This document discusses the current political tensions and issues facing women's rights in Morocco. It outlines some past gains, including successful legal reforms like the 2004 reforms to the Moudawana family code. However, authorities have made little progress implementing further constitutional reforms. A new generation of activists is working to sustain progress on gender equality and reform, but face opposition from social conservatives. The stakes are high, as Morocco ranks low on measures of gender equality and faces widening inequality gaps.
The significance and limits of ngos in human rights protection in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document provides a summary of a journal article that examines the significance and limits of NGOs in human rights protection in Nigeria. It begins with an introduction discussing the importance of human rights protection at the international, regional and domestic levels. It then provides a historical sketch of human rights NGOs at the international level and in Nigeria, noting that many emerged in Nigeria in response to human rights violations during periods of military rule. The document goes on to examine the imperative need for human rights NGOs, highlighting justifications such as governments' infidelity to human rights goals and the limitations of state-established human rights bodies. It also outlines some of the challenges facing human rights NGOs in Nigeria.
To defend democracy to prevent the advancement of fascism in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The advance of fascism in Brazil results from the fact that its economic, social and political organization finds itself in complete disintegration. The inability of the Brazilian government and political institutions in general to offer effective responses to overcoming the recessive economic crisis in which the Brazilian nation has been suffering since 2014 and overcoming unbridled corruption in all the powers of the Republic has contributed to the advancement of fascism as a solution to the problems of Brazil. In the escalation of fascism in Brazil, an alliance was made between the conservative elite and the fascists which was consummated with the support of the conservative elite to the candidate Jair Bolsonaro to the Presidency of the Republic that has a proposal of typically fascist government because his discourse is based on the cult explicit of order, state violence, authoritarian government practices, social disregard for vulnerable and fragile groups, and anti-communism.
The increase in political instability as well as anarchy and anomie in the world is a prominent feature of politics
in the 21rst century.It has dire consequences for the population in the country torn apart by cilvil war or anarchy.
It consequences for the handling of the climate change question and the general problem of environmental
degradation. Global ecology coordination can only work if the participating governments lead strong states. The
more governments have to concentrate upon anarchy or civil wars, the less the time and resources would be
available for environmental policy-making and ecological protection. And environmental destruction tends to
worsen in countries that are not “well-ordered” (Rawls, 1971), as ecological laws are disobeyed and natural
resources dissipated until exhaustion or annihilation
This document discusses civil society and governance in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It begins with introducing the concepts of civil society and defining it as the sphere between the state, family, and market that includes organizations like NGOs, community groups, and unions. It then provides background on DRC's political context, emerging from dictatorship in the 1990s. The document goes on to further define civil society and governance, discussing how civil society can influence governance through collective action and advocacy. It aims to analyze the Congolese civil society environment and challenges, and make recommendations to strengthen its role in governance.
“Freedom in the World 2010: Erosion of Freedom Intensifies” details the trends identified in Freedom in the World 2010, including global and regional gains and setbacks for freedom. .
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=505
Lecture pucl-challenges to democracy-long versionsabrangsabrang
The document discusses challenges facing Indian democracy in recent times. It summarizes that since 2014, India has witnessed a gradual dismantling of accountability mechanisms established by the constitution. Elections continue but rules have been changed, undermining free and fair polls. The opposition and parliament have been undermined. Institutions like the judiciary face interference. Academia, media and civil society face attacks, weakening checks on power. Overall, it argues the country is seeing a shift towards a majoritarian form of governance that threatens the secular and egalitarian foundations of the constitution.
The significance and limits of ngos in human rights protection in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document provides a summary of a journal article that examines the significance and limits of NGOs in human rights protection in Nigeria. It begins with an introduction discussing the importance of human rights protection at the international, regional and domestic levels. It then provides a historical sketch of human rights NGOs at the international level and in Nigeria, noting that many emerged in Nigeria in response to human rights violations during periods of military rule. The document goes on to examine the imperative need for human rights NGOs, highlighting justifications such as governments' infidelity to human rights goals and the limitations of state-established human rights bodies. It also outlines some of the challenges facing human rights NGOs in Nigeria.
To defend democracy to prevent the advancement of fascism in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The advance of fascism in Brazil results from the fact that its economic, social and political organization finds itself in complete disintegration. The inability of the Brazilian government and political institutions in general to offer effective responses to overcoming the recessive economic crisis in which the Brazilian nation has been suffering since 2014 and overcoming unbridled corruption in all the powers of the Republic has contributed to the advancement of fascism as a solution to the problems of Brazil. In the escalation of fascism in Brazil, an alliance was made between the conservative elite and the fascists which was consummated with the support of the conservative elite to the candidate Jair Bolsonaro to the Presidency of the Republic that has a proposal of typically fascist government because his discourse is based on the cult explicit of order, state violence, authoritarian government practices, social disregard for vulnerable and fragile groups, and anti-communism.
The increase in political instability as well as anarchy and anomie in the world is a prominent feature of politics
in the 21rst century.It has dire consequences for the population in the country torn apart by cilvil war or anarchy.
It consequences for the handling of the climate change question and the general problem of environmental
degradation. Global ecology coordination can only work if the participating governments lead strong states. The
more governments have to concentrate upon anarchy or civil wars, the less the time and resources would be
available for environmental policy-making and ecological protection. And environmental destruction tends to
worsen in countries that are not “well-ordered” (Rawls, 1971), as ecological laws are disobeyed and natural
resources dissipated until exhaustion or annihilation
This document discusses civil society and governance in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It begins with introducing the concepts of civil society and defining it as the sphere between the state, family, and market that includes organizations like NGOs, community groups, and unions. It then provides background on DRC's political context, emerging from dictatorship in the 1990s. The document goes on to further define civil society and governance, discussing how civil society can influence governance through collective action and advocacy. It aims to analyze the Congolese civil society environment and challenges, and make recommendations to strengthen its role in governance.
“Freedom in the World 2010: Erosion of Freedom Intensifies” details the trends identified in Freedom in the World 2010, including global and regional gains and setbacks for freedom. .
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=505
Lecture pucl-challenges to democracy-long versionsabrangsabrang
The document discusses challenges facing Indian democracy in recent times. It summarizes that since 2014, India has witnessed a gradual dismantling of accountability mechanisms established by the constitution. Elections continue but rules have been changed, undermining free and fair polls. The opposition and parliament have been undermined. Institutions like the judiciary face interference. Academia, media and civil society face attacks, weakening checks on power. Overall, it argues the country is seeing a shift towards a majoritarian form of governance that threatens the secular and egalitarian foundations of the constitution.
Democratic Governance and the Challenge of State Reconstruction in Africa: Re...Kayode Fayemi
The document discusses democratic governance and challenges of state reconstruction in Africa. It argues that democratic governance is critical for legitimacy and viability of states. It reviews indicators and benchmarks for democracy and good governance in NEPAD's peer review mechanism. Some key points made include:
- Governance reforms since 1990 have shown progress but more work is needed for transparent, trusted, and accountable states.
- Constitutions should express the will of the people, not just validate power, but many post-colonial constitutions sanctioned unaccountable power.
- There is now a shift toward "constitutionalism" where constitutions are tools for consensus and reflect society, not just state power.
- "Governance"
1. The document discusses the relationship between education and democracy. It argues that education plays an important role in developing democratic citizenship and promoting democratic values.
