ABSTRACT: Autism is the most diagnosed among the autism spectrum disorders. Thus, many educators now
are faced with the demands to teach children with autism in their classes. It is imperative that teachers be able to
recognize the symptom presentations of children with autism and be aware of a comprehensive and systematic
method of identifying them in their classrooms. The aim of this study was to bring out a reliable and systematic
method of identifying children with autism in a regular classroom setting. To attain this, different strategies such
as review of school records, discussions with teachers and the administration of an anecdotal case history check
list to parents of these children were employed to identify those with autism in nursery schools in Buea. The
data was collected using questionnaires and was analyzed using simple percentages and arithmetic mean.
Results of the study revealed that15 children out of 288 in the age range 3-5 years had autism. There were more
male than female children.
KEYWORDS: Autism, Children, Identify, Resource Limited Settings
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
Annotated bibliography prespared for a special education class. Ten papers presented. This bibliography involves hearing loss, with which I have some prior employment experience.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
Annotated bibliography prespared for a special education class. Ten papers presented. This bibliography involves hearing loss, with which I have some prior employment experience.
Oral health Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among a sample of Kurdish peop...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Hearing, listening and reading: A complex interplay of factors that contribut...HEARnet _
Research Aims:
1.Systematically map the auditory, cognitive, and linguistic abilities of children with listening concerns (as reported by parent/teacher).
2.Investigate how the ability to attend to and process incoming auditory information affects word reading and reading comprehension in school-aged children.
Dr Gauden Galea, Director, Noncommunicable Diseases and Promoting Health through the Life-course, WHO Regional Office for Europe - Dr Jo Inchley, HBSC International Coordinator, University of St Andrews
Attitudes And Opinions of Parents and Teachers About Autism in Turkeyinventionjournals
Autism is a lifelong developmental disability that affects the way a person communicates and relates to people around them. Bringing up an autistic child is a hard and long journey, but parents have various options and places to turn for help. For example, they can learn and use certain strategies to help communicate with autistic children. Teaching strategies for students with ASD still need to be individualized, and it is fairly important for teachers to realize their expectations of their students. Children with autism often have visualspatial strengths so teachers can modify their instructional strategies several ways by demonstrating and modelling expected skills. The purpose of this study is to explain the attitudes and opinions of parents and teachers about autism in Turkey. The participants of the study consists of 82 subjects, 42 of whom were parents of children with autism and the remaining 40 were teachers of students with autism. This study was carried out several public and private schools in Konya, by means of interviews and regular conversations with teachers and parents of children with autism, over the period from 03.01.2015 until 04.05.2015. In order to obtain the data, three types of survey questionnaires were employed in this research.
Mini ResearchHow parents deal with the education.pdf 1.docxannandleola
Mini Research/How parents deal with the education.pdf
1
The University of Western Australia
Graduate School of Education
PhD Research Proposal
Student Name: Jasmine McDonald Student Number:
Supervisors: Professor Keith Punch & Associate Professor Anne Chapman
A. PROPOSED STUDY
(i) Project Title
How parents deal with the education of their child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder:
a constructivist grounded theory study.
(ii) The Research Aim
The aim of this study is to develop substantive theory about how parents deal with
the education of their child diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. A series
of in-depth case studies, conceptualised within the social theory of symbolic
interaction, will use both autoethnographic and constructivist grounded theory
methods to generate thick description and explanation.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th TR ed.) of the American
Psychiatric Association (2000), Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) or Pervasive
Developmental Disorders (PDD) are “characterized by severe and pervasive
impairment in several areas of development: reciprocal social interaction skills,
communication skills, or the presence of stereotyped behaviour, interests, and
activities” (p.69). ASD’s are lifelong disorders which have no identified aetiology or
cure (Frith, 2003). There are five complex, often severe, neurological disorders under
the PDD category where manifestations vary greatly depending upon the
developmental level and chronological age of the individual. These are: Autistic
Disorder, Rett’s Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger’s Disorder
and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Including Atypical
Autism).
Prevalence rates for all forms of ASD’s have risen dramatically over the last twenty
years from 1 in 10,000 in the 1980’s to 1 in 166 today (Fombonne, 2003; Gillberg,
2004; Kirby, 2005). Such increases have, most often, been attributed to changes in
case definition and an increasing community and professional awareness of the
diagnostic criteria for PDD (Fombonne, 2003) although other theories (Kirby, 2005)
are also now apparent in mainstream discourse. To further complicate matters families
with one affected child have a 45 times greater recurrence risk of siblings also being
affected by an ASD than would occur in the general population (Jamain et.al., 2003).
Along with any ASD diagnosis there is also a 25% greater susceptibility of
comorbidity with another psychiatric disorder and/or medical condition (Gillberg &
Billstedt, 2000). Autism is associated with mental retardation in about 70% of the
cases and is over represented amongst males with a male to female ratio of 4.3:1
(Fombonne, 2003). “Follow up studies suggest only a small percentage of individuals
with the disorder go on as adults to live and work independently. In about one-third
of cases, some degree of partial independence is possible ...
