THE HUMAN BODY.ppt

1. Anatomy Overview

2. Introduction
• Body is composed of different organs/tissues
working together
• Minor injury/illness may damage only a specific body
part/function
• Serious injury or sudden illness can threaten vital
body functions
• Understanding human body can help you to
recognize effects of injuries/illnesses

3. Body Regions and Directions
• Special terms are used by healthcare
providers for body regions
• Directional/positional terms used to describe
relationship of body structures

4. Body Regions and Cavities
• Extremities refers to both arms and legs
• Thorax refers to chest area enclosed by the ribs
• Thoracic cavity is area inside chest
• Abdomen refers to area immediately below thoracic
cavity

5. Body Regions and Cavities continued
• Abdominal cavity includes: stomach, intestines, other
organs
• Pelvis refers to area below abdomen-- pelvic bones
between hip/lower spine
• Pelvic cavity contains bladder and other organs
• Spine, or spinal column, refers to bones of neck/back
and nerves, or spinal cord, that run through
vertebrae

6. Body Systems
• Organs have one or more specific functions
• The organs that work together for a specific
function are called a body system

7. Examples of Interrelated Body Systems
• Blood carries oxygen from lungs to body cells
• Nerve sensors detect amount of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the blood and speed up or slow down
heart beat /breathing to change oxygen level
• If body temperature drops, muscles in extremities
start shivering to produce heat, which is carried by
blood to vital organs

8. Respiratory

9. Functions of Respiratory System
• To bring air into lungs
• To allow oxygen from
air to circulation
• To remove carbon
dioxide from blood into
air breathed out
(exhaled)
• This process is called
respiration

10. Respiratory System: Primary Organs
• <Fig 3-3>

11. The Breathing Process
• Breathing depends on muscular movements under
control of nervous system:
– When the diaphragm contracts/moves down, thoracic
cavity/lungs expand, pulling air into lungs
– In lungs, oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves
blood
– When diaphragm relaxes/moves up, thoracic cavity
contracts, and air carrying carbon dioxide flows back out of
lungs

12. Cardiovascular

13. Functions of the Circulatory System
• To transport oxygen and nutrients in the blood to all
parts of body
• To remove carbon dioxide and other wastes

14. Cardiovascular System: Primary Organs
• Heart
• Blood
• Blood vessels

15. Pathway of Blood
• Ventricles pump blood through two loops or cycles in
body:
– Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs picking up oxygen
and releasing carbon dioxide
– Blood returns to left atrium, from which it moves to left
ventricle
– Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into body to
release oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide for removal
– Blood returns to right atrium, moving to right ventricle to
be pumped again to lungs

16. Pulses
• Pulsing blood pressure changes occur in
arteries that can be felt as pulse
• Commonly measured pulses:
– Carotid
– Femoral
– Radial
– Brachial

17. Heart Rate
• Heart rate, measured
as pulse, is affected by
many factors
• Average resting heart
rate in adult is
72beats/ minute
• Heart rate of infants
and children is higher
• With exercise, fever,
or emotional
excitement, heart rate
increases to meet
body’s greater need
for oxygen

18. Emergency Care Related to the
Cardiovascular System
• Cells begin to die in vital organs such as brain
after only a few minutes without oxygen
• Oxygen delivery diminished by injury/illness
affecting heart, blood, or blood vessels
• Severe bleeding leaves not enough blood in
circulation to provide body with oxygen
• Arterial bleeding is most severe - blood may spurt
out under pressure, leading to life-threatening
shock
• Bleeding from veins generally slower but can still
be serious or life-threatening if it continues
• Capillary bleeding usually minor and stops by
itself as blood clots

19. Musculoskeletal
System

20. Functions of the Musculoskeletal System
• Skeletal system provides shape/support for
body as a whole
• Muscles act on bones, allowing for movement
• Groups of bones protect vital internal organs:
– Ribs protect heart and lungs
– Skull protects brain
– Vertebrae protect spinal cord
– Pelvic bones protect bladder and other organs

21. Musculoskeletal System:
Primary Organs
• Bones
• Muscles
• Ligaments
• Tendons

22. Emergency Care Related to the
Musculoskeletal System
• Fracture
• dislocation
• Sprain
• Strain

23. Musculoskeletal Injuries Associated with
Other Injuries
• Vertebral fractures likely to injure spinal cord and
cause nervous system damage
• Fractures of femur often cause much soft-tissue
damage and bleeding
• Pelvis fracture may damage bladder/other organs in
pelvic cavity
• A skull fracture may cause brain damage

24. Nervous System

25. Nervous System:
Primary Organs
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Sensory receptors
• Nerves

26. Nervous System: Emergencies
• Head and spinal injuries
– Serious/life-threatening
• Injury to part of brain or stroke
– May destroy or impair one or more functions
• Damage to spinal cord
– Complete loss of function to body
area/paralysis

27. Other Body Systems

28. Integumentary System: Primary
Functions
• Protect body
• Help regulate body temperature
• Help prevent water loss
• Remove some body wastes
• Produce Vitamin D
• Sensation (i.e. touch, pressure, pain,
temperature)

29. Integumentary System: Emergencies
• Cuts and scrapes
– Bleeding
• Openings in skin
– Allow pathogens into body
• Heat and chemical burns
– Loss of body heat
– Loss of body fluid

30. Gastrointestinal System
• Digests food and
extracts nutrients
• Organs easily
injured by
traumatic forces

31. Functions of the Urinary System
• Removes metabolic
wastes from body in
urine
• Helps body maintain
fluid and electrolyte
balances

32. Urinary System
• Blood transports wastes
to kidneys
• Kidneys filter wastes
and produce urine

33. Urinary System
• Traumatic injury may
damage organs
– Look for blood in urine
• Health problems
– May cause change in
urination
• Dehydration
– Lack of urination

34. Thank you