IJAMR JOURNAL -CALL FOR PAPERS - DECEMBER -2020

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International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research www.ijarm.com E-mail: editorijarm@gmail.com ISSN: 2393-8870 Impact Factor: 4.012(2020) Index Copernicus Value: 80.43 DOI :10.22192/ijamr(Crossref, USA) Thomson Reuters Researcher ID An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, and fully refereed journal

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Issues Related to Energy Changes Assignment After reviewing the issues and opinions posted by your peers and receiving feedback from your teacher, write an opinion paper that will show you have thoroughly researched and reflected on this issue. Note on Writing In Science All information and relevant data are to be included in a logically sequenced manner. In your writing, it is important to use appropriate writing style, tone, and scientific terminology. Conduct your research using reliable, peer reviewed and industry sources and ensure that sources listed in your reference list are directly related to information presented in your paper. Use the appropriate referencing style for science to cite your sources. For more information, see the page titled “References” in the Scientific Skills and Formatting module of the Introduction unit in your course.

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Physical Science (IJARPS) is an internationally peer reviewed academic journal that publishes recent advancements in the field of Physical science We publish articles on topics like Solar Physics, Space physics, Stellar astrophysics, Atomic physics, Molecular physics, Atomic and Molecular astrophysics, Chemical physics, Optics, Photonics, Nuclear physics etc.

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Theoretical Studies on Mechanism of Xanthine Oxidase and 6-mercaptopurine

EDITOR IJCRCPS

The reaction mechanisms of 6-mercaptopurine or hypoxanthine have not been investigated either theoretically or experimentally. Understanding of the overall mechanism helps to manage the metabolic properties of potential drug molecules metabolized by XOR. The present theoretical study is aimed to predict transition state structure, the path of electron transfer and probe plausible mechanistic route for hydroxylation of 6-mercaptopurine or hypoxanthine and XO by relating the electronic structure to reactivity. The transition state structure was predicted by linear transit calculation of series of structures by performing frequency calculation which was confirmed by one imaginary negative frequency value. The path of coupled electron proton transfer mechanism proved from Mullikan charge analysis and mechanism of oxidation was proved from geometry optimization. Density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP method were used to probe the electronic structure of metastable structure. Result showed that in transition state structures the energy barrier for 6-mercaptopurine bound active site was lower than hypoxanthine bound active site by 20kcal/mol in average. The ionocity data revealed the presence of substantial negative charge on proton which suggests the transfer of hydride from substrate to the active site. Bond length analysis showed that in the transition stases CRH-Oeq bond length was nearly 98% formed where as the CRHHRH bond length was only 36.78% broken. Geometry optimization revealed that oxidation of 6- mercaptopurine or hypoxanthine by XO follow stepwise mechanism. It can be generalized that the oxidation of 6-mercaptopurine or hypoxanthine by XO follows two step mechanisms namely: abstraction of proton by Glu1226 from equatorial hydroxide of active site followed by nucleophilic attach on C2 of substrate and hydride was transferred through concomitant release of oxidized substrate.

Knowledge and awareness of tobacco related health problems: A study from East...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

Three million people die every year because of tobacco-related diseases in the world. The present study was carried out to find out the association between Knowledge and awareness towards tobacco consumption and to find out association between awareness towards tobacco consumption and diseases in the last one year among residents of Dhankuta Municipality. The cross-sectional study was conducted among residents of Dhankuta Municipality where 205 households were taken as subjects. Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the study subjects and face to face interview was conducted. Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between Knowledge and awareness towards tobacco consumption and association between awareness towards tobacco consumption and diseases in the last one year among residents of Dhankuta Municipality. The respondents those thinking that tobacco is injurious to health were significantly more aware (46.9%) than those not thinking (26.7%) (P<0.05). The respondents those thinking that tobacco can cause oral problems (51.7%) and respiratory problems (48%) were more aware but the difference were not significant. The respondent suffered from diseases was high who was not aware of tobacco consumption (18.2%). The respondent suffered from respiratory problems (12.5%) and oral problems (10%) was high among those not aware of tobacco consumption but the difference was not significant. We conclude that people those thinking that tobacco is injurious to health were significantly more aware. The people who were not aware of tobacco consumption suffered more from diseases but the difference was not significant.