Oral health Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among a sample of Kurdish peop...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Hearing, listening and reading: A complex interplay of factors that contribut...HEARnet _
Research Aims:
1.Systematically map the auditory, cognitive, and linguistic abilities of children with listening concerns (as reported by parent/teacher).
2.Investigate how the ability to attend to and process incoming auditory information affects word reading and reading comprehension in school-aged children.
Dr Gauden Galea, Director, Noncommunicable Diseases and Promoting Health through the Life-course, WHO Regional Office for Europe - Dr Jo Inchley, HBSC International Coordinator, University of St Andrews
Attitudes And Opinions of Parents and Teachers About Autism in Turkeyinventionjournals
Autism is a lifelong developmental disability that affects the way a person communicates and relates to people around them. Bringing up an autistic child is a hard and long journey, but parents have various options and places to turn for help. For example, they can learn and use certain strategies to help communicate with autistic children. Teaching strategies for students with ASD still need to be individualized, and it is fairly important for teachers to realize their expectations of their students. Children with autism often have visualspatial strengths so teachers can modify their instructional strategies several ways by demonstrating and modelling expected skills. The purpose of this study is to explain the attitudes and opinions of parents and teachers about autism in Turkey. The participants of the study consists of 82 subjects, 42 of whom were parents of children with autism and the remaining 40 were teachers of students with autism. This study was carried out several public and private schools in Konya, by means of interviews and regular conversations with teachers and parents of children with autism, over the period from 03.01.2015 until 04.05.2015. In order to obtain the data, three types of survey questionnaires were employed in this research.
Mini ResearchHow parents deal with the education.pdf 1.docxannandleola
Mini Research/How parents deal with the education.pdf
1
The University of Western Australia
Graduate School of Education
PhD Research Proposal
Student Name: Jasmine McDonald Student Number:
Supervisors: Professor Keith Punch & Associate Professor Anne Chapman
A. PROPOSED STUDY
(i) Project Title
How parents deal with the education of their child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder:
a constructivist grounded theory study.
(ii) The Research Aim
The aim of this study is to develop substantive theory about how parents deal with
the education of their child diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. A series
of in-depth case studies, conceptualised within the social theory of symbolic
interaction, will use both autoethnographic and constructivist grounded theory
methods to generate thick description and explanation.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th TR ed.) of the American
Psychiatric Association (2000), Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) or Pervasive
Developmental Disorders (PDD) are “characterized by severe and pervasive
impairment in several areas of development: reciprocal social interaction skills,
communication skills, or the presence of stereotyped behaviour, interests, and
activities” (p.69). ASD’s are lifelong disorders which have no identified aetiology or
cure (Frith, 2003). There are five complex, often severe, neurological disorders under
the PDD category where manifestations vary greatly depending upon the
developmental level and chronological age of the individual. These are: Autistic
Disorder, Rett’s Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger’s Disorder
and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Including Atypical
Autism).
Prevalence rates for all forms of ASD’s have risen dramatically over the last twenty
years from 1 in 10,000 in the 1980’s to 1 in 166 today (Fombonne, 2003; Gillberg,
2004; Kirby, 2005). Such increases have, most often, been attributed to changes in
case definition and an increasing community and professional awareness of the
diagnostic criteria for PDD (Fombonne, 2003) although other theories (Kirby, 2005)
are also now apparent in mainstream discourse. To further complicate matters families
with one affected child have a 45 times greater recurrence risk of siblings also being
affected by an ASD than would occur in the general population (Jamain et.al., 2003).
Along with any ASD diagnosis there is also a 25% greater susceptibility of
comorbidity with another psychiatric disorder and/or medical condition (Gillberg &
Billstedt, 2000). Autism is associated with mental retardation in about 70% of the
cases and is over represented amongst males with a male to female ratio of 4.3:1
(Fombonne, 2003). “Follow up studies suggest only a small percentage of individuals
with the disorder go on as adults to live and work independently. In about one-third
of cases, some degree of partial independence is possible ...