2. It defines democracy as a system of government where power lies with the people. The core principles of democracy include dignity of the individual, equality, political and social liberties.
3. Preparing students for democracy is a key goal of education. Education for democracy involves developing personality, leadership skills, vocational efficiency, and democratic citizenship through understanding and internalizing democratic philosophies.
This document discusses the organization and theories of bureaucracy. It begins by defining bureaucracy and exploring Max Weber's view of bureaucracy as a rational model of administration. It then examines three main theories of bureaucracy: the liberal/rational administrative model, the conservative/power bloc model, and the New Right/government oversupply model. The document also outlines the typical organization of a government bureaucracy, including departments, divisions, and non-departmental public bodies like regulatory agencies. Overall, the document provides an overview of the nature, concepts, structure, and theories related to public sector bureaucracy.
The document discusses the oppression of minorities in Pakistan. It notes that since Pakistan's inception, successive regimes have violated the rights of minorities as enshrined in international standards. Minorities like Hindus, Christians, Ahmadis and Shias have faced discrimination, violence and forced conversions. The root cause is a lack of enlightened leadership and the influence of extremist Islamic groups on politicians seeking power. However, liberal forces now have an opportunity in the upcoming elections to promote progressive values of democracy, pluralism and human rights by appealing to Pakistan's original syncretic traditions and sidelining corrupt political elements.
The document discusses how democracies can yield non-democratic outcomes when preconditions for democracy are missing or manipulated. It analyzes theories of democracy and compares the US and India. Regarding the US, it summarizes research arguing the US has become a "plutonomy" dominated by wealthy elites who use wealth to influence politics through campaign donations and media. Engineered consent and "Astroturf" groups are discussed as tools used to shape public opinion and policy debates, such as labeling the Affordable Care Act as "Obamacare".
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Students of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
Civil society groups in the Philippines have shown influence in some areas of policy advocacy and governance reform, such as procurement reform, but have remained largely inactive on other legislative measures. For example, the Transparency and Accountability Network has proposed bills to restructure the country's tax collection agency and provide for freedom of access to information. However, there are no laws to protect whistleblowers, compromising accountability. Civil society played a role in the ouster of former President Estrada and his replacement's reform agenda included accountability reforms, showing that civil society and the state need to collaborate to achieve anti-corruption goals. The Philippines has a tradition of civil society involvement in policy issues, so advocating for accountability reforms should not be difficult
Economic and social democracy : the role of access to information – Vishwas S...Ina Smith
This document discusses the role of access to information in building economic and social democracy. It argues that true democracy comes from empowering citizens and popular participation, not just representative models. While representative democracy has issues like corporate influence, inequality, and environmental crises, examples from history and around the world show a resurgence of "democracy from below" through activism, social movements, and participatory institutions. The document advocates strengthening these types of grassroots democratic practices in South Africa, such as solidarity economy networks, climate justice campaigns, and utilizing public libraries as community hubs of information and dialogue.
The document discusses Pakistan's struggle with democracy since independence. It notes the role of the two-nation theory in the creation of Pakistan and the ideological debate around establishing an Islamic system versus secularism. It analyzes how the military has repeatedly intervened in government due to issues of national security and democracy acting "naughty." It questions why democracy has failed to take root in Pakistan and analyzes power structures like the influence of the armed forces, which are seen as above the law, threatening national security and democracy.
Civil society consists of non-governmental organizations and citizen groups that work outside of government but in the public arena to represent citizen interests. It aims to give voice to underrepresented communities and provide alternative services and policies. Governance now involves more shared power and citizen participation beyond just government control. The Philippine constitution and laws have provisions supporting civil society's role. Civil society groups have evolved from social activism to professionalization while some have been co-opted by government. The party-list system and appointments give civil society representation within government to decentralize power.
1. Government reforms aim to increase efficiency and effectiveness while reducing costs and limiting bureaucratic power.
2. Major reform movements have occurred globally since the 1980s due to factors such as public dissatisfaction, economic crises, and transitions to democracy.
3. Examples of recent government reforms discussed include those in Malaysia, France, Liberia, Mexico, and the U.S. aimed at issues like anti-corruption, administrative restructuring, civil service changes, and promoting transparency and accountability.
The document discusses democracy, providing definitions, types, principles, merits, and demerits. It defines democracy as a system of government where citizens participate in political decision making either directly or indirectly through representatives. There are two main types: direct democracy, where citizens directly participate in decision making; and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. Key principles of democracy discussed include people as the supreme power, liberty, equality, rule of law, and welfare states. The document also outlines some merits like responsible government and peaceful transfers of power, as well as some demerits like potential oligarchy and expense.
This document provides an introduction to democracy by summarizing its origins in ancient Athens and distinguishing it from modern democracy. It begins by explaining that democracy first emerged in ancient Greece as rule by the people through direct citizen participation. However, citizenship was limited to free male landowners. Modern democracy involves indirect rule through elected representatives and protects minority rights, unlike ancient democracies which sometimes formed tyrannies of the majority. It then outlines the key criteria for distinguishing democracies today, including free elections, civil liberties, and constitutional limits on government power. The document concludes by explaining democracy faces a universal tension between liberty and order that constitutions aim to balance.
The document provides an overview of bureaucracy, including:
1. Bureaucracy refers to the organizational structure, procedures and regulations that manage activity in large organizations and government. It is characterized by standardized procedures, formal division of powers, and hierarchy.
2. Bureaucracies traditionally enact policy created by leadership. However, interpretation and execution of policy can informally influence outcomes.
3. The evolution of bureaucracy in the Philippines involved changes under Spanish colonial rule, the Philippine Revolution, American rule, and the postwar Philippine Republic. Characteristics include vulnerability to nepotism and perpetuation of patronage.
4. For bureaucracy to support democracy, it must balance technical expertise with accountability, dispers
The document discusses the role of local government in development in the Philippines. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the different levels of local government and their functions. It then provides background on decentralization and the establishment of local government units in the Philippines from the Spanish colonial period to the present Local Government Code. It describes the hierarchy of local government units from barangays up to provinces and their roles in providing services, development initiatives, and social welfare. In conclusion, it presents guiding questions for analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of decentralization in the Philippines.
Group rights, group cultural identity and democracyFlora Kadriu
Abstract. The aim of this paper is to delve into the topic of human rights, consequently showing that the fight for recognising the cultural identity develops through the system of human rights. Specifically speaking, the latter is achieved through civil and political rights, individual rights, and the first-generation rights. Individual’s collective practices for cultural self-identification develop exactly through the civil rights, namely, the right of self-determination. The collective identity and practices also influence and determine the political system. Therefore, in this paper I direct the focus towards the democratic form of the political system of segmented or pluralistic multicultural societies and countries. The implication of this paper is that the consociational democracy (or consensual according to some authors), as a democratic and political system in multi-cultural societies, and cultural diversity in politics are tightly intertwined with the source of their rights, i.e. the human rights system. Keywords: human rights, civil and political rights, individual and collective identity, consociational democracy.
The document discusses different aspects of democracy including its origins and definitions. It outlines Robert Dahl's characteristics of democracy and Arend Lijphart's models of majoritarian and consensus democracy. It also examines conditions essential for democracy, such as control of the military by elected officials and measures used to evaluate countries' levels of democracy. Finally, it explores perspectives on democratization processes and factors that influence a country's transition to democracy.