MICROBIAL STRESS RESPONSE REGULATORY ENZYME AND THEIR PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION

EDITOR IJCRCPS

Ability of adaptation according to variable environmental conditions is essential for bacterial surveillance; those don’t have ability to face the challenge is eliminated. To counter the damaging effect of reactive oxygen species, cells have evolved anti-oxidant defense systems, whose expression is usually induced by reactive oxygen species and/or oxidants. Bacteria survive in several kind of environmental stress condition due to alteration in cell membrane and genetic material by fatal enzyme. Other inducers of the general stress response might also cause transient genetic instability and so promote bacterial adaptation to stressful environments. Regulatory mechanisms which help bacteria to maintain their balanced and rather constant cellular composition mostly occur at the genetic level. Many studies clarified the efficacy of stress enzyme as a therapy in the treatment of many diseases, in addition to their inclusion in cosmetic products to reduce free radical damage to skin. Keywords: Bacterial response, Environmental stress and regulatory enzyme.

COMPARISON OF SERUM LEVELS OF ZINC AND LEPTIN IN FEMALE ENDURANCE AND SPRINTI...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

Abstract in consideration of leptin effects such as reducing food intake and increasing energy consumption, many researchers have sought to examine the relation between leptin and exercise. The presence of reports arguing that zinc can be a mediator in leptin production indicates a possible relation between zinc and leptin. The purpose of this study was to compare plasma leptin, plasma zinc, and their relationship in Elite female endurance and sprinting runner(n=15) with non-athletes(n=15).Blood samples were obtained 24 h after training to measure plasma zinc and leptin levels. In the present study, we did not observe any significant difference for plasma zinc and leptin levels between groups(p >0.05). There was not significant correlation between plasma leptin and plasma zinc in the study groups. Keywords: Leptin, Zinc, Athletes.

BIOSORPTION OF ZINC (II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING BORASSUS FLABELLIFE...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

The effective removal of heavy metals from the sugar industry effluent among the most important issue of the many industrialized countries. Removal Zn2+ from aqueous solution where studied using palm fiber. Batch adsorption was performed as a function of pH, initial metal ion concentration, equilibrium time and bio-sorbent dose. The optimum pH obtained from results found to be 5. The maximum contact time for the equilibrium concentration is 180 minutes. The biosorbent dose of 6g. The maximum efficiency of removal of metal ion by bio-mass is 79 %.The results are fit exactly by both Langmuir and freundlich isotherm model. Keywords: Biomass; Biosorption; Isotherm; Kinetics; Removal of Zinc.

BIO DECAFFEINATION-A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF BREVIBACTERIUM ON DIFFERENT SAMP...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

HPLC analysis of caffeine was performed in SHIMADZU LC 20 – AD system, and the caffeine compounds were separated on a C18 column under isocratic conditions with 40% methanol in water at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Compounds eluting from the column were detected and the peak areas were compared with those obtained with standards of known concentration. The HPLC analysis of caffeine degradation by Brevibacterium is done by injecting the sample volume of about 20μl HPLC analysis is done for the sample at different incubation periods with standard caffeine concentration (Known). The sample is analyzed for every twelve hours of incubation and peak values are obtained. Caffeine concentration is an important parameter to be checked as excessive consumption of caffeine leads to many health hazards. Keywords: , Biodecaffeination, Brevibacterium, HPLC.

STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents. The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results. Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.