1
Factor 6 and 7
Name
Department, Institutional Affiliation
Course
Instructor
Date
Factor 6
Student Progress and Advancements for Whole Groups and Entire Class
Pre- and Post-Assessment Reports
Table 1
Pre-Assessment Table
Date
Topic
Activity
Learning Goals
Assessment
Week
Pre-assessment
Pretest
1
Test answer key
1
history
Question and Answer session
2
Understanding reasons for studying history and traditions
Understanding relationships between past and present
2
geography
Group discussion
3
Use of maps and globes awareness
Locate places using relative terms, such as near, far, or next to
Locate china, the united states, and Mexico on the map
3
civics
Individual homework
3
Understanding various roles of leaders in the community
Importance of rules in the community
Participate in classroom voting process
4
culture
pretest
4
Value multicultural society dimension
Understand, how and why people celebrate
Understand how different cultures are expressed through holidays and traditions
5
Contemporary applications
Examination
1
Recognize responsibility as a member of various groups, including school and community
Table 2
Post-Assessment Table
Date
Topic
Activity
Learning Goals
Assessment
Week in Advance
Post Assessment
Test
1
Test answer key
1
History
Question and answer session
2
Understanding reasons for studying history and traditions
Understanding relationships between past and present
2
Geography
Group discussion
3
Use of maps and globes awareness
Locate places using relative terms, such as near, far, or next to
Locate china, the united states, and Mexico on the map
3
Civics
Individual homework
3
Understanding various roles of leaders in the community
Importance of rules in community Participate in classroom voting process
4
Culture
Pretest
4
Value multicultural society dimension
Understand, how and why people celebrate
Understand how different cultures are expressed through holidays and traditions
5
Contemporary applications
Examination
1
Recognize responsibility as a member of various groups, including school and community
Figure 1
Graphical Representation of Student Performance and Progress
Table 3
Student Mean Performance
Learning Duration
Student Mean Performances
Day 1
37
Day 2
45
Day 3
58
Day 4
72
Day 5
85
Summary of What the Graphs Say about the Student
Assessment frames learning, creates learning activity, and orients all aspects of the knowledge acquisition process. Nonetheless, it attempts to introduce more realistic and meaningful tasks, providing broader and reliable indicators of student achievement. Several positive effects on learning have been identified and students strongly support new methods of assessment. Problems inevitably arise, since the level playing field of the exam room remains unchallenged and should be replaced with new means of establishing fairness, reliability, and validity, by embracing innovative a ...
Similar to Identifying Children with Autism in Regular Schools in Resource Limited Settings: A Systematic and Comprehensive Method (16)
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
Exploring The Dimensions and Dynamics of Felt Obligation: A Bibliometric Anal...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTARCT: This study presents, to our knowledge, the first bibliometric analysis focusing on the concept of
"felt obligation," examining 120 articles published between 1986 and 2024. The aim of the study is to deepen our
understanding of the existing knowledge in the field of "felt obligation" and to provide guidance for further
research. The analysis is centered around the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of the articles. The
findings highlight prominent researchers in this field, leading universities, and influential journals. Particularly,
it is identified that China plays a leading role in "felt obligation" research. The analysis of keywords emphasizes
the thematic focuses of these studies and provides a roadmap for future research. Finally, various
recommendations are presented to deepen the knowledge in this area and promote applied research. This study
serves as a foundation to expand and advance the understanding of "felt obligation" in the field.
KEYWORDS: Felt Obligation, Bibliometric Analysis, Research Trends
Les autorités traditionnelles et l’administration coloniale au Tchad : 1900-1960AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : In Africa, traditionalauthorities are the guardians of tradition. Recently, however, they have
been caughtbetween tradition and modernity in the exercise of political power in Chad. However, we are
witnessing the revival of chieftaincy and the hybridization of the politicalpowersexercisedwithinit. In this
cohabitation of powers, traditionalauthorityisescapingitsrole as guardian of tradition.
Traditionalauthorityisthereforepresented in itscurrent state, as a proxy for the modern state in traditional
administrative districts. The aim of thisstudyis to analyze the mutations and adaptability of
traditionalauthorityfrom the pre-colonialperiodthrough the colonial period to the post-colonial period. This
workanalyzes the mutations of authorities. The data collected and processedrevealthattraditionalauthorities have
survivedalmosteverywhere, the former chiefdomsdissolvedduringcolonization have been restored by
republicanheads of state, while more and more frequently civil servants, businessmen, academics and
othermembers of the literateelite, whopreviouslyhad no attraction for the position of traditionalchief, are
beingenthroned.
Key words:Authorities, Administration, colonization, Chad, Kanem.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
Driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through an Innovative Aggregator Bu...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the aggregation business model on
Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Through a survey of 216 MSMEs in the creative economy sector
selected randomly using an ex post facto causal research approach, an overview of the aggregator business
model and its impact on financial resources and SCA was obtained. The aggregator business model plays a role
in facilitating increased access to financial resources to meet both available and required working capital for
realizing SCA in Malang's Lokanima area. The strength of ABM lies in understanding the resources needed for
SCA and the effectiveness of mobilizing services while considering the most cost-effective options, including
providing various alternatives in their provision. Financial resources are an important factor supporting the
achievement of SCA. Access to financial resources is key to facilitating business growth and sustainability.
Theoretical implications: The concept of the aggregator business model emphasizes the efficient and effective
collection, aggregation, and distribution of resources in connecting service providers with consumers in an
economical and efficient manner. Practical implications: ABM can enhance the performance of financial
resource provision by optimizing relationships with MSMEs and financial institutions, leading to business
growth and sustainability for MSMEs.
