IHP 501 Final Project One Milestone One Guidelines and Rubr.docx

IHP 501 Final Project One Milestone One Guidelines and
Rubric
Introduction and General State of Healthcare
Overview: The focus of this module is on the structure of
healthcare delivery systems across the world and the role of
political policy on healthcare and its
constituents. For Final Project One, you will develop a profile
of a non-U.S. country based on your assessment of the country’s
population health and healthcare
system. Your country profile will examine the impact of
economics, culture, and social factors on population health and
examine three health issues.
To begin this project, you must first identify your country and
three health issues for analysis. Your instructor must approve
the issues you propose in this
milestone for use in Final Project One.
Prompt: After reviewing the Final Project One Guidelines and
Rubric document, choose a country to assess for your final
project. Develop a profile of the country
beginning with your rationale for choosing the country.
Examine the contextual details of the selected country,
including demographic data. Next, describe the
general state of healthcare. Identify three major health-related
issues plaguing the country and briefly describe them.
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:

I. Introduction
A. State the purpose of the country profile and explain why you
chose to write about this country in particular.
B. Identify appropriate details needed for an analysis of the
state of healthcare in your chosen country. Your discussion
should include but is not
limited to population, type of government and the state of
governmental affairs, geographic location, and climate.
II. General State of Healthcare
A. Determine the main health-related issues in the country
through an assessment of its recent history and current events
for indicators of the
state of healthcare affairs in the country, using data from a
reputable health organization as a starting point for your
research.
B. Evaluate the country’s current structure for providing
healthcare to its populations to determine whether the existing
structure is sufficient for
supporting healthcare improvements.
Rubric
Guidelines for Submission: Your paper must be submitted as a
3- to 5-page Microsoft Word document with double spacing, 12-
point Times New Roman font,
one-inch margins, and at least three sources cited in APA
format.

Critical Elements Proficient (100%) Needs Improvement (75%)
Not Evident (0%) Value
Introduction:
Purpose
States the purpose of the paper and explains
why the country was chosen
States the purpose of the paper, but
statement is cursory, contains inaccuracies, or
does not explain why the country was chosen
Does not state the purpose of the paper 15
Introduction:
Country Details
Identifies appropriate details needed for an
analysis of the state of healthcare in the
chosen country, including population, type of
government and the state of governmental
affairs, geographic location, and climate
Identifies details for an analysis of the state of
healthcare in the chosen country but the
identification is not appropriate, is missing
key inclusions, or contains inaccuracies
Does not identify details for an analysis of the
state of healthcare in the chosen country

25
General State of
Healthcare:
Health-Related
Issues
Determines the main health-related issues in
the country through an assessment of its
recent history and current events for
indicators of the state of healthcare affairs in
the country, using data from a reputable
health organization as support
Determines health-related issues in the
country through an assessment of its recent
history and current events for indicators of
the state of healthcare affairs in the country,
but determination is not focused or contains
inaccuracies, assessment is cursory, or the
data used is not from a reputable health
organization or lacks support entirely
Does not determine health-related issues in
the country
25
General State of
Healthcare:
Current Structure
Evaluates the country’s current structure for
providing healthcare to its populations and

determines whether the existing structure is
sufficient for supporting healthcare
improvements
Evaluates the country’s structure for
providing healthcare to its populations and
determines whether the existing structure is
sufficient for supporting healthcare
improvements, but the structure evaluated is
out-of-date, the evaluation or determination
is cursory, or response contains inaccuracies
Does not evaluate the country’s structure for
providing healthcare to its populations
25
Articulation of
Response
Submission has no major errors related to
APA citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or
organization and follows the guidelines for
submission
Submission follows guidelines but has major
errors related to APA citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization that
negatively impact readability and articulation
of main ideas
Submission does not follow guidelines and
has critical errors related to APA citations,
grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization
that prevent understanding of ideas

10
Total 100%
Immigration1-answer-submitted-to-professor.docx
SURNAME 2
Student Name
Instructor Name
Course
Date
Introduction
About 40 million people living in the United States as of 2017
are immigrants! This is according to a research done by Pew
Research center in a report released las year. This statistic
accounts for about a fifth of the global number of immigrants
and is such a big number. What then causes these immigration
numbers to be numerous? Are all of them legal? What happens
to those who are not illegally approved into the county? All
these are questions often asked by different people who are
stakeholders in the issue which has ben seen to cause a lot of
controversy in the country in the recent years (Czaika, et al.,
2013). To the immigrants however, immigration is an important
aspect in one’s life. Immigration poses a number of impacts
both negative and positive on the immigrants themselves and on
the societies that migrants move to.
Migrating into a society of different cultural practices and
customs including different languages requires adopting into the
various cultural practices (Abrajano, et al., 2017). Through the
process of assimilating oneself with the cultural practices of
this new society, one is in a position to learn the importance of
the different cultural practices. This enables appreciation of

diverse cultures and accommodation of such practices into our
own practices. Through this process also, one is in a position to
learn the language of the community.
This provides an opportunity to the individual as he or she will
be better positioned to understand the individuals’ cultural
practices in addition to their language. A person who knows a
particular culturally diverse community is valuable in
ambassadorial jobs and in fields that require negotiations. With
the understanding of a culture, comes the better position to
reach a consensus with the people from that culture and from
this logic comes the value and applicability of immigration in
providing opportunities.
In the quest for culturally diverse and inclusive global
communities, Immigration acts as one of the most important
driving factors. In the process of immigration to new places,
there are chances that there are cultural differences between the
native population and the new population among which the
immigrant tends to reside. In the process of settlement, the
immigrant will be mandated to adapt to the new way of living
and adopt the cultural practices of the population among whom
he or she now lives.
During this process of adoption of new cultural practices and
societal norms, one understands the significance of these
customs and practices. For instance, a Chinese migrating to the
United States of America is likely to find a different culture in
terms of the meals being eaten. In contrast to China where dogs
are a delicacy, they are treated humanely as pets in America.
This is a culture that the Chinese immigrant has to adopt so as
to live in harmony with the new population among which he or
she is now a member. In adoption of this culture however, they
have to understand why such practices are done the way they
are. In this case, they will try to understand why a dog is kept
as a pet and not considered a meal. In so doing, one learns to
appreciate the culture of these people.
This leads to the second aspect, inclusion. By learning the ways
of other cultures and understanding the rationale behind each

action and practice for example, the immigrant can
accommodate these people. With the knowledge of why
particular cultures and practices are important to a particular
community, inclusion becomes possible. This is significant in
ensuring diversity and inclusion in the global community
(Carens & Joseph, 2013).
Negative stereotyping attitudes result in negative treatment of
immigrants in the new societies they migrate into. For example,
the notion that immigration is connected with crime results in
negative attitudes. The negative mindset in the society that
immigration leads to increased crime rates results in negative
attitudes towards immigrants. This will result in a situation
where immigrants migrating into a society will receive poor
treatment from their native counterparts.
Bell, Fasani and Machin, in Crime and Immigration: Evidence
from Large Immigrant Waves claim that “findings consistent
with the notion that differences in labor market opportunities of
different migrant groups shape their potential impact on crime”
(Bell, et al., 2013). For example, an immigrant that doesn’t find
a job to do on arrival in anew society may resort to criminal
activity. With this ideology in kind, it helps to explain the
negative impact that immigration may pose to a native society
because with the increase in the number of immigrants, there
will be increase in the number of crime incidences.
Immigrant members who resort to crime help shape
negative attitudes of natives towards immigration in general.
For example, if members of a particular immigrant community
decide to resort in stealing from members of the new
community, the members of the community will, have a
negative attitude towards that immigrant group. The act of some
individual members of an immigrant community will have
shaped the attitude of natives towards immigration. This will
result in the poor relationship between the two groups of
people.
Men carrying “MIGRANTS NOT WELCOME” banner in

peaceful protest. Digital image. The Economist. 30 June 2018.
Web 12 April 2020.
<https://www.economist.com/europe/2018/06/30/confusion-
over-immigration-and-crime-is-roiling-european-politics>
Coxt and Milestt in Policing immigration state that “The
program’s goal is simple: to check the immigration status of
every single person arrested by local police anywhere in the
country” (Cox, et al., 2013). This statement explains the goal of
Secure Communities. The increase in rates of robbery with
violence for example, led to commissioning of the program.
Secure communities will negatively impact on the immigrants as
they will be exposed to constant fear that any violation of laws
of any kind could warrant their labelling as criminals and as a
result lead to consequences such as jail terms or even
deportation. The state of living in fear is a negative impact on
the lives of the immigrants.
The immigration process has a negative impact on the health
impact on the lives of the immigrants. For instance, immigrants
relocating to cultures that have nutritional foods that are
different from their native foods and nutritional needs could
suffer health related impacts. The little knowledge by healthcare
practitioners on nutritional needs of immigrant groups prevents
effective development of individualized healthcare promotion
plans that involve nutritional needs. The little knowledge by
healthcare practitioners as to the cultures of the immigrants and
their nutritional practices make it difficult to come up with
effective plans of treatment and as a result, lead to inadequate
healthcare provision to the immigrants.
Castaneda, et al., in Immigration as a social determinant of
health assert that “heightened immigration enforcement in
recent years including historic trends of deportation has resulted
in negative impacts on health and well-being” (Castañeda &
Heide, 2015). For example, poor living standards that
immigrants are exposed to before settling in in their new
societies contribute to health effects on the immigrants. Poor
feeding habits and general environment of living including