Democracy originated from the Greek words "demos" meaning people and "kratos" meaning rule. The world's first democracy was in Athens in the 5th century BC. Key figures during the Enlightenment like Locke and Montesquieu influenced the rise of democracy. There are three basic forms - direct democracy, representative democracy, and liberal democracy. The pillars of democracy include sovereignty of the people, consent of the governed, majority rule with minority rights, and civil/human rights protections. Democracy aims to have a government that serves the people through rights like voting, free speech, and fair elections.
Married and Unmarried Women Running Away From Home: An Analysis of Afghan Cri...Mohammad Yahya
Abstract: There is a special phenomenon that has been affecting Afghan society during past years that requires legal and cultural attention i.e. – girls and women running away from home without the permission of their families or husbands. These girls and women are often not only expelled from their families violently because of their actions, but also face severe criminal charge, based on some controversial judicial procedures and Sharia interpretations adopted by the Afghan prosecutors and judges. The current research paper will discuss whether any legal authority exists for the arrest, prosecution, conviction and punishment of a woman for running away under the current state of the law in Afghanistan
and from a Sharia‐based criminal justice perspective. This paper will also discuss the Afghan community’s reaction to this issue and the social impact and stress on women if who run away from home.
Author: Mohammad Yahya Massoudy *
Editor: Dr. Michael Kilchling
This document is an introduction to a dissertation investigating how Israeli citizenship constructs women's place in society as mothers. It begins by defining citizenship as consisting of three pillars - participation, rights, and identity. It then discusses how citizenship has traditionally been a masculine concept focused on military service and exclusion of women. The introduction explores the public/private divide and its gendering effects. It previews how the dissertation will analyze how Israel's republican citizenship model, religious influences, and emphasis on military service have crafted women's role as fulfilling their duty through motherhood rather than equal citizenship. The introduction establishes the theoretical framework that will be used to examine how Israeli citizenship discriminates against women.
This document discusses Valuence, a company that provides financial reporting and accounting services. It highlights six key reasons why Valuence is a preferred choice for these services: 1) It helps achieve more efficient processes in terms of time and cost. 2) It offers very cost efficient solutions while maintaining quality. 3) It provides 24/7 support to meet deadlines. 4) It is dependable and strives to meet spoken and unspoken client requirements. 5) It offers flexible engagement models to meet client needs and budgets. 6) It is committed to delivering excellence through experienced professionals. The document encourages connecting with Tarun Kumar for more details on Valuence's services and benefits.
Jessica is the Head of Retail Sales Marketing at Hershey's and has worked there for 5 years. Her goals are to keep retail partners happy, promote new products, and maintain respect for the Hershey brand. She travels over 40 hours a week to stores in her region and works to change product placements. She builds relationships with retailers and customers to help sales grow while addressing concerns about obesity and maintaining a balanced lifestyle.
Democratic Governance and the Challenge of State Reconstruction in Africa: Re...Kayode Fayemi
The document discusses democratic governance and challenges of state reconstruction in Africa. It argues that democratic governance is critical for legitimacy and viability of states. It reviews indicators and benchmarks for democracy and good governance in NEPAD's peer review mechanism. Some key points made include:
- Governance reforms since 1990 have shown progress but more work is needed for transparent, trusted, and accountable states.
- Constitutions should express the will of the people, not just validate power, but many post-colonial constitutions sanctioned unaccountable power.
- There is now a shift toward "constitutionalism" where constitutions are tools for consensus and reflect society, not just state power.
- "Governance"
1. The document discusses the relationship between education and democracy. It argues that education plays an important role in developing democratic citizenship and promoting democratic values.
2. It defines democracy as a system of government where power lies with the people. The core principles of democracy include dignity of the individual, equality, political and social liberties.
3. Preparing students for democracy is a key goal of education. Education for democracy involves developing personality, leadership skills, vocational efficiency, and democratic citizenship through understanding and internalizing democratic philosophies.
This document discusses the organization and theories of bureaucracy. It begins by defining bureaucracy and exploring Max Weber's view of bureaucracy as a rational model of administration. It then examines three main theories of bureaucracy: the liberal/rational administrative model, the conservative/power bloc model, and the New Right/government oversupply model. The document also outlines the typical organization of a government bureaucracy, including departments, divisions, and non-departmental public bodies like regulatory agencies. Overall, the document provides an overview of the nature, concepts, structure, and theories related to public sector bureaucracy.
The document discusses the oppression of minorities in Pakistan. It notes that since Pakistan's inception, successive regimes have violated the rights of minorities as enshrined in international standards. Minorities like Hindus, Christians, Ahmadis and Shias have faced discrimination, violence and forced conversions. The root cause is a lack of enlightened leadership and the influence of extremist Islamic groups on politicians seeking power. However, liberal forces now have an opportunity in the upcoming elections to promote progressive values of democracy, pluralism and human rights by appealing to Pakistan's original syncretic traditions and sidelining corrupt political elements.
The document discusses how democracies can yield non-democratic outcomes when preconditions for democracy are missing or manipulated. It analyzes theories of democracy and compares the US and India. Regarding the US, it summarizes research arguing the US has become a "plutonomy" dominated by wealthy elites who use wealth to influence politics through campaign donations and media. Engineered consent and "Astroturf" groups are discussed as tools used to shape public opinion and policy debates, such as labeling the Affordable Care Act as "Obamacare".
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Students of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
Civil society groups in the Philippines have shown influence in some areas of policy advocacy and governance reform, such as procurement reform, but have remained largely inactive on other legislative measures. For example, the Transparency and Accountability Network has proposed bills to restructure the country's tax collection agency and provide for freedom of access to information. However, there are no laws to protect whistleblowers, compromising accountability. Civil society played a role in the ouster of former President Estrada and his replacement's reform agenda included accountability reforms, showing that civil society and the state need to collaborate to achieve anti-corruption goals. The Philippines has a tradition of civil society involvement in policy issues, so advocating for accountability reforms should not be difficult
Economic and social democracy : the role of access to information – Vishwas S...Ina Smith
This document discusses the role of access to information in building economic and social democracy. It argues that true democracy comes from empowering citizens and popular participation, not just representative models. While representative democracy has issues like corporate influence, inequality, and environmental crises, examples from history and around the world show a resurgence of "democracy from below" through activism, social movements, and participatory institutions. The document advocates strengthening these types of grassroots democratic practices in South Africa, such as solidarity economy networks, climate justice campaigns, and utilizing public libraries as community hubs of information and dialogue.
The document discusses Pakistan's struggle with democracy since independence. It notes the role of the two-nation theory in the creation of Pakistan and the ideological debate around establishing an Islamic system versus secularism. It analyzes how the military has repeatedly intervened in government due to issues of national security and democracy acting "naughty." It questions why democracy has failed to take root in Pakistan and analyzes power structures like the influence of the armed forces, which are seen as above the law, threatening national security and democracy.
Civil society consists of non-governmental organizations and citizen groups that work outside of government but in the public arena to represent citizen interests. It aims to give voice to underrepresented communities and provide alternative services and policies. Governance now involves more shared power and citizen participation beyond just government control. The Philippine constitution and laws have provisions supporting civil society's role. Civil society groups have evolved from social activism to professionalization while some have been co-opted by government. The party-list system and appointments give civil society representation within government to decentralize power.
1. Government reforms aim to increase efficiency and effectiveness while reducing costs and limiting bureaucratic power.
2. Major reform movements have occurred globally since the 1980s due to factors such as public dissatisfaction, economic crises, and transitions to democracy.