KEYWORDS -Aggregator Business, Creative Economy, Financial Resources, Sustainable Competitive
Advantage
Accuracy of ChatGPT for Basic Values of Trigonometric FunctionsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study analyzes the accuracy of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence model based on GPT3.5, in determining the values of basic trigonometric functions. To this end, we examine ChatGPT's responses to
sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent values for a wide range of angles. We compare the results provided by
ChatGPT with the accuracy values determined by basic trigonometry. We also explore differences in accuracy
depending on changes in question complexity and given context. The results show a high level of accuracy of
ChatGPT in determining the values of trigonometric functions, especially for common angles. However, it is
noted that accuracy may be affected in certain cases of extreme angles or complex questions. This analysis
provides an important representation of ChatGPT's capabilities in the field of mathematics, using a new method
for testing the accuracy of artificial intelligence models in determining trigonometric values.
Keywords -Accuracy, AI Model, ChatGPT, Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometry
Postmodern Marketing and Its Impact on Traditional Marketing Approaches: Is K...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The essay discusses the concept of postmodern marketing and its impact on marketing theory
and practice. It explores the characteristics of postmodernism, including openness, tolerance, hyper-reality,
fragmentation, and the lack of clear boundaries, and how they challenge traditional marketing approaches. The
paper also looks at the contributions of postmodern marketing to consumer and marketing research and how it
has redefined the way we think about marketing as a science. Ultimately, it raises the question of whether and
how marketing should adapt itself to the new conditions brought about by postmodernism.
KEYWORDS :Postmodernism, Postmodern Marketing, Kotler, Marketing Theory, Postmodern Consumer
Reorientation of Health Service Governance Toward the Fulfillment of Social J...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Health insurance is a human right. At the practical level, this health insurance program in
Indonesia is organized by BPJS Kesehatan (Social Security Administering Body for Health). The
implementation of BPJS Kesehatan is still not optimal and effective. Three problems are discussed in this
writing: the dynamics of health insurance governance in Indonesia, the implementation of the fulfillment of the
right to health by BPJS Kesehatan, and the reorientation of BPJS Kesehatan services toward social justice.
These problems are then answered by scientific research methods using a sociological juridical approach.
Complaintsoften occur regarding the regulations, the services provided by the health facility providers, and the
distance between the community and the health facilities. Such complaints affect the public interest in becoming
BPJS Kesehatan participants. The aforementioned conditions must be considered and evaluated for the
government's success in the aspired national health insurance plan.
KEYWORDS -BPJS Kesehatan, Health Insurance, Social Justice
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
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KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Sport et vieillissement : une analyse de la pratique des activités physiques ...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract : The aim of thispaperis to report on the effects of physicalactivity and sport on the health of older
people. Based on a mixed-methodsapproach, several techniques, namelydocumentaryanalysis and semistructured interviews, wereused in thisresearch in order to obtain a range of data thatwasavailable, accessible
and relevant to the subjectunderstudy. This enabled us to arrive at the resultsaccording to which the
stakeholders' perceptions of theirhealth are based on the practice of physicalactivities and sport as a social
construct in a socio-cultural context. Older people see sport as a way of curingillnesses, but above all as a way
of givingtheir bodies vitality. Othersseeit as a way of reinvigoratingthemselvesafter retirement.
Key words: Ageing, Physical activities, Sports activities, Elderly people.
From Stress to Success How Oakland's Corporate Wellness Programs are Cultivat...Kitchen on Fire
Discover how Oakland's innovative corporate wellness initiatives are transforming workplace culture, nurturing the well-being of employees, and fostering a thriving environment. From comprehensive mental health support to flexible work arrangements and holistic wellness workshops, these programs are empowering individuals to navigate stress effectively, leading to increased productivity, satisfaction, and overall success.
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Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
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The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
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Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
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La transidentité, un sujet qui fractionne les Français
Identifying Children with Autism in Regular Schools in Resource Limited Settings: A Systematic and Comprehensive Method
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2019
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 86
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN : 2378-703X
Volume-03, Issue-10, pp-86-92
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Identifying Children with Autism in Regular Schools in Resource
Limited Settings: A Systematic and Comprehensive Method
Eta Vivian EnowAyamba1
, Nsagha Sarah2
, Ihenacho Izuka John3
1
(Department of Nursing, University of Buea, Cameroon)
2
(Department of Special Education, University of Bamenda, Cameroon)
3
(Department of Special Education, University of Jos, Nigeria)
Corresponding author: Eta Vivian Enow Ayamba, Department of Nursing, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63
Buea, Cameroon,
ABSTRACT: Autism is the most diagnosed among the autism spectrum disorders. Thus, many educators now
are faced with the demands to teach children with autism in their classes. It is imperative that teachers be able to
recognize the symptom presentations of children with autism and be aware of a comprehensive and systematic
method of identifying them in their classrooms. The aim of this study was to bring out a reliable and systematic
method of identifying children with autism in a regular classroom setting. To attain this, different strategies such
as review of school records, discussions with teachers and the administration of an anecdotal case history check
list to parents of these children were employed to identify those with autism in nursery schools in Buea. The
data was collected using questionnaires and was analyzed using simple percentages and arithmetic mean.