hygienic factors of the living environments of immigrants are
poor and as a result contribute to healthcare problems that
immigrants face while relocating to new geographical locations.
This results in deteriorated health of individual immigrants, a
negative impact on their wellbeing.
Apart from the impacts that immigration has on the immigrants,
there are impacts that the process has on the societies to which
immigrants are relocating. One such impact on the society is
explained by Dustmann and Frattini in their publication The
Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK. Stating that
“immigrants from European Economic Area have made a
positive fiscal contribution” (Dustmann et al, 2014). The article
explains the impact that immigration has had in the country
between 1995 and 2011 period. According to the results
obtained from the findings This is one of the positive impacts
that the society has had on the economy of the country to which
the immigrants relocate. However, the findings also indicate
that other groups that are non-EEA have had a negative impact
on the fiscal contribution. This is as a result of increase in
crime rates for instance which is a negative contribution to the
economy.
Immigrants moving into the new communities results in the
sharing of job opportunities among members of that community
with the immigrants. For example, with the immigration of
Chinese in the US in the post war period, there was an outcry
among Irish settlers that they were providing cheap labor and
thus a preference to economists. With the immigration of new
mebmers into a community with same number of opportunities,
the result is competition for job opportunities. This results in
lowered revenue for the native members of this community and
this negatively impacts on the society.
Dustmann, Frattini and Pretson in The effects of Immigration
along the distribution of Wages affirm that “immigration
depresses wages below the 20th percentile of wage distribution”
(Dustmann et al, 2013). This is an example of an instance where
the native community suffers the impact of immigrants moving

into their society. Through the depression of wages of the native
communities through the sharing of the job opportunities, the
average living standards of the natives suffers a loss. This is a
negative impact on the societies through which immigrants
move to and could result in the negative attitudes that members
of the society could have towards immigrants.
Fairlie and Lofstrom in the article Immigration and
Entrepreneurship state that “Immigrants are widely perceived as
being highly entrepreneurial and important for economic growth
and innovations” (Fairlie, et al., 2015). Immigrants are
important in economic growth of a country. For instance, the
arrival of Asian investors in the US opened up the area for
development and thus economic rise and stability of the
country. Since immigrants relocate in search of better working
conditions and opportunities, they are incorporated into the
business industries and corporate environments where they
setup businesses. In the process this leads to improvement of a
particular country’s economy. The business environment of the
United States for example is highly consistent of people from
different diversities all whom contribute to the overall
economic growth of the country. This improvement of the
economy of a society to which immigrants relocate and invest
businesses in serves as a positive impact of immigration on a
society.
Immigration into a new society could lead to the development of
infrastructure in that society. Gonzalez and Ortega in
Immigration and Housing Booms: Evidence from Spain, state
that “overall, immigration was responsible for one quarter of
the increase in prices and about half of the construction activity
over the decade” (Gonzalez, et al., 2013). With the immigration,
comes the need for more inhabitation for the new population
and the result of this is that there will be increased profitability
in the building and construction industry. Increased demand for
houses comes as a result of increase in immigration numbers
and this means that house owners and mortgage companies will
have increased booming business. The increase in the number of

houses being built and being leased to new owners results in a
society with more improved infrastructure.
Immigrants bring with them new cultures into the cultures of
the existing natives in the process of immigration. Hainmueller
and Hopkins in Public attitudes toward immigration state that
“immigration attitudes are shaped by sociotropic concerns about
its cultural impacts.” (Hainmueller, et al., 2014) The extensive
drinking and substance abuse by the Haitians in the United
States for example is not well received by the white population
who see this as immoral. Introduction of new cultures by
immigrants that is considered not befitting by the natives
impacts both on the society and on the immigrants. On the
society, immoral practices are a hinderance to the bringing up
of children in a moral and straight up manner. This thus shapes
a negative attitude by the natives of a community against the
immigrant groups and thus consequently impact negatively on
the relationships between them and the natives.
The impacts of immigration are both positive and negative. The
positive impact’s need to be dwelt much on while the negative
impacts need mitigation strategies with the aim of reducing the
negative impacts. Some of the strategies to mitigate the impacts
of immigration include but are not limited to developing
positive attitudes towards immigrants, developing support
systems for immigrants and providing healthcare for the
immigrants.
Developing positive attitudes towards immigration groups will
enable reduction of negative impacts of immigration. For
instance, to develop a positive attitude towards immigration as a
process and immigrants, people need to understand that
immigrant groups do not necessarily have similar characteristics
in terms of behavior. Some of them are honest and hardworking
individuals who are after better living standards. With this kind
of mindset, there can be development of new positive attitudes
that will enable better reception of the immigration groups by
the native communities to which the immigrants are moving.
Political leaders and mass media can help reduce negative

impacts of immigration. For example, through the sentiments
made by political leaders and mass media on the association of
immigration with crime among other antagonizing sentiments,
public attitudes are formed. This can be used to the advantage
of the immigrants if politicians and the members of the mass
media use positive sentiments about the immigrants. They need
to point out that immigrants have some importance to the
country and that not all of them share the same characteristics.
Through this strategy, the public will learn to acknowledge the
positive contribution of the immigrants and shape their attitudes
towards appreciating them.
Secondly, creating support systems for immigrants can reduce
the negative impacts of immigration to the societies in which
they migrate into. Examples of support systems that can be
created for immigrants include providing them with legal
documents, helping them acquire settlement and jobs. With the
creation of support systems, there will be reduction in the
number of unemployed immigrants who will resort to crime and
violence. The significance of this is that, there will be no
correlation of immigration to crime and with increased
immigration, there will be no fear by the native communities
about increase in crime as a consequence.
Creating support systems for immigrants can result in positive
attitudes by natives of a community towards immigration. With
the creation of job opportunities to cater for immigrating groups
for example, there will be no competition for job opportunities
between the natives of a community and the immigrating
groups. Creating job opportunities that cater for the needs of
immigrants works to shape the attitudes of natives more
positively towards immigrants because they will no longer see
them as competitors but as members of the society who are also
working to earn honest livings. This will work in a great way to
ensure that the members of a community perceive immigration
as a good thing.
Support systems for immigrants can help in mitigation of
health-related impacts of immigration. Provision of temporary

settlement areas with hygienic conditions to immigrants for
example will eliminate the chances of contracting
communicable diseases. With the setting up of hygienic
conditions for settlement, immigrants will have better living
conditions as they wait to fit in to the society. This will
eliminate immigration as a social determinant of health to the
immigrants as they will not contract communicable diseases
easily. The significance of this is that the immigrants will not
face health related impacts in the process of immigration.
Finally, provision of better healthcare to immigrants can reduce
negative health related impacts of immigration on the
individuals. Studying ethnic dietary needs, cultures and customs
and their impacts on heath care of immigrant groups for
example will enable better understanding of their dietary habits.
With the better understanding of healthcare and dietary needs of
the immigrant groups, better healthcare promotion plans with
dietary needs in consideration will be provided to the
immigrants. The result of this is that there will be reduced
instances of immigrants going through health-related negative
impacts while in their new societies of relocation.
Conclusion
Immigration to and from different countries in the globe has
increased in the recent years with United States being the most
preferred destination by immigrants. This increased frequency
in the movement of people from all over the world to different
destinations can be attributed to the fact that there are more
efficient transport systems.
The main reason for immigration in most cases is the search for
better jobs and living standards for the immigrants. This is the
possible explanation as to why US is the most preferred
destination receiving almost a fifth of the total immigration
numbers. With immigration, there comes both positive and
negative impacts. These impacts affect the immigrant lives and
also affect the societies to which these immigrants are
migrating.
To begin with, the positive impacts of immigration to the

immigrants include opportunities to learn new cultures and
practices which could open doors for them as business
negotiators or ambassadors. The possibility of being included in
the workforce of the foreign country gives the immigrants an
opportunity for better living standards and better working
conditions. On the side of the society to which immigrants are
moving, positive benefits include growth of the economy
resulting from the immigrants being involved in the workforce.
Another positive influence is that there will be increased
infrastructure, for instance houses to accommodate these
individuals who are migrating to the society and thus
infrastructure development.
On the other hand, immigration poses negative impacts on the
immigrants as well as on the societies in which immigrants
migrate. The negative impacts of migration to the immigrants
into a new society include being victims of negative
stereotyping attitudes. Given the negative pasts of immigration,
new immigrants arrive to a society that already has formed a
negative attitude towards them and this acts as a negative
impact. Another negative impact is inefficient healthcare
provision conditions resulting from inadequate knowledge on
the cultures and practices of the immigrant groups. The
immigrants also suffer poor relationships between them and the
members of the new society resulting from them being seen as
competitors in their economies.
In the societies where the immigrants migrate, the negative
impacts include having to share the workforce with the
immigrants leading to lowered living standards of the native
communities. Another effect is infiltration of their cultures with
other unpleasant cultures which pollutes their customs and
beliefs. Finally, increased rate of crime that results from
increased immigration activities threatens their safety and
overall well-being. All of these negative impacts can be
mitigated through provision of support systems, formation of
positive attitudes towards immigration and provision of more
reliable healthcare services.