PREPARATION AND UTILIZATION OF EMULSIFIERS IN SWEET BISCUITS

EDITOR IJCRCPS

Emulsifiers have been prepared by blending soymilk , skim milk powder and baby food with combination of lecithin and glycerol mono-stearate along with sorbitol, sodium benzoate and water. Analysis of emulsifiers have been carried out for pH, moisture content, total solids content, acetone insoluble content, acid value, viscosity and percent stability. Samples of biscuits were formulated varying the amount of emulsifier with constant amounts of whole wheat flour, hydrogenated fat, sugar, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, skim milk powder and strawberry. The biscuits were analyzed for carbohydrate content, protein content, fat content, ash content and moisture content along with standard biscuits. Sensory evaluation of biscuits was carried out by 9 point Hedonic scale score-card method taking into account attributes such as texture, taste, flavor and overall quality. It was observed that good quality biscuits could be prepared from the prepared emulsifiers. It is suggested that the emulsifiers prepared may be useful for other bakery products such as cake, cookies, bread etc., Keywords: Emulsifiers,biscuits, proximate composition, sensory evaluation.

RAPID IODINATION OF THE ISOMERS OF AMINOBENZOIC ACID IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM BY IOD...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

The rapid kinetics of the iodination of para-aminobenzoic acid and meta-aminobenzoic acid by iodine monochloride at 4.5 pH has been studied by employing hydrodynamic voltammetry. The reactions were found to be of the second order and the specific reaction rates for the two reactions were found to be 25 M-1s-1 and 10 M-1s-1 at 25.00C respectively. These data were complemented with those for the iodination of ortho-aminobenzoic acid by ICl obtained earlier to quantitatively assess the relative reactivity of the three isomers stemming from substituent regiospecificity. Keywords: Iodine monochloride, hydrodynamic voltammetry, aminobenzoic acid isomers.

A STUDY ON FORMATION OF SALYCILIC ACID FORMALDEHYDE POLYMER SAMPLE

EDITOR IJCRCPS

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES WITH A NEW ...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

A new monodentate phosphorus yield Ph3P=CHC(O)C6H4-m-Br (L),was synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis as well as various spectroscopic techniques. The reactions of the title ylide with mercury(II) halides in equimolar ratios using dry methanol as solvent have yielded [L.HgX2]2 (X= Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)). The reaction of 1 equiv. this ylide with Cd(NO3)2.4H2O in the same solvent give a polynuclear complex [Cd (L)(NO3)(μ-NO3)]n (4), followed by treatment with 2 equiv. AgNO3 and AgOTf led to monomeric chelate complexes 5 and 6, respectively. Characterization of the obtained compounds was also performed by elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 31P and 13C NMR. All DMSO-solved synthesized compounds were subjected to biological evaluation for their antibacterial against 6 Gram positive and negative bacteria effects by disc diffusion method. Results showed antibacterial activity for studied metal complexes and suggested their possible application as antibacterial agents. Keywords: Phosphorus yields, mercury(II) complexes, silver(I) complexes, cadmium(II) complexes, antibacterial activity.

EFFECTS OF IMMUNACE AND IRON DEXTRAN ON ANEMIA AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION OF T. BR...

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Trypanosomosis has been associated with immunosuppression, anemia and oxidative damage while ImmuneAce and Iron Dextran possess both immunostimulatory, antioxidative and erythrocytes enrichment effects. This study was designed to assess the effect ofImmunace, Iron Dextran, Diminazene Aceturate and a combination of Immunace and Iron Dextran on T. brucei experimentally infected rats to check packed cell volume (PCV) and parasitemiam. . Thirty rats, divided into six groups (A-F) of 5 each period and were infected with Trypanosoma brucei 3 days post infection.They were treated as follows:3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days post treatment with 0.02gml-1 immunace, 0.2ml of Iron Dextran, 3.5mg Kg-1 of Diminazene Aceturate and a combination therapy of Iron Dextran and Immuneace. Haematological parametres were significantly (p<0.05) higher in all infected and treated groups compared to group E. Hence, overall anti-oxidants capacity mitigated the negative effects observed in the measured parametres in rats better than single administration.. Keywords: African Trypanosomiasis, parasitemia, trace metals, Anaemia, Iron Dextran and Immunosuppression.