3. Examples of recent government reforms discussed include those in Malaysia, France, Liberia, Mexico, and the U.S. aimed at issues like anti-corruption, administrative restructuring, civil service changes, and promoting transparency and accountability.
The document discusses democracy, providing definitions, types, principles, merits, and demerits. It defines democracy as a system of government where citizens participate in political decision making either directly or indirectly through representatives. There are two main types: direct democracy, where citizens directly participate in decision making; and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. Key principles of democracy discussed include people as the supreme power, liberty, equality, rule of law, and welfare states. The document also outlines some merits like responsible government and peaceful transfers of power, as well as some demerits like potential oligarchy and expense.
This document provides an introduction to democracy by summarizing its origins in ancient Athens and distinguishing it from modern democracy. It begins by explaining that democracy first emerged in ancient Greece as rule by the people through direct citizen participation. However, citizenship was limited to free male landowners. Modern democracy involves indirect rule through elected representatives and protects minority rights, unlike ancient democracies which sometimes formed tyrannies of the majority. It then outlines the key criteria for distinguishing democracies today, including free elections, civil liberties, and constitutional limits on government power. The document concludes by explaining democracy faces a universal tension between liberty and order that constitutions aim to balance.
The document provides an overview of bureaucracy, including:
1. Bureaucracy refers to the organizational structure, procedures and regulations that manage activity in large organizations and government. It is characterized by standardized procedures, formal division of powers, and hierarchy.
2. Bureaucracies traditionally enact policy created by leadership. However, interpretation and execution of policy can informally influence outcomes.
3. The evolution of bureaucracy in the Philippines involved changes under Spanish colonial rule, the Philippine Revolution, American rule, and the postwar Philippine Republic. Characteristics include vulnerability to nepotism and perpetuation of patronage.
4. For bureaucracy to support democracy, it must balance technical expertise with accountability, dispers
The document discusses the role of local government in development in the Philippines. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the different levels of local government and their functions. It then provides background on decentralization and the establishment of local government units in the Philippines from the Spanish colonial period to the present Local Government Code. It describes the hierarchy of local government units from barangays up to provinces and their roles in providing services, development initiatives, and social welfare. In conclusion, it presents guiding questions for analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of decentralization in the Philippines.
Group rights, group cultural identity and democracyFlora Kadriu
Abstract. The aim of this paper is to delve into the topic of human rights, consequently showing that the fight for recognising the cultural identity develops through the system of human rights. Specifically speaking, the latter is achieved through civil and political rights, individual rights, and the first-generation rights. Individual’s collective practices for cultural self-identification develop exactly through the civil rights, namely, the right of self-determination. The collective identity and practices also influence and determine the political system. Therefore, in this paper I direct the focus towards the democratic form of the political system of segmented or pluralistic multicultural societies and countries. The implication of this paper is that the consociational democracy (or consensual according to some authors), as a democratic and political system in multi-cultural societies, and cultural diversity in politics are tightly intertwined with the source of their rights, i.e. the human rights system. Keywords: human rights, civil and political rights, individual and collective identity, consociational democracy.
The document discusses different aspects of democracy including its origins and definitions. It outlines Robert Dahl's characteristics of democracy and Arend Lijphart's models of majoritarian and consensus democracy. It also examines conditions essential for democracy, such as control of the military by elected officials and measures used to evaluate countries' levels of democracy. Finally, it explores perspectives on democratization processes and factors that influence a country's transition to democracy.
Democracy originated from the Greek words "demos" meaning people and "kratos" meaning rule. The world's first democracy was in Athens in the 5th century BC. Key figures during the Enlightenment like Locke and Montesquieu influenced the rise of democracy. There are three basic forms - direct democracy, representative democracy, and liberal democracy. The pillars of democracy include sovereignty of the people, consent of the governed, majority rule with minority rights, and civil/human rights protections. Democracy aims to have a government that serves the people through rights like voting, free speech, and fair elections.
Married and Unmarried Women Running Away From Home: An Analysis of Afghan Cri...Mohammad Yahya
Abstract: There is a special phenomenon that has been affecting Afghan society during past years that requires legal and cultural attention i.e. – girls and women running away from home without the permission of their families or husbands. These girls and women are often not only expelled from their families violently because of their actions, but also face severe criminal charge, based on some controversial judicial procedures and Sharia interpretations adopted by the Afghan prosecutors and judges. The current research paper will discuss whether any legal authority exists for the arrest, prosecution, conviction and punishment of a woman for running away under the current state of the law in Afghanistan
and from a Sharia‐based criminal justice perspective. This paper will also discuss the Afghan community’s reaction to this issue and the social impact and stress on women if who run away from home.
Author: Mohammad Yahya Massoudy *
Editor: Dr. Michael Kilchling
This document is an introduction to a dissertation investigating how Israeli citizenship constructs women's place in society as mothers. It begins by defining citizenship as consisting of three pillars - participation, rights, and identity. It then discusses how citizenship has traditionally been a masculine concept focused on military service and exclusion of women. The introduction explores the public/private divide and its gendering effects. It previews how the dissertation will analyze how Israel's republican citizenship model, religious influences, and emphasis on military service have crafted women's role as fulfilling their duty through motherhood rather than equal citizenship. The introduction establishes the theoretical framework that will be used to examine how Israeli citizenship discriminates against women.
This document discusses Valuence, a company that provides financial reporting and accounting services. It highlights six key reasons why Valuence is a preferred choice for these services: 1) It helps achieve more efficient processes in terms of time and cost. 2) It offers very cost efficient solutions while maintaining quality. 3) It provides 24/7 support to meet deadlines. 4) It is dependable and strives to meet spoken and unspoken client requirements. 5) It offers flexible engagement models to meet client needs and budgets. 6) It is committed to delivering excellence through experienced professionals. The document encourages connecting with Tarun Kumar for more details on Valuence's services and benefits.
Jessica is the Head of Retail Sales Marketing at Hershey's and has worked there for 5 years. Her goals are to keep retail partners happy, promote new products, and maintain respect for the Hershey brand. She travels over 40 hours a week to stores in her region and works to change product placements. She builds relationships with retailers and customers to help sales grow while addressing concerns about obesity and maintaining a balanced lifestyle.
This document provides a summary of Rushdy Ibrahim Kamal Kamel's personal and professional details. It includes his contact information, education history, skills, work experience, and notable projects. Rushdy has over 15 years of experience in software development using technologies like C#, .NET, SQL Server, AngularJS, and Ionic. He currently works as a Senior Software Engineer at DashSoft and has worked on projects for clients in various industries.
Mary is a recent college graduate working as a server who is looking for a marketing job. She wants to balance her career and personal life, keep herself happy, and find a career she loves right out of college. Hershey's can help by tweeting about marketing careers to reach graduates like Mary. Common concerns for Mary include starting a career that takes away from her personal life and having to relocate every couple years. Hershey's messaging addresses helping women have both a family and great career, and allows employees to choose their location after the first year.
Under the rule of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in Turkey, the country has experienced a rise in conservatism that threatens women's and human rights advances. While the AKP pursued economic reforms and growth in its early years, it has more recently implemented a socially conservative agenda. Turkish women's rights groups are now focused on addressing issues of gender-based violence, low women's labor force participation, and low political participation. They increasingly find themselves defending existing progressive laws and policies against the rising tide of conservatism. Despite challenges, the women's movement remains an important voice for reform in Turkey.