Works Cited
Abrajano, Marisa, and Zoltan L. Hajnal. White backlash:
Immigration, race, and American politics. Princeton University
Press, 2017.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3DFRDwAAQB
AJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&dq=immigration&ots=y11IjRjxJV&sig=2p
eJdEVg_kPuZFW_4O5jDIC4vzU Accessed 12 Apr. 2020
Bell, Brian, Francesco Fasani, and Stephen Machin. "Crime and
immigration: Evidence from large immigrant waves." Review of
Economics and statistics 21.3 (2013): 1278-1290.
https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/REST_a_003
37 Accessed 12 Apr. 2020
Carens, Joseph. The ethics of immigration. Oxford University
Press, 2013.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hck4AAAAQB
AJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=immigration&ots=TKYfpjaGdm&sig=
NwI1WbEsZaIFsiCT7yqeIUncTRo Accessed 12 Apr. 2020
Castañeda, Heide. "Immigration as a social determinant of
health." Annual review of public health 36 (2015): 375-392.
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-
publhealth-032013-182419 Accessed 12 Apr. 2020
Cox, Adam B., and Thomas J. Miles. "Policing immigration." U.
Chi. L. Rev. 80 (2013): 87. https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-
bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/uclr80&section=8
Accessed 12 Apr. 2020
Czaika, Mathias, and Hein De Haas. "The effectiveness of
immigration policies." Population and Development
Review 39.3 (2013): 487-508.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1728-
4457.2013.00613.x .Accessed 12 Apr. 2020
Dustmann, Christian, and Tommaso Frattini. "The fiscal effects
of immigration to the UK." The economic journal 124.580
(2014): F593-F643. https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-
abstract/124/580/F593/5076967 Accessed 12 Apr. 2020
Dustmann, Christian, Tommaso Frattini, and Ian P. Preston.
"The effect of immigration along the distribution of

wages." Review of Economic Studies 80.1 (2013): 145-173.
https://academic.oup.com/restud/article-
abstract/80/1/145/1596869 Accessed 12 Apr. 2020
Fairlie, Robert W., and Magnus Lofstrom. "Immigration and
entrepreneurship." Handbook of the economics of international
migration. Vol. 1. North-Holland, 2015. 877-911.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444537
683000175 Accessed 12 Apr. 2020
Gonzalez, Libertad, and Francesc Ortega. "Immigration and
housing booms: Evidence from Spain." Journal of Regional
Science 53.1 (2013): 37-59.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jors.12010
Accessed 12 Apr. 2020
Hainmueller, Jens, and Daniel J. Hopkins. "Public attitudes
toward immigration." Annual Review of Political Science 17
(2014): 225-249.
polisci-102512-194818. Accessed 12 Apr. 2020
NEP Research Paper.docx
Choi 2
Danial Choi
Vicki Stalbird
English 1201.227
27 March 2020
The Benefits of a NEP in America
The needle exchange program (NEP) has been an effective
program that has helped people who inject drugs (PWID) and
the community. Even though the program has been getting
positive results, there is still states in America that does not
have a NEP available due to exposure of drugs and morals.
Despite the negative feedbacks, the NEP has proven studies and
results that has either helped or change the lives of PWID. The
NEP needs to be provided throughout the United States because

of the reduction of blood transmitted diseases, provided
facilities that offer a safe place for injection and other services,
and financial benefits
The NEP is a community-based organization which
prioritize safer injection methods for PWID. According to the
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), they define
the NEP as a program that provides access to clean needles and
syringes for PWID. By providing clean needles, the risk of
getting a blood transmitted disease is lowered. An article titled
Politics Are Tricky but Science Is Clear: Needle Exchanges
Work written by Austin Frankt quotes, "Evidence abounds that
they work. A study of the first American program — started in
the Tacoma, Wash., area in 1988 — found that use of the
exchange was associated with a greater than 60 percent
reduction in the risk of contracting hepatitis B or C.” Results
for having a NEP has been positive and their services are
growing.
A statistical quote from Avert.org, article titled People
Who Inject Drugs, HIV and AID states that, “…there are
approximately 11.8 million people who inject drugs worldwide,
and 13.1% of them are thought to be living with HIV. Three
countries account for nearly half of all people who inject drugs
globally - China, Russia and the United States.” Though
addiction to drugs is an underlying problem, the bigger problem
is the use of unsterile needles. PWID are probably unaware
about injecting a used needle that could give them a blood
transmitted disease (BTD). It is after they inject, they will start
to feel ill or even unaware they have HIV until they get a
screening.
One of the NEP’s mission is to reduce BTD like HIV, Hepatitis
B and C. For PWID, the easiest way to get infected is the use of
a used needle. Raynald Joseph states that through the shared use
of needles and other injecting equipment, HCV is transmitted
with ease with just a minuscule amount of blood from infected
to uninfected person (Joseph et al. 31). Though the NEP cannot
stop PWID from injecting, they still want injectors to inject

more safely. To reduce the spread of BTD, NEP’s are providing
sterile needles to give to PWID’s. To gain access for new
needles, PWID is ordered to hand in old used needles and in
exchange for brand new needles.
Since the start of NEP’s, BTD has been reduced significantly.
An article in cdc.gov titled Access to Clean Syringe quotes, “An
evaluation examining the District of Columbia’s lift of the
Congressional ban on syringe exchange programs, which
allowed the D.C. Department of Health to initiate an exchange
program, showed a 70 percent decrease in new HIV cases among
IDU and a total of 120 HIV cases averted in two years.” This
study states that in 2 years, HIV has decreased by 70%. Another
study done by George Washington University titled Syringe
exchange programs prevented of new HIV cases in Philadelphia,
Baltimore in eurekalert.org quotes, The researchers found that
policies to allow syringe exchange programs to operate averted
10,592 new cases of HIV in Philadelphia and 1,891 new cases
of HIV in Baltimore over a ten-year period.” Even though the
NEP is unable to stop the injecting, they are still reducing the
spread of BTD at an efficient rate.
Despite the success rate for NEP’s, there are still other states
and that does/will not provide an NEP. Even though they have
access to results and studies, it is not convincing enough to
establish one. The risk of not having a NEP can cause injectors
to be at risk for BTD, even the suspension of an operable NEP
can raise the risk. Sean T. Allen states there is a new era of
higher change for BTD and even overdose dues to the
suspension of a NEP, basically changing the public health scape
for PWID in Charleston, West Virginia (Allen et al. 9). There
can also be risk if the NEP were to be more restrictive in giving
out sterile needle. A study in Baltimore revealed that the risk of
HIV and HCV will rise if the population does not have access or
gaining less syringes (Sherman et al. 641-642). NEP needs to be
available in order to help PWID but also to reduce BTD.
Reducing BTD and exchanging used needles for sterile, the NEP
has a lot more benefits provided for PWID. Most NEP’s provide

their own facility for PWID to inject their drugs, referring users
to substance use disorder treatment programs, screening and
treatments for blood transmitted diseases, educating about
overdose prevention and safer injection practice, vaccinations,
and referrals to social and mental health, along with other
medical services. Some PWID comes to NEP’s for their other
services besides exchanging needles. To quote Joan MacNeil,
“Such connections assisted clients to dealing with the many
uncertainties in their lives (MacNeil at al. 30).”
One benefit the NEP provides for PWID is the use of their
facilities to inject. Instead of PWID injecting somewhere
dangerous, the NEP prefers they inject in their own facilities, so
they can monitor the injections. The use of injecting in a
facility has made PWID feel safer and feel as if they are not
getting judged by the community. In fact, an article that was
published in Canada explains that PWID are beginning to get
stigmatized for the use of illegal drugs due to a moral issue
rather a health issue, which is viewing them as an undeserving
and unworthy citizen (Macneil et al. 26-27). This kind of attack
or pressure will make any PWID feel depressed, anxious, and
probably scared, but the NEP has provided their own facilities
for this issue.
The use of NEP facilitates for PWID has been helpful and
feeling safe from the negative thoughts of society. Macneil
states, “All of the clients accessing the needle exchange
services unanimously described the needle exchange as a safe
haven in an often-unsafe world characterized by stigma and
other harms associated with street drug use (Macneil et al. 29).”
Another study has shown that the consistency of visiting a NEP
has made PWID were less likely to share or reuse needles and
have a personal connection with the staff (Clarke et al. 399). It
is the NEP that is helping PWID feel comfortable in their battle
with drug addiction.
Besides gaining needles, the PWID goes to the NEP for
their other services. Other services that NEP provides,
according to the CDC, are referring to disorder treatment

programs, education about overdoes prevention and safer
injection practices, and referral to social, mental health, and
other medical services. In fact, Macneil quotes, “Supportive
counselling and access to HIV, hepatitis C and sexually
transmitted infection testing, and information were also
available at all the sites. (Macneil et al. 30).” These services are
provided to help PWID and to reduces BTD.
Though the NEP is providing a service for PWID, they are
also doing what they can to help the community. Used needles
are getting littered and not getting thrown away, which can be a
danger for the community. Raynald explains that HCV can be
dormant and can be highly contagious for as long as 6 weeks
(Raynald et al. 31). Used needles can be a threat, even when one
is seen randomly and not discarded properly, which is why the
NEP is providing services. Joshua Sabatini, writer or The San
Francisco Examiner, published an article on April 2019, titled
City increases efforts to collect used needles as part of needle
exchange program, explains that the AIDS Foundation and The
City, launched a team to pick up needles, collecting 90,879
needles in the first six months. With needle collecting, the NEP
are trying to help the community along with PWID.
With all the benefits and success rate for the NEP, it is
also proven to be able to save money. The price of buying a
needle can outweigh the price of BTD treatment. Joel Sjever,
writer for The St. Louis American, published an article on
January 2020, titled Needle exchange programs save money and
lives, quotes, “Preventing HIV through needle exchange
programs can cost between $4,000 to $12,000 but treating a
patient with HIV can cost as much as $190,000.” The NEP’s
prevention of BTD is also being financially beneficial. The
same article by Joel Sjever also quotes, “A 10-year overview of
Philadelphia found that their NEP Prevention Point prevented
10,592 cases of HIV. The savings were calculated using
$230,000 per lifetime HIV costs and found to save Philadelphia
$2.4 billion over ten years.” Having the NEP can save money
for the long term.