THE EFFECT OF WATER TREATMENT ON CALCIUM AND BERYLLIUM LEVELS OF WATER IN KAR...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

Introduction: Water quality is an important issue for human health management.The aim of this research was to compare calcium and beryllium levels in the water of Karun river at the influent stream of the water treatment plant number two (WTP2) in Ahvaz city and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process. Materials and Methods: Fourteen samples of Karun river water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were collected during five months (September2013, and January - April 2014). Samples were taken fourteen times, each time; five, one liter samples were collected. The samples were then mix and one liter composite sample was isolated and transported to laboratory. The collected samples were filtered through filter paper (0.45 μm). For their fixation and pro tection by nitric acid the pH adjusted ≤2 and was analyzed by ICP-MS. Results: it was shown that average of Calcium in water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were 164.714, 94.571, 111.714, 54.485, 124.571, and 17.528 μg/l ,respectively. Also, average of Beryllium in water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were 15.142, 5.714, 8.714, 2.571, 9.428 and 2.285 μg/l, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that the purification process causes reduction in content of metals in waters Keywords: Karun River, beryllium, calcium, water treatment process, ICP-MS.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF OILS AND THEIR UNSAPONIFIABLE F...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

The main objective of the study was to assess the in vitro antifungal potency of the unsaponifiable fraction extracted from coat and bark seeds oils of Citrullus colocynthis L against pathogenic fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium oxysporum. In terms of the physico-chemical characterization, oils under study showed evidence of quality standards relating to vegetable oils. Unsaponifiable matter yield recorded was approximately 0.93% and 1.03%, for the seed coat oil and bark seed oil respectively. Antifungal activity carried out by radial growth on solid medium (Potatoes Dextrose Agar acidified) revealed that the oils and the corresponding unsaponifiable fractions exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth. Maximal antifungal index inhibition (IAF=100%) were recorded at 5% and 2.5% dilutions of each fraction tested. The results provided evidence that the unsaponifiable oils fractions might indeed be potential sources of natural antifungal agents and deserve further studies to characterize the biological compounds included in these fractions. Keywords: Citrullus colocynthis seeds, seed coat, bark, oils, unsaponifiable fraction, antifungal activity.

SYNTHESIS OF SALICYLIC ACID –FORMALDEHYDE POLYMERS

EDITOR IJCRCPS

RESPONSE OF SALMONELLA TYPHI AND SALMONELLA PARATYPHI TO A NEW EFFERVESCENT C...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

Typhoid is an epidemic disease in Sudan and causes morbidty for many people especially in tropical countries. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride tablets were the drugs of choice for the disease treatment used as alternative to chloramphincol. The present research work aimed to study the response of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi to a newly formulated effervescent ciprofloxacin hydrochloride tablets as compared to five conventional ciprofloxacin marketed brands. Microbiological sensitivity tests were carried out against Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi to detect the response of each drug. Comparison was held between the drug formulations. The results showed that the response of Salmonella typhi to both drugs is less than that to Salmonella paratyphi. This may be due to a genetic factor found in Salmonella typhi, in producing more polysaccharide as compared to Salmonella paratyphi. Interestingly, the present research study revealed that the inhibition zones of the newly formulated effervescent tablets are greater than those of conventional tablets. This may be an indication for more activity and quicker response or action of the newly formulated drug. Keywords: Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, effervescent ciprofloxacin HCl tablets, conventional tablet brands, microbiological sensitivity response, treatment activity response.

THE EFFECT OF WATER TREATMENT ON SELENIUM AND VANADIUM LEVELS OF WATER IN KAR...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

Introduction: Due to the increase in world population and increased demand for safe drinking water, using of bottled water, especially in areas with a shortage of safe drinking water is common. The aim of this research was to compare Selenium and Vanadium levels in the water of Karun river at the influent stream of the water treatment plant number 2 (WTP2) and its outlet water after the water treatment process and waters of inlet and outlet of Byblus factory and Anahita factory in Ahvaz city. Materials and Methods: Fourteen samples of Karun river water at the inlet of Ahvaz WTP2 and its outlet water after the water treatment process and waters of inlet and outlet of Byblus factory and Anahita factory were collected during five months (September 2013, and January - April 2014). Samples were taken fourteen times, each time; five, one - liter samples were collected. The samples were mixed and one liter composite sample was isolated and transported to laboratory. The collected samples were filtered through filter paper (0.45 μm). For their fixation and protection, nitric acid was added and the pH was adjusted at≤2. All samples were analyzed by ICP-MS. Results & Discussion: According to the results, the highest and lowest mean concentration of Vanadium 14.22 and 6.17 ppb in Water inlet the water treatment plant NO (2) of Ahvaz and water at outlet from Anahita factory. The mean concentration of selenium because of the lower limit (0.1 ppb) was not measured with ICP-MS. Conclusion: The results showed that the purification process causes reduction in content of metals in water. Keywords: Karun River, Selenium, Vanadium, Water Treatment Plant, ICP-MS.