The document describes "The Chocolate Lovers", a group that loves eating chocolate from the Hershey's Company without discrimination. Their goals are to discover new chocolates, maintain respect for Hershey's, and consume chocolate in a balanced, healthy way. They help by educating people on moderation and balance while enjoying Hershey's treats.
Organisasi PBB didirikan pada tahun 1945 untuk menjaga perdamaian dunia setelah kegagalan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. Tujuan utamanya meliputi menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan, memajukan HAM, dan membantu pembangunan ekonomi serta lingkungan. Organisasi ini terdiri dari berbagai badan seperti Majelis Umum, Dewan Keamanan, serta organisasi khusus seperti WHO, UNICEF, FAO, dan UNESCO.
This document provides a curriculum vitae for Dr. D. Theertha Prasad that outlines his academic and professional experience. It includes information on his educational background such as obtaining a B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Mysore. It also details his professional roles including currently serving as a Professor and University Head in the Department of Biotechnology at the University of Agricultural Sciences. The CV outlines his extensive experience in teaching, research, and administrative roles at various academic institutions.
Know More About The Vehicle Warning LightsOrange Motors
If something goes wrong in the vehicle, warning lights on the vehicle dashboard blinks to warn us. Some problems are urgent and need to be fixed as soon as possible. And some problems are there to warn us that may become fatal if not repaired even after the warning. Some lights are for the driver information only. Have you experienced ever? Well, most of the drivers are not aware about all the warning lights displayed. Check the slide here to know about these warning lights in detail.
Morocco Program 2014-2015 - Academic Magazine (digital)Anass EL Yamani
This article analyzes the effect of government policies on female political participation in Morocco using Dahl's five criteria of democracy. While women have legal rights to participate, cultural and religious factors constrain effective participation. Quotas have increased the number of women in politics but they mainly occupy lower levels and decision-making positions remains low. Education initiatives have improved political knowledge but control of the political agenda remains limited due to their positions. Overall, government policies have made some progress but more is needed to achieve equality and overcome constraints to fully realize democratic participation for women.
The document discusses challenges to promoting the rule of law in sub-Saharan Africa and proposes potential solutions. It notes that while rule of law institutions are more established in Western democracies, sub-Saharan African countries had to use informal means during independence movements against colonial powers. Now, these "cause and movement" legacies disrupt effective democracy and allow corruption to thrive complexly. However, societies' informal nature could be harnessed to promote rule of law through education on platforms like radio, social media, and schools. In countries facing threats, leveraging technology and globalization could spread rule of law information, for example through mobile ads in highly subscribed countries. Advocates should identify how each society's aspects could
This document discusses the impact of extremism on Jordanian women. It outlines Jordan's accomplishments in advancing women's rights through new laws and regulations, as well as increased political participation. However, extremism threatens these gains by promoting misogynistic views. Extremism affects women's self-image and mindsets of youth. The media plays a key role in countering extremist ideas and promoting women's empowerment. Political leadership, through initiatives like Amman's Message, also aims to promote tolerance and moderation over extremism. Overall, the rise of extremism undermines women's rights in Jordan, threatening hard-won legal and social progress. Coordinated efforts are needed across society to address both the ideological roots
This document summarizes a talk given by Virada Somswasdi on the challenges of legalizing prostitution in Thailand. The key points are:
1) There is a push by the Thai government to legalize prostitution to gain tax revenue from the underground $4.3 billion sex industry. However, feminists argue this commodifies women and ignores exploitation.
2) While some argue for decriminalizing prostituted women, legalizing prostitution itself would treat it as legitimate work rather than acknowledge its harms. Most women enter due to lack of options rather than real choice.
3) Prostitution reflects patriarchal values that reduce women to objects of male sexual desires. It
This document provides an introduction to a study on the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (UNCEDAW) and its impact on women's socio-political rights in the South-South region of Nigeria from 1999-2010. It discusses the historical discrimination and lack of rights faced by women globally and in Nigeria under customary laws and statutes. It outlines Nigeria's ratification of UNCEDAW in 1985 and submission of periodic reports to the Committee on CEDAW to assess progress on eliminating discrimination against women. However, it notes that submission of reports does not clearly demonstrate enhanced rights or roles for women in practice.
This document provides background and discussion questions for debates on whether democracy has brought blind hope to three African countries: Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa. For each country, it summarizes key political and social issues, such as economic inequality in South Africa, post-election violence and corruption in Kenya, and women's rights issues in Ghana. The debates aim to explore how the realities of democracy interact with these challenges and whether the system has fulfilled its promises of freedom and equality.
The African Debate: Money, Power and Sex; Has democracy Blinded the Hopes Of ...Nana Acquaye
The document provides background and context for debates on whether democracy has brought blind hope to three African countries: Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa. It discusses the disenchantment with democracy in Africa as its promises of freedom and equality have not been fully realized. For each country, it outlines some key political and economic issues, such as inequality in South Africa, post-election violence in Kenya, and lack of women's emancipation in Ghana. It then proposes debate questions on these topics to examine if democracy has delivered on its promises or if alternative systems of governance should be considered.
Fighting Still: Perspectives on Economic, Social and Political Independence i...Lenin Tinashe Chisaira
Any frank and democratic discussion on Zimbabwe’s independence is crucial because the people have mainly been targeted by state-sanctioned events and a mainstream media that over-exaggerates the sanctity of political independence. An independence without economic justice or social emancipation.
Women Electoral Quotas: Global Trend and Comparison with PakistanCPDI
Women's empowerment is a complex and evolving concept that is constantly being
defined, and re-defined.1 Empowerment is simply a political process of granting human
rights and social justice to disadvantaged groups of people. Women's empowerment is
said to be women’s increased access to material resources such as land, income,
availability of decent employment opportunities with good working conditions, access to
power through representation in political and decision-making bodies, the freedom to
make choices in life, enjoyment of basic rights granted in the constitution and
international agreements, equal access to quality education and health facilities,
mobility to be able to access various facilities, and control over one's body, sexuality
and reproductive choices.................
Visti WIE website https://pakvoter.org/wie/
#womenelectoral #quotas #womenelectoralquotas #pakistanpolitics #pakpoliticalsystem
This document summarizes a study on Zimbabwean women's involvement in conflict transformation, peacebuilding, and political transitions. It outlines how Zimbabwean women have long played an active role in the country's politics, from fighting colonialism to advocating for women's rights after independence. While important laws were adopted early on to promote women's rights, political polarization and economic crisis from 2000-2008 weakened the women's movement. However, women remained engaged in struggles for equal rights and constitutional reforms. The study examines women's experiences with violence, their participation in politics and peace processes, and challenges faced in advocating for women's issues in Zimbabwe.
Women's Social Advocacy: An Increase in Institutional Participation Lucero Flores
Women in Iran have been advocating for increased social and political rights through various movements. While some women have gained positions in parliament and government, they often uphold conservative values. Grassroots organizations lead campaigns to gain women's suffrage and equality. Movements use social media and petitions to push for allowing women at sporting events and reforming discriminatory family laws. Supreme Leader Khamenei opposes reducing the role of hijab and increasing Western influence, posing structural barriers to women's advocacy. Younger generations of girls continue fighting for freedoms and cultural change through education and technology.