Being able to save money for the taxpayers is beneficial,
but the NEP is still not able to gain federal funding because the
NEP is not eliminating the stop of drug use. Weinmeyer
explains, “The federal ban on NEPs began in 1988, after North
Carolina Senator Jesse Helms equated NEPS with a federal
endorsement of drug abuse and led Congress to enact a
prohibition on the use of federal funds for such programs
(Weinmeyer 253).” Though times has changed, there has still
been dramatical proof, that though the use of drugs is still
vivid, the reduction of BTD has risen.
Federal funding has been a major issue for NEP, not being
able to gain full beneficial standards that may help them gain
better services for PWID. The government still has the issue of
the morality of the NEP, even though BTD has been reduced
and PWID are learning about harm reduction and getting tested
for BTD. A study in 2018 states that, “In the case of syringe
exchange, researchers have argued that science has clashed for
decades with morality and ideology, leading to a stalemate
between two sides talking past one another. (Showalter 95).”
Scientific research and morality have been in the way for
federal funding. Along with that, social worker who want to be
part of the NEP, is unable to, due to lack of funding. A study by
Clarke states, “This may be due to the ban on federal funding,
lack of social workers at community-based programs, and
prevailing view that needle exchange promotes drug use (Clarke
et al. 401).”
Though the NEP is having its battle with gaining federal
funding, it is not illegal to have a NEP. In fact, despites the
continuous battle on the ban of federal funds from 1988 to
2015, there is over two hundred operable NEP’s in the United
States (Showalter 95). Though there are many NEP’s available,
there are still states in the US that still does not have a NEP.
Weinmeyer states that, “33 states in this country have banned
the practice (including Indiana) as of June 2014 and federal law
has long prohibited the US government from funding NEPs
(Weinmeyer 252).” Of those 33 states, most of them are leaning

or fully Republican, however, because of proven research and
epidemic events, they have resorted to do NEP.
Many years has passed for the battle of federal funding for
NEP’s. Republicans has been pressing hard on the ban but has
been slowly accepting the fact that the NEP works. Victoria
Knight published an article in USA Today on May 2019 titled
Needle exchanges find new champions among Republicans,
quoted Republican Houston Gaines, stating about the NEP, “But
the medical and science community has shown that this works.
My hope is as Republicans, we can always be willing to
embrace programs and ideas if they’re proven to work.” This
statement has proven that the NEP does work and has opened
the eyes of Republicans.
Another reason why the NEP is slowly gaining favor for
Republicans is the epidemics like BTD being on the rise. An
example of an epidemic rise was published by the same article
in USA Today by Victoria Knight, stating a 2015 outbreak of
HIV that was connected to PWID in Scotts County, Indiana,
which is a strong republican state, having 150 people diagnosed
with HIV in a 24,000 rural population. This epidemic led to a
state of emergency and allowed temporal acceptance for and
NEP.
The proven studies of the effectiveness of a NEP during BTD
epidemics has led Republicans to accept the fact that NEP
works. Victoria Knight also adds in the article in USA Today,
that “Following President Donald Trump’s recent announcement
that he wants to end the HIV epidemic, Secretary of Health and
Human Services Alex Azar expressed his support for needle
exchanges.” Also including from the article that, “Other
Republican-leaning states also passed legislation allowing
needle exchanges — Kentucky and Ohio in 2015, North
Carolina in 2016 and Louisiana, North Dakota, Tennessee and
Virginia in 2017.”
The results show for themselves, now that the NEP is gaining
favor amongst both political parties in the United States.
Showalter explains that, “…politicians who had argued for

years to keep the ban in place were persuaded to change their
position because of evidence of new injection-related HIV
outbreaks among their own constituencies (Showalter 96).”
Federal funding for NEP’s has slightly changed but is not
getting as much. Weinmeyer states that, “The use of federal
money to pay for sterile syringes is still prohibited, but funds
can now be used to pay for other aspects of NEPs, including
personnel, vehicles, gas, rent, and other expenditures needed to
keep NEPs operational (Weinmeyer 255).” Though it is not
much, but this small change has shown that the works of the
NEP is gaining the needed attention it deserves.
The NEP is fighting hard to do their job in reducing BTD in the
United States, but they are also battling issues raised by those
who do not think the NEP is a necessity. Though there are
issues like morality, the rising of drugs being sold to PWID,
enforcing law upon the drugs, drug abuse because of provided
needles, and an influence upon children using drugs, they also
have services to either prevent, assist, and cope with a PWID.
Despite the actuality of advocating the use of drugs, their main
concern is to reduce BTD and has proven to do so. The NEP
should be provided throughout the United States because of the
positive results for reducing BTD, a safe haven for PWID and
also providing other services, and the saving of taxpayer’s
money.

Work Cited
Allen, Sean T., et al. “Understanding the Public Health
Consequences of Suspending a Rural Syringe Services Program:
A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of People Who Inject
Drugs.” Harm Reduction Journal, vol. 16, no. 1, May 2019, pp.
1–10. Directory of Open Access Journals, doi:10.1186/s12954-
019-0305-7. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
Clarke, Kris, et al. “The Significance of Harm Reduction as a
Social and Health Care Intervention for Injecting Drug Users:
An Exploratory Study of a Needle Exchange Program in Fresno,
California.” Social Work in Public Health, vol. 31, no. 5, Aug.
2016, pp. 398–407. MEDLINE with Full Text,
doi:10.1080/19371918.2015.1137522. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
Frakt, Austin. “Politics Are Tricky but Science Is Clear: Needle
Exchanges Work.” The New York Times, The New York Times,
5 Sept. 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/09/05/upshot/politics-are-
tricky-but-science-is-clear-needle-exchanges-work.html.
Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
GWtweets. “Syringe Exchange Programs Prevented Thousands
of New HIV Cases in Philadelphia, Baltimore.” EurekAlert!,
www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-10/gwu-sep102919.php.
Joseph, Raynald, et al. “Hepatitis C Prevention and Needle
Exchange Programs in Rhode Island: ENCORE.” Rhode Island
Medical Journal, vol. 97, no. 7, July 2014, pp. 31–34.
Academic Search Complete,
doi:10.1080/19371918.2015.1137522. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
Knight, Victoria. “Needle Exchanges Find New Champions
among Republicans.” USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information
Network, 8 May 2019,
www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/05/08/needle-
exchange-programs-more-accepted-republican-
states/1139672001/. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
Macneil, Joan and Bernadette, Pauly. “Needle Exchange as a
Safe Haven in an Unsafe World.” Drug & Alcohol Review, vol.

30, no. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. 26–32. SPORTDiscus with Full Text,
doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00188.x. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. “Syringe-Exchange Programs
Are Part of Effective HIV Prevention.” NIDA, 1 Dec. 2016,
www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/noras-blog/2016/12/syringe-
exchange-programs-are-part-effective-hiv-prevention. Accessed
4 Apr. 2020.
Sabatini, Joshua. “City Increases Efforts to Collect Used
Needles as Part of Needle Exchange Program.” The San
Francisco Examiner, The San Francisco Examiner, 8 Apr. 2019,
www.sfexaminer.com/the-city/city-increases-efforts-to-collect-
used-needles-as-part-of-needle-exchange-program/. Accessed 4
Apr. 2020.
Sherman, Susan G., et al. “Consequences of a Restrictive
Syringe Exchange Policy on Utilisation Patterns of a Syringe
Exchange Program in Baltimore, Maryland: Implications for
HIV Risk.” Drug & Alcohol Review, vol. 34, no. 6, Nov. 2015,
pp. 637–644.
SPORTDiscus with Full Text, doi:10.1111/dar.12276. Accessed
4 Apr. 2020.
Showalter, David. “Federal Funding for Syringe Exchange in
the US: Explaining a Long-Term Policy Failure.” International
Journal of Drug Policy, vol. 55, May 2018, pp. 95–
104. ScienceDirect, doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.02.006.
Sjerven, Joel. “Needle Exchange Programs Save Money and
Lives.” St. Louis American, 1 Jan. 2020,
www.stlamerican.com/your_health_matters/health_opinion/need
le-exchange-programs-save-money-and-lives/article_9553096c-
2b62-11ea-a322-53fc6dc66c61.html. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
Weinmeyer, Richard. “Needle Exchange Programs' Status in US
Politics.” Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association,
American Medical Association, 1 Mar. 2016,
journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/needle-exchange-programs-
status-us-politics/2016-03. MEDLINE with Full Text, doi:
10.1001/journalofethics.2017.18.3.hlaw1-1603. Accessed 4 Apr.