REMOVAL PARAQUAT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITH ZEOLITE NANOPARTICLES OPTIMIZED ...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

Nowadays, much attention for using chemicals as adsorbent for removal herbicide from aqueous solution has been aroused. Zeolite as low-cost adsorbent was used in this paper for removal paraquat from water. Iran has a variety resources of zeolite. Zeolite was collected from Semnan region and after modification, zeolite nano-particles was used for adsorption. Box-Behnken experimental design was used for simplifying and optimizing the experiment condition. Three factor was studied in this paper; pH (6-8), temperature (25-45◦C) and the amount of adsorbent (0.5-2 g). The residue of paraquat after each experiment was determined by injection of 250 μl of each sample to HPLC equipped with column (150mm×4.6mm, ODS (C18)-H-OL), UV-detector at 258 nm. The mobile phase composition was a mixture of tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate and ammonium sulphate in ultra-pure water and adjusted to pH 2 with sulphuric acid. According to BBD the optimum condition was pH 6, temperature 45◦C and 2 g of adsorbent. At this condition the removal efficiency was about 80%. The results of this study showed thatby increasing the pH, the percentage of removal was decreased. However, the higher temperatureslead to more removal capacity of zeolite nano-particles but it was not statistically significant. Keywords: Paraquat, Zeolite, Box-Behnken design, HPLC.

DIETARY ANTI-OXIDANTS IN CHEMOPREVENTION

EDITOR IJCRCPS

External agents like carcinogens, pollutants, ionizing radiations produce oxidative stress in living cells generating reactive oxygen species [ROS]. Cells have built in defense against these reactive species and keep a balance between generated ROS and their neutralization by endogenous antioxidants [AO]. In addition, many antioxidants present in our diets react with the ROS and make them inactive. The maintenance of balance is a continuous process inside cells to keep them functioning normally. When generation of ROS exceeds the level of endogenous and externally added AOs , cells are driven to pathogenic state leading to diseases. A variety of dietary AOs are available from various sources of fruits and vegetables. This paper aims to review the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress, generation and reactions of ROS with vital molecules such as DNA, Protein and membrane and involvement of ROS in the induction of cancer and other diseases. An attempt is made to suggest ways to reduce cancer incidence risks , need to modify dietary foods by consuming vegetables, fruits for chemo prevention. An example has been given to emphasize the role of curcumin as an antioxidant in the mechanism of chemoprevention. Keywords: Oxidative stress, Carcinogens, ROS, Antioxidants, Chemoprevention.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SODIUM ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHATE AS A H...

EDITOR IJCRCPS

Sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP) is a potential material for immobilization of nuclear effluents. The Structure of polycrystalline phase of barium containing NZP was determined on the basis of crystal data of solid state simulated waste forms. The crystal structure of Na1-xBax/2Zr2P3O12 (x=0.1-1.0) has been investigated using General Structure Analysis System (GSAS) programming. The BaNZP phase crystallizes in the space group R-3c and Z=6. Powder diffraction data have been subjected to Rietveld refinement to arrive at a satisfactory structural convergence of R-factors. The unit cell volume and polyhedral (ZrO6 and PO4) distortion increases with rise in the mole % of Ba2+ in the NZP matrix. SEM, TEM and EDX analysis provide analytical evidence of barium in the matrix. Keywords: Ceramic; powder XRD; Rietveld refinement; SEM; nuclear waste immobilization.

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