Results of the study revealed that15 children out of 288 in the age range 3-5 years had autism. There were more
male than female children.
KEYWORDS: Autism, Children, Identify, Resource Limited Settings
I. INTRODUCTION
Autism or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and
nonverbal communication, social interaction which is generally evident before the age of three years, and
adversely affects a child's educational performance [1]. It represents the most severe and phenotypically distinct
end of the spectrum [2], hence, the most reliably and validly diagnosed [3]. In other words, autism is the most
severe and frequently diagnosed among other autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and approximately 30-50% of
children with autism remain minimally verbal throughout their lives, with little or no functional speech [4].
Most children diagnosed with autism have severe language impairments or delays, and researchers had
estimated that as many as half of all children with autism are non-verbal. Lim [5] opines that a delay in the
development of speech and language is one of the most identifiable deficits in children with autism, compared
with typically developing children. The core set of defining features of autism are deficits in verbal and
nonverbal communication and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior in children younger than 3 years [6].
According to Tager-Flusberg et al. 50% of children with autism do not develop spoken language [7]. It is worth
noting that the ability to communicate may essentially determine the level to which children with autism can
develop relationships with others and get involve in daily activities at school, home and in the community.
Bakare and Munir maintain that lack of verbal communication is a common symptom presented by over 50% of
children with autism [8]. That is, children with autism are unable to communicate as their peers do since they
may have difficulties to develop language skills and understand what others say to them. As a result, they may
not use words to communicate. Hence, many educators may be faced with the demands to teach children with
autism in their classes. Therefore, it is important that teachers be able to know the symptom presentations of
children with autism and be able to identify such children in their classrooms in order to give them individual
attention.
Autism can affect a child from any race or background. Globally, the prevalence of autism is on the rise. The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released new data on the prevalence of autism in the United
States. This surveillance study identified 1 in 68 children (1 in 42 boys and 1 in 189 girls) as having ASD [9]. In
Cameroon, there has been a steady rise in the number of children with autism; overall, it was estimated that
100,000 children were affected by autism in 2011 [10] and at least 130,000 in 2013[11]. One child out of 50 in
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Cameroon has autism [12]. However, many children with autism are not being identified early enough [10].
Diagnosing autism appears to be one of the most important steps in supporting children with autism [12]. It is
worth mentioning that earlier diagnosis is mandatory in order to allow for earlier intervention [13].
Research indicates that many children with autism can be identified as young as 18 months [14], but a large
number of these children are not identified until they are of school age [14]. It is usually prior to the third year of
the child‟s life that autism is evident [15]. Autism is often diagnosed in pre-school at about the age of four years;
however, it can be reliably diagnosed much earlier, often by the age of two years if symptoms are clear and
professionals are knowledgeable [16]. More than 75% of children with autism were identified through the
school system [17]. It is therefore, necessary to identify this special group of children early so that appropriate
education programs and services may be provided at an early age to support learning and development.
A variety of general developmental screening tools are available to practitioners. Also, there are a variety of
measures available for use in diagnosing autism. However, one major criticism of these measures is that most
are unable to differentially diagnose among the ASDs [15]. General developmental screening tools are
appropriate for use with unselected primary care populations and are likely to detect ASDs in many young
children because of associated language and cognitive delays, but they do not differentiate children with autism
from those with other developmental disorders, and data are not available on sensitivity for detection of ASDs.
Similar to other developmental screening measures, ASD-specific screening tools may rely entirely on parent
report, or they may require direct observation and engagement by the clinician. Parent-report tools often have
the advantage of being brief, inexpensive, and practical in the office setting [18]. Explaining further, these
authors state that the people who know the child best are surveyed and can describe the child's behavior over
time in a variety of settings rather than being constrained to sampling behavior in one setting at one point in
time.
Despite the fact that the prevalence of autism is on the rise due to awareness and that teachers are better placed
to identify children with autism in pre-school, some children in Cameroon are not identified. Currently, in
Cameroon there is no documented screening technique or procedure that has been fully validated and shown to
be effective in identifying children with autism in our nursery schools. As a result, these children are rejected by
regular schools and hence, they end up on the streets as “foolish” persons or “morons” [10]. An effective
diagnostic method for autism would be invaluable for the early identification and prompt institution of special
education support or services. Given that the number of children with autism in Cameroon is increasing early
identification is paramount as teachers may be faced with the challenge of teaching these children. Hence,
teachers need to be trained on how to identify children with autism in order to provide them with appropriate
support early enough. It is of the utmost importance to identify and assist children with autism to learn and live
independent lives like typically developing children. Therefore, this study was carried out to establish a
comprehensive method for the identification of children with autism in regular classrooms in resource limited
nations.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Research Design and Study Population
A quantitative study which was exploratory, descriptive and contextual was conducted to explore and describe
ways to identify children with autism in regular classrooms. The study population was made up of all pupils
aged 3 to 5 years in all the private and government nursery schools in Buea in Fako Division of the South West
Region of Cameroon, their parents and teachers. Buea Sub-Division has an estimated population of 200,000
people. Buea has the highest number of nursery schools in Fako Division which made it suitable for the study.