2020.
Professor-feedback.docx
Please be sure to review my previous comments. This essay is a
long way from being up to a passing standard.
The main issue is that the essay is not persuasive. It is just an
informational essay about positives and negatives of
immigration.
Look at your body paragraphs. Are you trying to argue a
specific point? What point is it? The answer to that will be
your thesis. If your paragraphs aren't trying to argue a specific
point, then you have a bigger problem, because everything in
your essay must be persuasive. Your essay cannot earn a
passing grade unless it fulfills these minimum requirements.
Look at the papers by David Fudge and Danail Choi in this
class. They are very good examples.
Reserch Essay Draft.docx
Fudge 2
David Fudge
Professor Stalbird
English 1201.227
April 1, 2020
Research Essay Rough Draft
My father was one of the most athletic people I know. He has
always had a terrible diet but since he was in shape, so I
thought nothing of it. Now after being retired he has continued
with his bad diet and is now 6 ft. 400 lbs. If he was introduced
to a healthy diet and information of how it could help him in the
future, he wouldn’t be out of breath just getting in and out of
his car. Young or old, big or small, male or female everyone
should be on a healthy diet. K-12 grade schools should have

optional programs in place to provide healthier meal options
and more education on how it effects ones health and there
should be more dietary programs for adults with little or no cost
that educate how a healthier diet can affect the longevity of
one’s life.
It is true that diets are hard to start and continue with daily.
Many people struggle with it everyday and a lot of times they
give into the temptation and convenience of fast food or the way
a cookie is calling their name. There is ample research and
information available on healthier diets for people who want to
reach better nutrition and it is hard work. It wouldn’t be as
hard or taste as bad if people grew up eating a healthier diet.
Eating healthy at school and at home is a great way to set a
foundation for healthy eating for the rest of one’s life.
According to an article from “Benefits of Policy Support of a
Healthy Eating Initiative in Schools” it states, “Australian
dietary guidelines recommend that children aged between 4 and
11 years consume at least five pieces of vegetables and two
pieces of fruit each day.” School breakfast and lunches should
offer more fruit and vegetable options offered then the typical
fast food line. Rewards in class should be apples and oranges
instead of sugary candy. School should also have a more in-
depth health class on how their healthy diet can make them feel
better and think clearer. There has been more progress made on
this front since 2010 in the United States with programs such as
the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). These programs have
been adopted by many schools and districts and made great
progress with what children eat, the amount of exercise that is
needed, and information received by students about their health.
However, even though these programs are in place the USDA
has relaxed on some of the guidelines that have been put into
place. There were guidelines had been put into place for
sodium consumption, whole grain consumption, and fat free
milk. With these relaxed standards, the USDA threatens to
reverse the progress that has been made in recent years. In 2012

the USDA adopted a three-tier system in which they wanted to
reduce the amount of sodium that a student consumes and
complete the system in 10 years. The first-tier is in place now
however, the USDA decided in 2018 that they were going to
delay the second-tier till 2024 and eliminate the third-tier all
together which would mean that school food would not meet the
standards of the Dietary Guidelines of Americans as required by
law. When it comes to whole grains, the USDA has reduced the
standards from all grain foods being whole grain, which is
higher in fiber and lower in sugar and proven to reduce body
weight, to only half of the foods be whole grain rich while the
other half is refined grains. With the milk the USDA had
allowed 1 percent instead of all milk products fat free allowing
more calories and saturated fat. This all might not seem like a
lot, but every little bit helps to move in a forward direction
especially when it comes to a childs’ or young adults’ health.
School based programs should be consistent like Project
Healthy Schools (PHS) in Michigan where a student can adapt
to a healthy lifestyle and the benefits that come with it. In the
article “Sustained Benefit Over Four-Year Follow-Up of
Michigan’s Project Healthy Schools.” states “—it seems school-
based interventions such as PHS may result in long-term and
sustainable improvements in cardiovascular parameters and
healthy behaviors.” Schools should also send more information
home to parents on the importance of eating healthy. It is not
very effective if a child is eating healthy and staying active at
school and then comes home to watch tv and eats a bag of chips.
Education on one’s health should not end at grade school.
There should be cheaper or free programs in each state that
educate adults on how they eat and how it effects their health.
No two people are exactly alike and as we get older, we tend to
have things go wrong whether it be weight problems, heart
problems, or even just lack of energy and drive. An article I
read online “How Eating a Better Diet Can Keep You Healthy”
states ” Sometimes, though, the question isn't just about what
makes up a healthy diet but why a person should aim to eat one

in the first place.” This means that person should learn about
their self and what ails them and what they want changed. This
being such a prevalent issue and affecting everyone from
private insurance carriers to the unhealthy individuals
experiencing health problems later in life the programs should
come from taxpayer money. Money from property tax is already
used to fund libraries and community centers, the money that
we pay should also be used to hire professional nutritionist that
can have offices in the community centers, so no other office
building is needed. There are ways such as health fairs and the
internet to obtain information on nutrition and try to make
something out of it but the best route is to bring information to
a professional with the education needed to explain which type
of diet would be the most helpful and why.
It is humans nature to try and do things ourselves and
trying to research a specialty or “fad” diet isn’t always the best
route to go. In the article “Dietary Practices Adopted by Track-
and-Field Athletes: Gluten-Free, Low FODMAP, Vegetarian,
and Fasting.” it states” Even in cases where a special diet is
necessary, proper education is essential as dietary restriction
may do more harm than good.” So, someone might use a diet
and find that they are losing weight or gaining weight, but they
might lack the nutrients that their body needs. This might cause
more health issues in the long run internally despite helping the
way they look on the outside.
Now I know what you are thinking “that seems like a lot of
work to just up and change my entire diet all day everyday for
the rest of my life.” It is a big life change and it is something
that everyone must work on, but it doesn’t have to be someone’s
whole diet all at once. It can just be something as simple as
having an apple instead of that bag of chips or it could be water
instead of that energy drink to make it through a long day.
Small things even apply to physical activity such as parking in a
farther parking spot to get some extra steps in going in and
coming out or taking those stairs to the second floor instead of
waiting for the elevator. In the article “Importance of Good

Nutrition.” states “As with physical activity, making small
changes in your diet can go a long way, and it's easier than you
think!” Eating a healthier diet shouldn’t be something that
causes someone stress on a daily basis, so it is okay to take it
slow. Yet the important thing is to try a little more each day
with small things which end up adding to a lot when it comes to
health.
When it comes to recognizing if someone should be taking
these steps the answer should always be yes. There are a lot of
people in denial that they have a health problem with eating
whether it be overeating, under eating or someone simply not
caring about what they eat or don’t eat. That is why the
statistics for obesity that are reported aren’t what they should
look like. In fact, they are reported to be much lower then what
they are and is quoted in the article “Good Calories, Bad
Calories: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Diet,
Weight Control, and Disease.” It states “Obese people clearly
eat more than do lean people, and food intake records are
notoriously unreliable. Underreporting of food intake is greater
in the obese than in normal-weight people and is worse when
the foods are high in fat than with other macronutrients.”
Everyone needs to recognize that they might have a problem and
then secondly needs to get educated on what steps would help
get them heading in the right direction.
A good starting point is to determine what the basics of a
healthy diet consists of that everyone can use and then modify
according to their specific needs. There is an article in the
Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) called
“Healthy Eating for a Healthy Weight.” It states “According to
the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020, a healthy
eating plan: Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and
fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products; Includes lean meats,
poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts; Is low in saturated
fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars;
Stays within your daily calorie needs.” Everyone knows the
“food table” from school but it has been updated to MYPLATE

in 2011. From the UC Division of Agriculture and Natural
Resources (UC ANR) the image below shows the portions of
what should be on one’s plate to eat a healthy diet. Again, this
is just a guide, it would be good practice to use this as a
template on how to prepare healthier meals by following the
portion sizes on the plate and the dairy can be swapped out for
water, coffee, or a not so sugary drink.
Choose My Plate. Digital Image. UC ANR. April 2016. Web.
April 2020http://townsendlab.ucdavis.edu
A good jump off point would be to look on the internet at which
foods fit in the categories and to build meals from there or to
search for recipes that allow the ingredients to fit the
approximate suggested portion sizes.
A nutritional diet is a choice. Everyone has the freedom to
eat and live how they want. Some one could eat at a buffet all
day, eat pizza, cookies and drink soda to their hearts content
because it makes them happy on the contrary, someone could
not eat at all because they think there is something wrong with
their bodies and they are trying to change it by starving
themselves. There is no one that is going to come and arrest
these people for not eating a healthy diet like they are supposed
to but eventually those people’s body is going to reject what
they are doing to them and cause major problems in the long
run. Some of those health problems include obesity, anorexia,
diabetes, kidney failure, high blood pressure, heart disease,
stroke, high cholesterol, depression, tooth decay, chronic pain,
shortness of breath, cancer, slowed immune response, dry hair,
liver failure, and osteoporosis, just to name a few. Not saying
that all of these or any of these will happen if someone eats bad
or that none of these will happen to someone if they eat a
healthy diet but if people continue to eat bad the chances of one
of these health problems are more likely to happen. There was
an article on the internet titled “Importance of Good Nutrition.”
states “Your food choices each day affect your health — how
you feel today, tomorrow, and in the future.” So why not live

for the now and the future and put the proper nutrition in one’s
body and prolong one’s life.
The purpose of this research paper isn’t to point fingers at
anyone or to say someone isn’t trying hard enough to be
healthy. The purpose is to say that everyone is in the same boat
of striving to eat healthier. It is to point out the little things
that can be done on a daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly basis.
Everyone should be prioritizing working towards a better life in
everything that they do and one of the most effective ways of
getting there is feeling the best someone could feel on the
inside and out. The way to do that is a proper nutritious diet.
Would it have been easier to have started this lifestyle as a
child, yes, however it is never too late to alter your course. A
proper diet can be work and can become time consuming but the
way to cut down the time is with research. Information, when it
comes to diets, can be one’s best friend and the more
information you have the more prepared you will be. This
website titled “Food and Nutrition: What Everyone Needs to
Know.” states “it is not possible for one book alone to provide
‘everything you need to know.” So, look for information from
reliable sources like professional nutritionist or scholarly
writings on the internet. Take all of that information and apply
it to a proper diet that works for a specific type of person.
When it all comes down to a diet and healthy living all someone
has to do is keep moving forward in the right direction and to
try.
In conclusion, healthy dietary habits ideally begin in early
childhood stages. Schools can encourage this in children by not
relaxing the standards of nutrition and prioritizing education of
their body’s health and nutrition. These will become lifelong
habits with support from healthy parental guidance. As adults,
waiting until a health issue arises is not the correct time to
make a change. The choice can be made now to prevent future
damage. That is why the need for government assisted
programs as well as education are so important to change the
patterns of unhealthy behavior among our nation.