1. The conflict in Egypt has its roots in decades of authoritarian rule under Hosni Mubarak and the popular uprisings of the Arab Spring in 2011 that led to his removal.
2. This sparked a power struggle between former president Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood, liberal and secular groups, and the military, leading to Morsi's ouster by the military in 2013.
3. The situation can be analyzed through realism, liberalism, and social constructivism lenses, with social constructivism emphasizing how new communication technologies and the spread of ideas influenced identities and political change in Egypt.
Women of Egyptian revolution- Credemus Associates-Jamila Boughelaf
Women played a crucial role in the Egyptian revolution through both their physical participation in protests and their use of social media. While women faced obstacles like gender discrimination and lack of political representation, many emerged as leaders of the revolution by organizing demonstrations online and in person. Social media helped spread awareness of the movement and connect women internally and internationally, though post-revolution women's voices have receded. Ongoing challenges include increasing women's political participation and challenging social norms, but new technologies and united activism can help advance women's rights and role in society.
The african union, the transformation and challenges of a continentAlexander Decker
The African Union (AU) was established in 2002 to replace the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and promote greater unity among African states. The AU introduced new policies allowing intervention in member states during humanitarian crises. However, the AU still struggles with balancing national sovereignty and continental goals. While the AU has elaborate institutions, their effectiveness is limited by weak authority. The AU aims to promote democracy, human rights, and development, but faces ongoing challenges in implementing concrete reforms and holding states accountable.
The Power of You is an article that highlights the power of an individual and the youth to improve the Human Rights of Women and the Power of Youth in improving society.
"Gender Equality and the Economic Empowerment of Women" by Dr. McLarenGandhi Legacy Tour
Dr. Margaret McLaren, Department of Philosophy and Religion, Rollins Collins, Orlando Florida has partaken in two Gandhi Legacy Tour of India trips and the Satyagraha Tour of South Africa journey with Dr. Arun Gandhi. She has visited India many times on her own including a two week stay in Ahmedabad to further study the SEWA (Self Employed Women's Association) organizational model.
She gave permission for Gandhi Legacy Tour to share the following published paper on "Gender Equality and the Economic Empowerment of Women." She illustrates the connection between women's economic empowerment and the resulting overall improvement of quality of life by looking at the models of Marketplace of India and SEWA two of the organizations she connected with while on the Gandhi Legacy Tour of India.
http://www.gandhitour.info/india
http://www.gandhitour.info/handwork-of-india/
http://www.gandhitour.info/sewa-india-ahmedabad/
The document discusses the role of women in Indonesia's transition to democracy following the 1998 fall of authoritarian leader Suharto. It notes that women played a pioneering role in early protests and helped awaken civil society. However, it also discusses how women's issues were later sidelined by larger political conflicts. It analyzes the rise of local conservative Islamic laws (perdas) following decentralization that targeted and restricted women, such as dress codes and limits on travel and work. While the central government could strike down non-compliant perdas, it often refrained due to political considerations, showing the continuation of "politics as usual." The perdas counter Indonesia's democratization and strip away newly gained rights and freedoms
This document provides an executive summary of a report by the European Women's Lobby assessing the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action over the past 20 years in Europe. It finds that while progress has been made in some areas, gender equality has not been fully achieved and new challenges have emerged. The summary highlights that women now participate in all areas of society but still face discrimination. It also notes that a renewed feminist movement has emerged but is facing a strong backlash. Overall, the assessment finds that gender mainstreaming has not been fully implemented in the EU and gender stereotypes persist. The report aims to inform EU policies and actions over the next 5 years to further advance women's rights and gender equality in Europe.
This document summarizes an article that discusses envisioning gender justice in our hearts and minds as a promising tool for change. It notes that historically, women have faced marginalization through practices like being deprived equal rights in marriage and land ownership. While some problems have lessened, deeply rooted cultural practices and gender-insensitive laws still exist. The article argues that enacting gender-sensitive policies and assessing their implementation is important. It also argues that establishing just, accessible and accountable institutions and promoting gender equality can help bring about gender justice and sustainable development. Several United Nations conferences have advocated for women's empowerment as central to development. Theoretical frameworks around gender and law are also discussed.
1. 1
Morocco embodies numerous contradictions and challenges for the
national and international human rights community. Since the Moroccan
Spring in 2011, women’s rights and civil society activists have been key
indicators of the well-being of the State and of society. Women’s rights
and individual rights have become topics of open public debate, evidence
of a significant evolution in public engagement and activism.
The conversation is expanding; one young activist said that the Moroccan
Spring “demolished” censorship, allowing citizens to tell jokes about
religion and the monarch and to address women’s rights in mainstream
society. But taboos still exist, particularly regarding individual choices such
Key Findings
In a volatile region, Morocco is navigating a political space where both
conservatives and progressives are present and vocal.
Morocco has a progressive constitution, but new political actors and deepening
social conservatism threaten to reverse previous gains on equal rights.
Morocco needs bold leadership to fully implement its laws and transform the
social and judicial status quo to allow for equality and social justice.
In the last half of 2014, the Moroccan government has prevented activities of
some women’s and human rights organizations without any credible
explanation.
A new generation of civil society actors working for women’s and human rights
are developing new methods to engage broader segments of society.
A majority of Moroccan women experience some form of violence. Activists are
successfully using social media to raise awareness of the extent of violence
against women, such as street harassment.
Women’s rights activists and youth democracy activists need to collaborate and
engage each other strategically to address legal, political, and social issues facing
Moroccan women as well as broader human rights and social justice issues.
Key Recommendations
To international organizations: Encourage the Moroccan government to remain
a regional model by accelerating democratic change and fully implementing
gender equality provisions, starting with those already guaranteed by the
constitution.
To the Moroccan government: Fully implement the 2011 constitution and ratify
the Optional Protocol to CEDAW. Tackle sexual violence from all angles—legal,
social, educational, and judicial reforms.
To Moroccan civil society: Develop robust cross-generational and cross-sectoral
partnerships to tackle priority issues from both a legal and social approach.
WHAT THE WOMEN SAY
Morocco’s Dilemma:
Rights and Reform or Closure and Conservatism?
March 2015
Brief 13
About ICAN: Formed in 2006, the
International Civil Society Action
Network (ICAN) aims to strengthen
women’s participation and
influence in conflict prevention,
social justice, coexistence, and
peacebuilding efforts, in situations
of closed political space and
conflict affected states. ICAN’s
MENA program seeks to elevate
the voices and impact of women’s
civil society groups on issues of
rights, security and peace in
countries undergoing transitions,
affected by rising militarism and
extremism targeting women.
ICAN Publications Team
Sanam Anderlini
Sussan Tahmasebi
Madeline Koch
Jolynn Shoemaker
Valerie Begley
This brief was researched and
written in collaboration with
partner organizations and on-the-
ground activists in Morocco.
Special thanks to Fatima Outaleb
and our peer reviewers,
particularly the Center for
Women’s Global Leadership at
Rutgers University.
ICAN
International
CivilSociety
Action
Network
ForWomen’sRights,PeaceandSecurity
2. 2
as fasting and sexuality. And government limitations on civil society actors—particularly human rights
organizations—illustrate where the power still lies. Modest rights to freedoms in speech, press, and
assembly, won painstakingly by civil society and human rights activists over the years, are at risk as the
country’s security forces seek to restrict political space against the threat of rising regional instability.