The target population comprised all pupils in nursery schools with at least one of the symptoms of an ASD. That
is, speech and language difficulties, deficits in social interaction and/or restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped
patterns of behavior, interests, and activities and whose parents gave their consent to participate. Children in
nursery schools were chosen because they were at the beginning level of school, a period during which early
diagnosis and intervention is paramount for better prognosis. Also, these children were in the age range 3 to
5years during which autism is usually evident and could be accurately diagnosed. Two nursery schools (one
private and one government) out of the 79 in Buea Sub-division were randomly selected as study sites. Fourteen
teachers who were purposefully selected from the two schools also participated in the study.
2.2 Sampling Techniques
2.2.1 Sampling technique used in the selection of schools
The nursery schools used in this study were selected through the purposive sampling technique. That is, any
school which had at least five children presenting with any of the symptoms of autism, with all of them in the
age range 3-5years was purposefully selected for the study. Out of the total number of 79 nursery schools in
the Buea Sub-Division only two schools met these criteria and were selected.
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2.2.2 Sampling technique used in the selection of participants
To identify children with autism, the multistage sampling technique was used. It involved the use of different
strategies such as review of school records, discussions with teachers and the administration of an anecdotal
case history checklist to parents of these children. Also, the DSM-IV-TR checklist and a questionnaire to
determine the communicative behaviors of the pupils were used to confirm autism diagnosis. That is, children
were identified through a reduction process by applying the different determining variables such as speech and
language difficulties or restricted, repetitive, behaviors and interests, and/or impairments in social interaction,
and developmental history and communicative behaviors as explained in the subsequent sections below.
With the permission of the school authorities, the researcher went through the first and second end of
term reports of all pupils enrolled for the academic year 2014/2015 in the two nursery schools selected as study
sites. This helped the researcher to select children who had difficulties in speech and language as evident in their
language activities; pre-reading, expression by gestures, oral expression, rhyme and storytelling. Next, the
researcher had discussion sessions with the teachers of the nursery pupils in the two schools involved in the
study. The teachers were asked to give their individual perspectives regarding communicative behaviors, social
interaction and restrictive, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and interests of children who were earlier
identified through the pupils‟ records as observed on the playground and other activities that involved free play.
The developmental history checklist was then used to get parents‟ opinion about their children‟s speech and
language developmental milestones. Indicators in the checklist were made up of speech and language behaviors
which typically developing children are expected to display during various stages of development (that is, at
one, two, three and four or five years). The modified version of the DSM-IV-TR definition of Autism Spectrum
Disorders (ASDs) and diagnostic criteria was used to diagnose pupils with autism. Teachers were instructed to
rate each of these symptoms as either “yes” or “no” with regards to whether or not the item applies to the child.
A total of at least four symptoms must be evident for the diagnosis of autism to be made. Children who had
impairments in all three areas with a total of at least four symptoms that is, at least two symptoms in qualitative
impairment in social interaction, one in qualitative impairment in communication, and one in restricted,
repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities were noted as having autism.
To confirm the diagnosis of autism a teacher questionnaire designed by the researcher was used to categorize the
speech/language and communicative abilities of pupils diagnosed with autism. The teacher questionnaire (with a
five point Likert-Scale) was made up of eighteen items presenting a list of communication skills that are vital in
assessing the normal development of speech and language skills in children. These included speech production,
expressive/receptive and verbal/nonverbal language skills. Teachers of the pupils in each school were asked to
tick the answer which best described their opinion of the child‟s communicative behaviours with others.
The questionnaires used to collect data were made up of closed ended questions. The indicators in the
questionnaires were weighted for each child by calculating the mean scores of the children regarding their
speech/language developmental and communicative behaviors. This helped to categorize them into below
average (0-49), average (50-65) and above average (66-100).The validity and reliability of the instruments used
in this study were determined by a pilot study, Content validity and Alpha reliability coefficient test were
performed to ensure that the instruments were of good quality. Reliability of the research instruments used for
the present study was tested using the coefficient alpha (Cronbach‟s alpha).Reliability of the instruments was
checked by measuring the internal consistency of the responses during the pilot test and main study.
Before administering them they were pre-tested to validate study questions. This was done by administering five
copies of the developmental history questionnaire to five parents and five copies each of the DSM-IV diagnostic
checklist and the communicative behaviors questionnaire to five teachers who were not part of the study
population. Their responses confirmed the clarity and validity of the questions. Copies of the questionnaire were
then administered to the parents and teachers of pupils who presented with speech and language difficulties.
Each respondent completed the various sections of the questionnaire. Data collected were entered into an
electronic dataset. Data were analyzed using simple percentages, the arithmetic mean, tables and figures.