Work Cited
Nathan, Nicole, et al. “Benefits of Policy Support of a Healthy
Eating Initiative in Schools.” Australian & New Zealand Journal
of Public Health, vol. 39, no. 1, Feb. 2015, pp. 94–95.
SocINDEX, doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12321. Accessed February
13, 2020
Corriveau, Nicole, et al. “Sustained Benefit Over Four-Year
Follow-Up of Michigan’s Project Healthy Schools.” American
Journal of Public Health, vol. 105, no. 12, Dec. 2015, pp. e19–
e25.
SPORTDiscus ,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=s3h&AN=110787209&site=eds-live. Accessed February 13,
2020
Lehman, Shereen. “How Eating a Better Diet Can Keep You
Healthy.” Verywell Fit, Verywell Fit, 7 Nov. 2019,
www.verywellfit.com/reasons-to-eat-right-2507100. Accessed
February 13, 2020
Lis, Dana M., et al. “Dietary Practices Adopted by Track-and-
Field Athletes: Gluten-Free, Low FODMAP, Vegetarian, and
Fasting.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise
Metabolism, vol. 29, no. 2, Mar. 2019, pp. 236–
245. SPORTDiscus,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=135
936384&site=eds-live. Accessed February 13, 2020
HHS Office, and Council on Sports. “Importance of Good
Nutrition.” HHS.gov, US Department of Health and Human
Services, 26 Jan. 2017, www.hhs.gov/fitness/eat-
healthy/importance-of-good-nutrition/index.html. Accessed
February 13, 2020
Taubes, Gary. Good Calories, Bad Calories: Challenging the
Conventional Wisdom on Diet, Weight Control, and Disease. ,
2007. Print. Accessed February 13, 2020
“Healthy Eating for a Healthy Weight.” Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 2 Mar. 2020,

www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/healthy_eating/index.html.
Accessed April 1 2020
Newby, P K. Food and Nutrition: What Everyone Needs to
Know. , 2018. Print. Accessed February 13, 2020
previous-work/Annotated Bib (1).docx
John Q. Student
Professor Stalbird
English 1201.xxx
27 February 2020
Annotated Bibliography
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Name of Article in
Quotation Marks.” Name of Source/Publication in Italics.
Publication Date/Info. Name of Database in Italics. Url. Date
Accessed.
This article discusses (give the thesis of the article). In the next
2-4 sentences, give the main points of the article. Tell what the
article said.
The purpose of this article is ______. The intended audience
seems to be _______. Address the credibility of the source and
the author. For example, for a database article you could write:
The source came from the Sinclair database and the article came
from a scholarly peer-reviewed journal. The author seems
credible because she has written many other articles on the
subject. The article was written in 2020.
I can use this source for ______. I plan to use the following
quote: “______.”

Next Citation. Note there are no extra lines of white space
anywhere. Double-space throughout.
previous-work/immigration (1).docx
Running head: IMMIGRATION 1
IMMIGRATION 4
IMMIGRATION
Student’s name
Institutional affiliates
Course
Immigration
Preliminary thesis
Living overseas and learning other languages could make you
be at an advantage. This is because, when you learn other
languages you are at a better position to deal with people from
different places, (Geddes, & Scholten, 2016). This is a plus
when looking for a job because it means that you can be a
company’s ambassador in different places and the company can
take deals with people from different languages with your help.
This basically makes you an asset to the organization. Also,
when you are exposed to different cultures, you are able to deal
with different people and you can work with people from all
cultures. It helps you become open minded and rise beyond
cultural values.
Section 1

This topic is a very interesting topic for me because I have first-
hand experience. I am quite interested in travel and adventure
which has enabled me to move to three different countries so far
and almost all the counties in my country. It is during this
travels that I have interacted with a couple of cultures, learnt
and appreciated them and even managed to respect that every
peoples culture is important to them as yours is to you,
(Mahfud, et al., 2018). I have also been an ambassador of four
organizations so far because of my interaction with diverse
cultures and therefore for this is one of the easiest topics to
handle.
Section 2
Having seen how I managed to acquire a job over other people
made me ask at one time why they took me over so many other
people who were qualified in one of the organizations that
called me for the job. This is when they told me that diversity
makes you an asset. It is true because in all the companies that I
have worked for, all my assignments were about negotiating
with companies and managers from places that spoke the
languages I understood or cultures that I had once interacted
with, (Dinesen, et al., 2016). For this reason, I feel as if when
doing this paper, I am writing about my work experience as a
person who has interacted with different cultures.
Section 3
Although I speak from experience, immigration goes beyond
being selected for a job opportunity over others. It gives you the
leverage of getting jobs even overseas, (Koopmans, 2019). This
means that anyone that gets a chance of going to foreign places
has an opportunity of working there as well. Immigration entails
way more than just being in other places, (Payan, 2016). This
topic enables you to learn more and appreciate the importance
of being in diversified places.
References
Dinesen, P. T., Klemmensen, R., & Nørgaard, A. S. (2016).

Attitudes toward immigration: The role of personal
predispositions. Political Psychology, 37(1), 55-72. Retrieved
from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12220
Geddes, A., & Scholten, P. (2016). The politics of migration
and immigration in Europe. Sage. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311511359_The_Politi
cs_of_Migration_and_Immigration_in_Europe
Koopmans, R. (2019). How to Make Europe’s Immigration
Policies More Efficient and More Humane. In Refugees and
Forced Migrants in Africa and the EU (pp. 97-105). Springer
VS, Wiesbaden. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-24538-2_5
Mahfud, Y., Badea, C., Verkuyten, M., & Reynolds, K. (2018).
Multiculturalism and attitudes toward immigrants: The impact
of perceived cultural distance. Journal of Cross-Cultural
Psychology, 49(6), 945-958. Retrieved from
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002202211773082
8
Payan, T. (2016). Immigration and the United States: A Path to
Resolution. Policy Brief: Recommendations for the New
Administration. Retrieved from
https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/93920/BI-
Brief-2016-Rec_Payan.pdf?sequence=1
previous-work/Immigration.edited.docx
LAST NAME 1
LAST NAME 6
Student Name
Instructor Name
Course
Date
Immigration
Thesis statement

The mass movement of people to a new nation is often
accompanied by the obligation to learn the languages that are
prevalent in that country. Not only do the immigrants learn
about modern means of communication, but they also learn new
ways of interaction so that they can fit into the social groups in
the country. This new endeavour enhances a person's
understanding of the most basic concept of diversity as well as
international integration. The ability to communicate in the
language of the natives increases the chances of getting
employed in the host country. Understanding their cultures is
also another added advantage.
Discussion 1
In the early years of my life, my family migrated into another
country a fact that gave me the experience that is associated
with migration into other countries. In their article,
immigration, race and American politics 2017, Abrajano and
Zoltan stated that “the social and political life in the United
States can be attributed to the increased immigrants in the
country." I find this article offering an insight into the fact that
there are as many immigrants as there are natives in the United
States (Abrajano, Marisa & Zoltan Hajnal, p.45). Since they are
all confined in the attributes of the same culture and human
principles, it can be said that there are many virtues that they
share in common over the years. This attribute is very crucial in
the long-term provision of the requires standards of living in the
united states. Moreover, racism has declined in the United
States over the years.
In his article, the effectiveness of the immigration policies 2013
page 500, Mathias discussed the crucial legal aspects that
surround immigration (Czaika, Mathias, and Hein De Haas,
p.500). He said that" as demographics grow over time, the laws
are also improvised on a daily basis. It is this on the best
interest of the immigrant to identify the requirements from each
side before migrating.” Even though some of the laws governing
immigration from one country to the other has been adopted
from international laws on immigration, each immigrant needs

