e frequenza dello stimolo (SAF o SBF) IMPORTANTE LA FREQUENZA Non digitale ma statistico -> mancanza di un marcatore non modifica la sostanza del messaggio Bassa precisione aritmetica (non possiamo pensare di fare calcoli con decine di cifre dec.) ma alta affidabilità logica
  9. SINTASSI: relazioni interne tra in segni SEMANTICA: relazioni tra segni e oggetti rappresent. Semantica per imitazione: grandi quantità di dati da analizzare -> difficoltà stabilire dato + importante Prendere una palla al volo
  10. Doppi sensi: definizioni ambigue e POLISEMICHE La logica si basa sul principio di NON CONTRADDIZIONE
  11. Importante il ruolo dell'emozione Può amplificare la capacità di memorizzare un dato e la sua importanza
  12. Reti neurali Unità che simulano i neuroni: somma pesata e funzione (lineare, a soglia, a S) Addestramento della rete: modifica dei pesi (assegnati casualmente) per risolvere un problema Variazione in funzione dell'errore (uscita – desiderato)^2 Algoritmo retrogrado
  13. Computer (reti neurali) che sbagliano come gli umani Lida -> test percettivi Discern -> schizofrenia (simulazione eccesso di dopamina) Concludendo: computer e cervello vanno bene in compiti diversi. Paragone solo quantitativo non esaurisce la questione.