The study was reviewed and authorized by the Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education,
University of Buea. In addition, before commencing the study an ethical approval was obtained from the
Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Health Sciences in the same institution. All respondents provided
written consent before responding to the questionnaire(s).
III. RESULTS
School records: A total of 288 children‟s records from the two schools were studied. The number of pupils‟
records consulted and those selected per school is presented in TABLE 1 below.
Table 1: Number of Pupils’ Records Consulted and Number Selected
School Number of Records Consulted Number of Pupils Selected %
PNS Molyko 122 15 12.3
GNS Bomaka 166 29 17.5
Total 288 44 15.3
4. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2019
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KEY
GNS Bomaka = Government Nursery School Bomaka
PNS Molyko = Private Nursery School Molyko
TABLE 1 shows that a total of 288(100%) pupils‟ records were studied and 44(15.3%) pupils were selected
because their performance was 50% and below in language activities that is, pre-reading, expression by
gestures, oral expression, rhyme and storytelling.
Discussions with Teachers: Teachers were asked to give their individual perspectives regarding communicative
behaviors, social interaction and restrictive, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and interests (symptoms of
autism) of the 44 children (earlier identified through the pupils‟ records) as observed on the playground and
other activities that involved free play (TABLE 2).
Table 2: Summary of Discussion Process
School Number of Pupils Selected via Records Number Confirmed %
PNS Molyko 15 11 73.3
GNS Bomaka 29 23 79.3
Total 44 34 77.3
From TABLE 2 above, it can be seen that discussions with the teachers confirmed most (34, 77.3%) of the
children identified through records as manifesting with symptoms of autism.
Anecdotal Case History: An anecdotal case history checklist completed by parents gave their opinions about
their children‟s speech and language developmental milestones (TABLE 3).
Table 3: Summary of Parents’ opinions on Developmental Milestones of Pupils
School Number of Pupils Confirmed Number of Pupils Confirmed by Parents %
GNS Molyko 11 8 72.7
PNS Bomaka 23 18 78.3
Total 34 26 76.5
Twenty-six (76.5%) out of thirty-four children confirmed earlier by teachers‟ discussions as having
symptoms of autism were retained after parents ‟opinions. Eight children were eliminated because they were
considered to have Asperger‟s syndrome.
DSM-IV-TR Criteria: The modified version of the DSM-IV-TR definition of Autism Spectrum Disorders
(ASDs) diagnostic criteria was used to diagnose eighteen (69.2%) pupils out of the 26 children who were
selected through informal methods (TABLE 4).
Table 4: Total Number of Pupils diagnosed as having Autism
School Number of Pupils Confirmed by parents Pupils with autism %
GNS Molyko 8 8 100.0
PNS Bomaka 18 10 55.6
Total 26 18 69.2
Teacher Rating: To make sure that the children with Asperger‟s syndrome or pervasive developmental
disorder-not otherwise specified are not included in the sample. This method (teacher rating) was used
to confirm the diagnosis of autism (TABLE 5).
Table 5: Total Number of Pupils confirmed as having Autism
School Number of Pupils Confirmed by Parents Pupils with Autism %
GNS Molyko 8 6 75.0
PNS Bomaka 10 9 90.0
Total 18 15 83.3
From TABLE 5 above it can be seen that 15 out of 18 children were confirmed as having autism because they
had below average scores in their speech/language and communicative behaviors, while the three children with
average scores were considered as having Pervasive developmental disorder not-otherwise specified, as such
were dropped.
Gender: Only two girls were identified in each of the schools given a total of four girls and eleven boys
diagnosed as having autism (TABLE 6)
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Table 6: Distribution of pupils by Level and Gender
School Level Number of Boys Number of Girls Total
GNS Bomaka Nursery I 04 02 06
PNS Molyko Nursery I 05 01 06
Nursery II 02 01 03
Total 11 04 15
TABLE 6 above shows that more boys are diagnosed with autism than girls.
IV. DISCUSSION
There is little or no information on identifying children with autism in regular classrooms in Cameroon. This is
perhaps due to little awareness about autism and lack of resources [10]. In their large-scale prevalence study of
ASDs, Yeargin-Allsopp and colleagues found that more than 75% of children with ASDs were identified
through the school system [13]. This study which was aimed at eliciting a comprehensive and systematic
method of identifying children with autism in a regular classroom serves as a first step in understanding autism
and how to reliably diagnose it in a regular classroom in a resource constrained setting like Cameroon. This
study was keen in bringing out an eclectic method of diagnosing autism since early diagnosis and treatment is
paramount for better outlook as language acquisition before the age of five is crucial for speech and language
development [5]. Identifying children with autism in regular classrooms will reduce the distress both parents and
teachers of these children face as they can be assisted to study and achieve their maximum potentials.