to understand the basic requirements of immigration before
making a move. Since I have the first-hand experience in
immigration policies, I find this article outlining all the
necessary measures pertaining to immigration. This agenda is
further described by Dinesen in his section, the role of personal
predispositions in migration 2016 page 70 (Dinesen,
Klemmensen & Nørgaard, p. 70).
Discussion 2
Immigration is a broad subject that requires insight, especially
after the number of immigrants increased over the past five
decades. There are many citizens who migrate to Europe or
America in search of a better-quality life of their families
(Geddes & Scholten, p. 103). However, the culture of the
immigrants, as well as the natives, is affected by this
movement. In his article, the politics of migration and
immigration in Europe 2016, Scholten says, “the culture of the
natives is at risk just like the immigrants’. In the midst of
continued movement, the future is uncertain.” When a person
migrates into another state, they must not only adopt the culture
of the natives, but they also have to learn the language used in
that country so that they can integrate fully without barriers. In
the process, their cultural values automatically fade away, and
they can no longer enjoy their heritage.
In other instances, the natives adopt the way of life of
immigrants. This is further illustrated by Koopmans in his
review on how to make Europe's immigration policy more
efficient and more humane 2019 page 100 (Koopmans, p. 100).
He says, ‘there must be a balance between the number and
impacts of immigrants in Europe and Africa which can only be
attained through jurisdiction.” In the article about the impact of
perceived cultural distance 2018 page 950, Reynolds and
Mahfud described that the culture of nations had been filtered
through the increased immigration of people in these nations
over time (Mahfud, Badea, Verkuyten & Reynolds, p. 950). It is
also worth to illustrate that there are multiple aspects that may
influence the culture, but immigration has increased the

impacts.
Discussion 3
The main inspiration behind the mass movement of people to
other nations is the search for better employment opportunities
over time. In most cases, the life that the immigrants live
abroad is good enough to sustain their families abroad.
However, there are very few personnel who are associated with
the right immigration procedures. As a result, there are far-
fetching consequences for those who migrate illegally. They
may get deported or at times, denied most of the social services
that they aspire (Meissner & Doris, p. 46). In his article
immigration enforcement in the United States 2013, Meissner
discussed the legal procedures that are required in migration.
“everyone is entitled to some laws of immigration which they
must be followed to the letter,” he says. Upon the best of
Trump’s immigration, immigration laws were revised to suit the
new administration. It is for this reason that Pavan described
the policies that were enacted to immigration bodies over time
(Payan, p. 107). In his article Immigration in the United States a
path to resolution 2016, Pavan described the transitions that
took place on immigration policies. “Immigration has a new
approach to regulate the number of immigrants,” Pavan says.
Works cited
Press, 2017. URL Accessed
eJdEVg_kPuZFW_4O5jDIC4vzU
Czaika, Mathias, and Hein de Haas. "The effectiveness of
Review 39.3 (2013): 487-508. URL Accessed
4457.2013.00613.x

from
8
Meissner, Doris M., et al. Immigration enforcement in the
United States: The rise of formidable machinery. Washington,
DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2013. URL Accessed
http://www.immigrationresearch-info.org/report/migration-
policy-institute/immigration-enforcement-united-states-rise-
formidable-machinery
previous-work/Original_Question_all-the-essays-need-to-be-
write.docx

Research proposal
Preliminary thesis: living overseas, learning the language, and
the culture could help you to be independent and give you the
advantage to get better job than someone who haven’t left their
country.
Section1: I’m interested in this topic because I have
experienced it and I think it would be easy for me to write about
it
Section2: I feel this topic talking more about what I experienced
Section 3: I need to learn and dig in deep about the topic: I
expect to write about this topic because I have the information
from my experience
Please redo the proposal following the assignment guidelines--
you need a fully developed paragraph for each section.
You may want to expand your thesis to the benefits of learning
another language and the benefits of learning about other
cultures.
previous-work/RESEARCHPROPOSAL.edited (1) (1).docx
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 2
RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Institution Affiliation
Student Name
Course
Instructor
Date
Immigration
Preliminary thesis: Migrating to a foreign overseas country
offers an opportunity to learn new languages as well as new
cultures of the world. Understanding new languages and
cultures do not only expand an individual's knowledge but also
promotes diversity and global integration, (Payan, 2016).
Learning to communicate foreign languages enables an
individual to seek employment in foreign countries while
understanding new cultures enables an individual to live in
harmony with society.
Section 1: The topic of immigration is very interesting for me
because I have my own experience of moving to a foreign
country. I have relevant information about immigration based
on personal experience. My experience serves as a reliable
primary source of information about this topic. I have enough
background information that will enable me to effectively cover
the topic of immigration. As such, this topic is a good choice
for my research.
Section 2: It is essential to understand the effect of immigration
on the cultures practiced in different parts of the world. The
topic of choice for research is relevant to the world and
especially all countries affected by the current immigration
crisis. Immigration has been an issue of concern for many
European nations in the last few years, (Geddes & Scholten,
2016). Many people from various parts of the world are
traveling long distances and crossing oceans hoping to establish

new lives in Europe and America. This has to had an impact on
the cultures and languages of the immigrants as well as those of
the society they move into, (Mahfud, et.al., 2018). Research on
this topic will give meaningful insight into this issue.
Section 3: Immigration often offers better opportunities for
individuals than they would otherwise get in their home
countries. Perhaps this is the main reason why thousands of
people are moving to foreign countries each day, (Dinesen,
et.al., 2016). Foreign countries have been linked with
employment opportunities and higher standards of living.
However, the majority of immigrants do not follow the legal
procedure of immigration. This often results in undesirable
consequences such as deportation and sometimes denial of
services. As such, it is important to research this topic to
highlight the legal procedures that should be followed,
(Koopmans, 2019). Furthermore, conducting research will
identify the many challenges that arise in the process of
immigration.
References
from

8
previous-work/workingbibliography.docx
Name2
Name
Professor
Date
Working Bibliography
eJdEVg_kPuZFW_4O5jDIC4vzU
Bell, Brian, Francesco Fasani, and Stephen Machin. "Crime and
immigration: Evidence from large immigrant waves." Review of
Economics and statistics 21.3 (2013): 1278-1290. URL
Accessed
https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/REST_a_003

37
Benson, Rodney. Shaping immigration news. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2013. URL Accessed
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-
core/content/view/122D885B46E319F794AA3DE5C979884A/97
81139034326pre_pi-vi_CBO.pdf/.pdf
Carens, Joseph. The ethics of immigration. Oxford University
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hck4AAAAQB
AJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=immigration&ots=TKYfpjaGdm&sig=
NwI1WbEsZaIFsiCT7yqeIUncTRo
Castañeda, Heide. "Immigration as a social determinant of
health." Annual review of public health 36 (2015): 375-392.
URL Accessed
publhealth-032013-182419
Cox, Adam B., and Thomas J. Miles. "Policing immigration." U.
Chi. L. Rev. 80 (2013): 87. URL Accessed
https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-
bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/uclr80&section=8
Czaika, Mathias, and Hein De Haas. "The effectiveness of
Review 39.3 (2013): 487-508. URL Accessed
4457.2013.00613.x
Dustmann, Christian, and Tommaso Frattini. "The fiscal effects
of immigration to the UK." The economic journal 124.580
(2014): F593-F643. URL Accessed
https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-
abstract/124/580/F593/5076967
Dustmann, Christian, Tommaso Frattini, and Ian P. Preston.
"The effect of immigration along the distribution of
wages." Review of Economic Studies 80.1 (2013): 145-173.
URL Accessed https://academic.oup.com/restud/article-
abstract/80/1/145/1596869
Fairlie, Robert W., and Magnus Lofstrom. "Immigration and

entrepreneurship." Handbook of the economics of international
migration. Vol. 1. North-Holland, 2015. 877-911. URL
Accessed
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444537
683000175
Gonzalez, Libertad, and Francesc Ortega. "Immigration and
housing booms: Evidence from Spain." Journal of Regional
Science 53.1 (2013): 37-59. URL Accessed
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jors.12010
Hainmueller, Jens, and Daniel J. Hopkins. "Public attitudes
toward immigration." Annual Review of Political Science 17
(2014): 225-249. URL Accessed
polisci-102512-194818
Knowles, Valerie. Strangers at our gates: Canadian immigration
and immigration policy, 1540–2015. Dundurn, 2016. URL
Accessed
https://ghnet.guelphhumber.ca/files/course_outlines/2012-09-
11-213520AHSS2350_Course_Outline_F12.pdf
Martinez Jr, Ramiro. Latino homicide: Immigration, violence,
and community. Routledge, 2014. URL Accessed
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315776064
Meissner, Doris M., et al. Immigration enforcement in the
United States: The rise of a formidable machinery. Washington,
DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2013. URL Accessed
http://www.immigrationresearch-info.org/report/migration-
policy-institute/immigration-enforcement-united-states-rise-
formidable-machinery
previous-work/Writing the Annotated Bibliography (1).docx
Writing the Annotated Bibliography
From the Working Bibliography that you created, you will
choose 10 sources that best answer the questions you posed in
your Research Proposal. Those sources will form the basis for
the Annotated Bibliography. You will need a minimum of five
sources from Sinclair databases and at least three of those

sources should be "scholarly."
Briefly, the annotated bibliography includes notes and analysis
on sources that will be quoted and paraphrased in the final
essay. You have already had practice with the skills that are
required, but the assignments do require that you set aside
several hours for reading and analysis.
If you've taken ENG 1101 at Sinclair recently, you may have
already had some experience with the annotated bibliography.
To begin to put the Annotated Bibliography together, review the
sources you listed on your Working Bibliography. Choose 10
that look like they come the closest to answering the research
questions you posted in your Research Proposal. If, after
reading and researching further into your topic, you realize that
you do NOT have 10 that address the issue you are writing
about, go back to the library databases and find more sources.
Keep searching until you have ten.
Choosing the 10 sources for the Annotated Bibliography is
important because you are going to spend considerable time
reading, summarizing, and critiquing these sources. Make sure
you take as much time as necessary to read and choose sources
that answer the questions you posed in your research
proposal. The work that you do for the annotated bibliography
will form the basis for your research paper. The time you put
into this assignment will pay off when you go to write the paper
because what you create for the annotated bibliography will go
directly into your paper to support the ideas that you are sharing
with your readers. This assignment is one of the most important
steps in writing the paper. The more time you give to this
assignment, the better your paper will be.
Once you have decided on the ten most relevant sources, you
will format a bibliography just like you did in the Working
Bibliography. You will alphabetize it, use a hanging indent for
the entries posted, and then beneath each source, you will
provide the following information:

First paragraph:
· A summary of the source. The first sentence of each
annotation should state the thesis or main point of the source.
Then write a summary that summarizes or paraphrases the main
points and ideas of the source. Don’t just tell us what the source
is about, but tell us what it says. Use specifics from the sources.
Include relevant details. Use the guidelines for writing
summaries to help you do this and use your own words. Don't
quote the source; instead, write what it says in your own words.
This section should be 3-5 sentences.
Second paragraph:
· A mini-critical analysis. Consider the following
questions: What is the writer’s purpose in writing this article?
(This question will allow you to assess whether or not you have
enough different perspectives on the topic.) Who is the audience
for this piece? Consider the context in which this piece was
written. In other words, how did where and when it was written
affect what was said in the source? This section should be 2-4
sentences.
· A brief evaluation of the piece. Consider these questions: How
do you know the author is credible? How do you know that the
author has the adequate information to write the article? How
do you know the source is reliable? This is especially important
for Internet sources. Here you can refer to the questions on the
CRAAP worksheet that you used in the website critique topic.
This section should be 2-4 sentences.
Third paragraph:
· Discuss how you will use the source in your essay. Discuss
how you will use this information in your research paper--about
one sentence. Then, include a word for word quote from the
source.

<<<<<<<Check Next Page >>>>>>>>>>>
John Q. Student
Professor Stalbird
English 1201.xxx
27 February 2020

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Name of Article in
Quotation Marks.” Name of Source/Publication in Italics.
Publication Date/Info. Name of Database in Italics. Url. Date
Accessed.
This article discusses (give the thesis of the article). In the next
2-4 sentences, give the main points of the article. Tell what the
article said.
The purpose of this article is ______. The intended audience
seems to be _______. Address the credibility of the source and
the author. For example, for a database article you could write:
The source came from the Sinclair database and the article came
from a scholarly peer-reviewed journal. The author seems
credible because she has written many other articles on the
subject. The article was written in 2020.
I can use this source for ______. I plan to use the following
quote: “______.”
Next Citation. Note there are no extra lines of white space
anywhere. Double-space throughout.
Question-total-10-pages.rtf
The Research Essay:
First let's review: Click on the link to watch a video: Writing
the Essay. Also, note that you already have completed many of
the steps mentioned in the video, and so, you are well on your
way to writing the first draft.
The Assignment
Write a 10-12 page essay!
You've already started your essay by writing a shortened
introduction/thesis and copying and pasting your quotes.
To begin writing your first draft, go back to your introduction.
You might begin with a catchy first sentence and interesting
first paragraph that explains why this topic is important to your

intended audience. The first paragraph is also a good place to
establish pathos. Tell a story that will pull on your readers'
heartstrings or include a shocking statistic that will inspire them
to pay attention to what you have to say. But remember, keep it
short and simple. The first paragraph should not be over 1/2
page.
In the next paragraph you can provide any background
information that the reader will need to understand your
argument. Some topics may need two paragraphs, but don't go
overboard with the background. The main emphasis of the
paper needs to be on the argument.
In an academic essay, each paragraph is like a mini-essay. Each
paragraph will have one main point or idea that you are
developing, most likely it is one of the reasons that you have
for your argument. (For your essay you will likely have several
paragraphs for each reason). Then you will explain the main
idea and give examples. Follow the AXES paragraph model
discussed in the next page. This is important. So stop here and
go to the next page. You also have a huge part of eight body
paragraphs--quotes from your sources. The AXES paragraph
model shows you how to build paragraphs around those quotes.
The final paragraph of your essay is the conclusion. It should
summarize what you discussed in the essay and restate your
thesis statement (your main claim). Also, it is nice to frame
your essay by referring to something that you mentioned in the
introduction. If you told a story in the introduction, come back
to that story and show how the world would be a different place
if your ideas were adopted
Please use quotes from at least EIGHT sources. You may use
more than eight quotes and you may also include information
paraphrased from your sources.
Please type the essay in MLA format. Include a works cited
page and cite the sources appropriately within the text. Don’t
forget to double space.
Click here to see a sample essay from the Purdue OWL website
with notes about formatting: Toward a Recovery of Nineteenth

Century Farming Handbook
Remember you are writing an Academic argument, which
requires a specific structure and includes key features that have
been in use since the ancient Greeks came up with the idea of
democracy.
Key Features of Academic Arguments
The key features of an argumentative essay are as follows:A
clear arguable position -- this is your thesis or main claim
Necessary background information
Good reasons
Convincing and credible evidence
Appeals to readers' values
A trustworthy tone
Careful consideration of other positions.
Your Research Essay will be graded using the following
criteria.
I. Use of source material - Use a minimum of EIGHT quotes
from eight different sources from your annotated bibliography.
At least three of your quotes/sources should be from "scholarly"
sources from the Sinclair library databases, though you may
have more.
A. Choice of sourcesquality of sources
current sources
balance of viewpoints
variety of types of sources
B. Choosing appropriate content from sourcesadequate amount
of research
introducing quotes and sources with signal phrases
smooth integration of quotes and sources into the paper
fair and accurate reporting of source contents
II. Writing
A. Use of thesis placement at end of the first paragraph.
defines position on issue
reinforced or extended in conclusion.

B. Introduction and ConclusionIntroduction leads into thesis
smoothly.
Introduction gets reader's attention effectively.
Conclusion reinforces thesis.
Conclusion does not introduce new subtopic.
C.Contentsall parts of thesis supported
all material relevant to thesis
use of appropriate transitions
good logical argument
audience-appropriate choices of language
key terms defined clearly
generalizations supported with research evidence
logical arrangement of ideas
includes at least one visuallength (With the works cited and
visual 10-13 pages. You will have eight pages of text, 1/2 -1
page for the visual, 1-2 pages for the Works Cited)
III. Mechanics
grammar and usage at college level
Clear use of action verbs vs. passive voice "be" verb
Use of precise words
Correct Seling
MLA manuscript form followed
All instructions followed
MLA heading used
Pages numbered
Academic style used consistentlyTthird person point of view,
without first or second person pronouns (I, we, you, etc.)
No contractions
No slang or informal expressions
Do not address the reader as "you" or "your."
III. Documentation
A. Citations in text used where needed
correct MLA form
B. Works Cited pagecorrect MLA form
content matches the citations
at least 8 sources used

Possible total 300 Points
AND FINALLY: Visuals to Support your Research
To begin, find ONE PLACE where you can add in a visual to
further strengthen and support your research. Do not put the
visual right at the beginning or end of the document. Keep in
mind that a visual could be a chart, a graphic, a photo, a
drawing, a cartoon, line art, or some other form. It can be
anything visual that you can readily insert into the paper,
position, resize, and cite. Remember the visual should
strengthen your argument.
Be sure to include a include a citation for your image. Here's
an example:
Elephant next to a car. Digital image. The London Telegraph.
13 May 2008. Web. 9 June 2011. <telegraph.co.uk>.
Like most digital images, this photo has no official "title," so
instead I described the image in a few words.
The elements are:
Title of image or your own description of the image. Digital
Image. Title of the website where it was published (not
google!). Date it was published (if you know it). Web
(medium). Date that YOU saw it (today's date). Abbreviated
URL
The acronym AXES can be used to remember how to construct a
convincing, well-developed paragraph that uses evidence well.
Assertion:
The assertion (or topic sentence) states the specific arguable
point you will make in the paragraph.
In addition, the assertion connects the paragraph to your thesis
(claim).
Generally, assertions should go at the beginning of the

paragraph (the first sentence, or–if there's a transition sentence–
the second).
Assertions must be arguable–the point that YOU are making
about something.
Example:
The examples are the evidence that supports (or "proves") your
assertion.
You can use the quotes you copied and pasted as examples.
Examples should be introduced and briefly contextualized. The
explanation can help you do this.
Explanation:
Examples NEVER speak for themselves: you must provide
explanations, which clarify how and why the evidence relates to
your assertion and subsequently your central claim or thesis
statement.
Explanation of examples and data outline the reasoning that
logically links the evidence to the assertion.
Significance:
If you simply state, support and explain the assertions, your
reader may respond with indifference unless you also tell them
why they should care by showing the significance.
Statements of significance anticipate and answer the question
"So What?" In other words, why is the point made in the
paragraph important in light of your thesis?
Providing significance is crucial to making an argument that
says something, has a purpose, or is interesting.
Courtesy of John Rieder (2011)
Click on the link to watch a video that explains this
concept: AXES Paragraph Structure
Click here for a website with examples: AXES Paragraph
Structure with Examples

IHP 501 Final Project One Milestone One Guidelines and Rubr.docx

IHP 501 Final Project One Milestone One Guidelines and Rubr.docx

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