But activism is alive and thriving. Even before independence in 1956, Morocco had a robust women’s
rights and human rights community.1
Joining them is a new generation of activists who are impatient
with the slow pace of reform and aware of the scale of changes needed to ensure equality, plurality, and
political participation in the 21st
century. This new, often younger generation of activists is energizing
reformers in Morocco, expanding the range of concerns and voices, and challenging the generation of
traditional feminists to consider new strategies to effect change.
The stakes are high for Morocco, which ranks near the bottom in every category rated by the World
Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Report (2014). The country faces a widening class gap, a deepening
rural-urban divide, and increasingly outspoken youth and indigenous groups. Moroccan women report
the highest level of inequality in the workplace and the second highest level of inequality in dealing with
police and local judicial systems, as compared to the rest of North Africa.2
This brief outlines the current political tensions in Morocco and priority issues among women in civil
society. It offers a brief overview of progress on Moroccan women’s rights and points to promising new
initiatives by civil society to sustain progress towards greater equality and reform.
PAST GAINS: THE WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND SUCCESSFUL LEGAL REFORM_______________
The new 2011 constitution and post-constitutional reforms elevated popular expectations for change,
particularly for women. But authorities have made scant progress in implementing changes, and some
constitutional reforms have left major loopholes. Critics point out that internal political changes have
been largely cosmetic and the government lacks the political will to drive for the necessary legislative,
judicial, and societal changes for Morocco to live up to its global image as regional political stabilizer.
Feminists single out the 2004 reforms of the Moudawana (Family Code) as their most significant success
to date. Comprising laws that govern women’s relationships with their families, husbands and children,
the Moudawana is the locus of legal discrimination against
women.3
It remains a pawn in the struggle between religious
conservatives who claim to protect the family and social activists
who seek to protect the right of bodily integrity.4
The Moudawana is both legally and culturally significant. After
centuries under Islamic law, in 1912 Moroccans became subject
to French secular law. At that time, only the Moudawana remained under the authority of the King,
who is regarded as Morocco’s highest spiritual leader. With independence in 1956, feminists and
human rights advocates expected the Moudawana, like other laws, to be brought under secular civil law.
But while civil law became the basis for Morocco’s new constitution and penal codes, the Moudawana
remained Shari’a-based. Its basis in religious law deemed it “sacred” and therefore removed from
1
Moroccan feminists date the movement to the 1940s when women formed political parties, and when the Association of “Akhawat Al-Safaa”
(Sisters of Purity) advocated for the abolition of polygyny and more visibility for women in the public sphere. Sandberg, Eve and Aqert, Kenza.
Moroccan Women, Activists, and Gender Politics: An Institutional Analysis. Lexington Books, 2014.
2
Chingwete, Anyway; Richmond, Samantha; and Alpin, Carmen. “Support for African Women’s Equality Rises. Education, Jobs & Political
Participation Still Unequal.” Afrobarometer Policy Paper #8, 27 March 2014.
3
Ennaji, Moha and Sadiqi, Fatima. “Women’s Activism and the New Family Code Reforms in Morocco.” IUP Journal of History and Culture, Vol.
VI, No. 1, Jan 2012, pp. 52-70.
4
The right of bodily integrity, broadly defined as the inviolability of the human body and the self-determination of humans over their bodies, is
the basis of legal reform efforts in numerous countries. See Amnesty International’s 2014 report, “My Body, My Rights!”
The Moudawana’s basis in
religious law deemed it
“sacred” and therefore
removed from public debate.
3. 3
public debate.5
New developments in 2011 granted women and men equal political rights, but the
Moudawana still locates all rights within the family rather than the individual.
Yet rights advocates point to the significance of the legality of the Moudawana reforms; reforms have
been legally codified, supported by the King, and ratified by parliament. This remains an important
protection against religious conservatives who question the very concept of secular family of law.
Feminists’ tireless efforts to enact these legal reforms remain a noteworthy and enduring achievement.
Women’s rights activists point to milestone events that mark significant changes in legal and social life:
1983 “March 8” magazine stimulates public debate on taboo topics such as violence against women.
1980s First women’s rights civil society groups form—Union de L’Action Feministe (UAF) and
Democratic Association of Moroccan Women (ADFM).
1992 “One Million Signature Campaign to Reform the Moudawana” (launched by UAF) triggers fierce
backlash (e.g. a fatwa calling for the death of the campaigns’ founders). Arbitrating between
feminists and fundamentalists, King Hassan II made minor amendments allowing women to run
their own businesses, and travel on their own passports without husbands’ permission.
1999 The Plan of Action for the Integration of Women in Development triggers a wide social debate,
leading to two opposing marches—one calling for the protection of women’s human rights, and
one (led by the PJD party) spreading fear about foreign interference and the “threat” to Islam
and Moroccan Muslim identity.6
2004 Labor Code reform grants women 14 weeks of maternity leave and introduces the concept of
sexual harassment in the workplace.7
2002 “National list” parliamentary quota system ensures 30 seats (out of 395) for women.
2007 Nationality Law allows mothers to pass on Moroccan citizenship to their children.
2011 The new constitution bans gender discrimination and reaffirms compliance with international
conventions. (Morocco originally ratified CEDAW [Convention of the Elimination of all Forms of
Violence Against Women] with multiple reservations).
2014 Penal Code amendment ends impunity for rapists who marry their victims.
The post-Moudawana reforms were made possible by a combination of factors: the king’s progressive
inclination, international pressure to respect human rights and follow universal laws and norms, and—
most importantly—the organized and highly strategic actions of the secular women’s movement.8
5
See Ennaji and Siddiqi.
6
See Feliu for a discussion of the Plan and its significance as a turning point in Moroccan feminist history. Feliu, Laura. “Feminism, Gender
Inequality and the Reform of the Mudawana in Morocco.” The Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies, Year 4, no. 6, March 2012, pp. 101-111.
7
Widespread sexual harassment reportedly remains one of several causes of the low rate of women’s labor force participation, as the 2004 law
only criminalizes abuse by a superior.
8
For example, “The most spectacular impact of the Moroccan feminist movement resides in its gradual feminization and, hence
democratization, of the public sphere. This impact has triggered significant social and discourse changes.” Sadiqi, Fatima and Ennaji, Moha.
“The Feminization of Public Space: Women’s Activism, the Family Law, and Social Change in Morocco,” in Valentine Moghadam and Fatima
Sadiqi, eds. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, vol. 2, no 2 (Spring 2006): 86-110.
2004 Moudawana (Family Code) Reforms
Raises the marriage age for women from 15 to 18 years;
Rescinds the wife’s duty of obedience to her husband;
Gives spouses equal rights and responsibilities in the family;
Makes divorce available by mutual consent;
Relies more heavily on the court system than the previous law.
Gaps remain: “Natural” paternity remains unrecognized; children of unwed mothers have no rights
from biological fathers (e.g. the right to bear the family name, receive financial support, or inherit).
4. 4
SPRING IN MOROCCO: TENTATIVE STEPS FORWARD WITH A NEW CONSTITUTION_________________
Secular-liberals are operating in a new and troubling political landscape. Despite his popularity, King
Mohammed VI witnessed tens of thousands of Moroccans marching in 2011 in more than 50 cities and
towns to demand a rebalance of power between the parliament and King. The King swiftly placated
reformists by calling for a constitutional referendum—which passed unusually quickly and by a
landslide—with the help of an aggressive and persuasive public relations campaign.9
Demonstrators,
however, continued to protest the non-consultative top-down referendum process and the limited
democratic reforms, though internationally the new constitution was widely hailed as a positive move
towards democratization.