In order to identify pupils with autism from the two nursery schools selected for the study, the researcher first of
all used informal methods of identification. This is in line with research findings which stipulate that in order to
diagnose someone with autism the specialist needs to do some testing which includes physical examinations,
interviews, questionnaires, observations, and sometimes blood tests [19]. This is why methods such as schools
records, discussions with class teachers and the use of questionnaires were adopted to identify pupils with
autism.
Results of this study showed that based on school records about one sixth of the total number of children who
presented with at least one of the characteristics of ASDs were selected after scrutinizing their first and second
end of term reports in the Head Teachers‟ Offices. The aim was to check the performances of each child in
language activities. This is in accordance with Min and Wah who hold that over half of the population of
children with autism is affected by some sort of language impairments [20]. During this process pupils who had
average (50%) and below average (00-49%) scores were retained and those who had above average (50%) were
dropped as shown in TABLE 1. This is because they were considered as not having difficulties in
communication which is typical of children with autism.
The study also revealed that discussions between the researcher and the teachers of the children selected through
school records confirmed most of them as having characteristics of autism (i.e. speech/language difficulties,
impairment in social interaction and restrictive, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and interests) as shown in
TABLE 2. Discussions with the teachers was carried out based on the premise that teachers are very important
adults in learners‟ lives, and the fact that teachers are well placed to spot possible autism in school-age children
because they are experienced with the range of skills children present at a given age and can watch children
interacting together [16]. Also, Min and Wah concur that speech and language assessment for children with
autism typically comprises several elements, including behavioral observation of the child‟s communication
skills in free play [20]. The teachers testified that most of the children presented with deficits in communicative
behaviors and social interaction, and restrictive, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and interests.
Furthermore, it was found that parents‟ reports gotten through the administration of the developmental history
checklist confirmed that most of the children who were selected through school records and discussions with
their teachers manifested with symptoms of autism. This is in line with research findings that the use of multiple
assessment methods, which incorporate formal assessment, observation and parent‟s report, could generate a
more valid language profile for a child with autism as compared to the use of a single assessment technique.
This is supported by Min and Wah who maintain that this strategy is an alternative assessment protocol in a
setting with limited resources [20].
Again, it was discovered that most of the children were diagnosed as having autism after the administration of
the diagnostic test to their teachers (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, Fourth
Edition, Revised-Text [DSM-IV-TR]).This test was important because it provided a differential diagnosis of the
three most frequent ASDs (.i.e, autism, Asperger‟s syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not-
Otherwise Specified) and the researcher‟s intention was to diagnose children with autism. The DSM-IV-TR is
the most current version of the official diagnostic guide for diagnosing Mental Health Disorders such as autism
spectrum disorders (ASDs) and is being used as a diagnostic reference [21]. However, it has been revealed by
literature that no one assessment method or diagnostic criteria can reliably differentiate among the three core
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ASDs (that is, autism, Asperger‟s syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified), not
even the DSM-IV-TR. It is in line with this view that the researcher decided to design a questionnaire which
was completed by the teachers of the children to confirm the diagnosis of autism. Also, parent-report
instruments that characterize pragmatic difficulties on the autism spectrum can be complemented by teachers‟
reports in order to evaluate reliability [22]. Furthermore, this method (teacher rating) is useful because more
emphasis is placed on behavioral outcomes than on broad perceptions about a child‟s status [23].
It was realized that after administering the questionnaire to determine the pupils „communicative competence
with regards to speech production, expressive/receptive and verbal/nonverbal language skills to their teachers,
children identified as not having autism were dropped as shown on TABLE 5.This is because they presented
with less severe symptoms of autism with respect to their speech/language and communication behaviors. That
is, they had average scores, hence, were considered as having pervasive developmental disorder not-otherwise
specified. This supports the fact that the DSM-IV-TR has been criticized for not being able to reliably
differentiate between the three core ASDs. The indicators used were considered to be the most frequently used
to determine speech/language and communication problems and were appropriate for the pupils‟ level. The
purpose of using this instrument was to separate pupils with severe symptoms presentation in speech and
language from those with less severe symptoms. Fifteen children had below average scores in their
communicative behaviors and they were confirmed to have autism. This is confirmed by the fact that children
with autism do not use full words by age two nor meaningful phrases or sentences by age three [22]. Clearly,
schools play an important role in identifying children with developmental disorders such as autism [17].
Interestingly, it was found out that out of the total number of children diagnosed with autism most of them were
males. This finding conforms with CDC report which states that the prevalence of autism continues to differ
tremendously by gender, with boys about 4.5 times more likely to be affected than girls [9].
V. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the study, this procedure has systematically and reliably identified children with autism.
Therefore, it is recommended that this method be employed in identifying children with autism and the other
ASDs in regular classrooms in Cameroon and other resource constrained countries in Africa. This will ensure
that children with autism are diagnosed early and given individual attention during the teaching-learning
process. This will go a long way to reduce the challenge they face and also reduce the frustration their parents
and teachers go through.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We owe many thanks to parents and children who agreed to participate in my study. I am also grateful to the head teachers and staff of the
schools used in this study.
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