Morocco has made considerable
progress in harmonizing its national
legal framework with international
human right instruments. The new
constitution addresses the supremacy
of international laws over national
ones, and provides civil society with
the right to contribute in the
enactment, implementation, and
evaluation of the decisions of elected
institutions. In addition, Article 19
urges the state to ensure parity
between men and women and
establishes a government authority
that monitors gender parity and other
forms of discrimination.10
Yet numerous areas of legal ambiguity and ongoing restrictions make it practically impossible to enforce
gender equality at this point in time.11
For example, the preamble bounds the new provisions to their
conformity to Islam, and Article 19 states that the State “seeks” to achieve parity. Critics note that such
intentional vagueness and lack of implementation mechanisms conveniently frees the State from rapid
implementation of gender equality reforms. In addition, the constitution provides only limited
democratic reform, expanding parliamentary power and judiciary independence without reducing the
powers of the monarchy. Activists’ fears were well founded, as the momentum for implementing bold
reform never took hold.
The 2011 constitution also institutionalized Tamazight as an official language of Morocco alongside
Arabic. However, linguistic barriers continue to deprive Amazigh (indigenous communities) women
from seeking justice because the official court language is Arabic. Advocacy groups such as the
Association Amazigh de la Femme promote the rights of Amazigh woman, educate Amazigh women on
their rights (e.g., on domestic violence), and offer counseling, legal advocacy, and technical training.
Despite reservations, the majority of traditional feminists consider the 2011 constitution a step forward
in keeping with a tactic they adopted during the first Moudawana revisions in 1993: “Take half the loaf
now and keep a close eye on the other half.” Unlike post-Moroccan Spring feminists who criticize the
legitimacy of the state’s institutions, the mainstream groups have opted to create change within
government institutions by lobbying the monarchy to arbitrate between them and the fundamentalists.
9
Benchemsi, Ahmed (a). “Morocco: Outfoxing the Opposition.” Journal of Democracy, Jan 2012 vol. 23, no 1.
10
Article 19: “The man and the woman enjoy, in equality, the rights and freedoms of civil, political, economic, social, cultural and
environmental character…. The State works for the realization of parity between men and women. An Authority for parity and the struggle
against all forms of discrimination is created, to this effect.”
11
Madani, Mohamed; Maghraoui, Driss; and Zerhouni, Saloua. “The 2011 Moroccan Constitution: A Critical Analysis.” International Institute
for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2012. Available at www.constitutionnet.org.
Union de l'Action Féministe (UAF)*
Union de l'Action Féministe (UAF), or Women’s Action
Union, is a non-profit organization promoting women’s
rights in Morocco. UAF has been a leader in both outreach
and advocacy, raising awareness among women, decision-
makers, and society about gender discrimination and
women’s legal, political, and economic marginalization.
UAF’s work includes creating the “National Observatory
for the Improvement of Women’s Image in the Media.”
The center monitors media representations of women at
the national, regional, and international levels.
For more information on the UAF, visit:
http://swmena.net/en/partner/swmena_advocacy_partner
5. 5
RISE OF CONSERVATISM: ISLAMISTS VOTED INTO PARLIAMENT________________________________
The positive reforms of the modern constitution were seemingly put at risk almost immediately, when a
mere four months after the referendum Moroccans elected their first Islamist-led12
government. The
moderate Islamist Justice and Development Party (PJD) won a substantial 27% of seats in the November
2011 parliamentary elections and Abdelilah Benkirane became the country’s first Islamist prime
minister. PJD’s success at the 2011 polls was not simply of reflection of rising conservatism.13
PJD had
long cultivated its image as an opposition party—to corrupt incumbents, not the crown.14
Like any
party, it succeeds only so long as it remains conciliatory to the crown.15
If it is generally the case that in the contemporary Arab world, the main political dividing line is between
Islamists and secular-leftists, then PJD successfully blurs that division. PJD functions within the secular
political system, working against radicalized groups in ways that are both permitted and encouraged by
the monarchy. The very fact that PJD was permitted to run for office was astonishing given the
Kingdom’s track record at repressing Islamists. This raises the question: was the election an example of
new democratic openness, or did the
crown chose to allow PJD to run as a
means of containing political Islamists?
PJD traces its inspiration to Turkey’s
Justice and Development (AK) Party,
mirroring their pursuit of neoliberal economic strategies coupled with conservative social policies.16
Like
the AK party, PJD is astute at deploying political rhetoric that captures the spirit of the times—in this
case the particularly Moroccan sentiment for reform coupled with protection of Islam and the monarch
from “foreign” influences, and support for “family values”—as a bulwark against too-rapid change.
PJD’s main opposition is the Justice and Charity Association (JCA), an illegal Islamist association with
tremendous grassroots support.17
Though both groups are Islamist, PJD works closely with the crown
while JCA opposes the crown and advocates the adoption of an Islamic state.
Religion and Politics: Working for gender equality within and against the system
Both groups claim to advocate women’s rights and social justice within an Islamic paradigm and PJD has
the largest number of women of any political party.18
Yet PJD is at best an ambivalent partner on gender
equality. Speaking before Parliament in June 2014, Prime Minister Benkirane, who is widely known for
his belief that women should not work, said “Don’t you realize that when women went to work outside,
the light went out of their homes?”19
Benkirane’s comments, condemned by opposition parties and
12
The term “Islamist” refers to those who politically organize in the name of religion, as distinct from those who privately identify as Muslim.
Given the crown’s long-standing opposition to Islamists, it is not surprising that PJD rejects the Islamist label, instead describing itself as a
“political party with a religious reference.”
13
PJD’s roots lay in the Islamist opposition movement of the 1970s. In 1986, the monarchy allowed PJD to form a political party, partly as a
counterweight to more radicalized Islamist groups. Despite its violent origins, today’s PJD has turned away from terrorism and uses formal
politics to advocate for change. PJD now bills itself as an “alternative within the system.” See Buehler, Maghraoui, and Spiegel.
14
PJD also avoided the “Algerian syndrome,” in which Islamists perform so well in elections that the military intervenes to cancel democratic
elections. Asfa, James. “Continuity in the Kingdom: Morocco’s New Islamist Ruling Party.” ThinkAfrica Press, 5 Dec 2011.
15
Though some of the 34 legal parties trace their origins to the fight for independence, most were created by King Hassan II to generate an
impression of political pluralism. Only four parties constitute a radical left, and no party challenges the king’s supremacy. See Buehler, Matt.
“Safety-Valve Elections and the Arab Spring: The Weakening (and Resurgence) of Morocco’s Islamist Opposition Party.” Terrorism and Political
Violence 25:1, 2013. pp. 137-156. Available at www.tandfonline.com.
16
But PJD “has not made a clear commitment to modern universal principles to qualify as the Muslim democratic force it claims to be. On
many crucial issues—including women’s rights, cultural openness and diversity, freedom of expression, and rights of non-Arab Amazigh
(Berber) people—the PJD is lagging behind both the monarchy and the banned Islamist movement Justice and Charity.” Maghraoui, Abdeslam.
“Morocco: The King’s Islamists.” In Robin Wright, ed., The Islamists are Coming: Who They Really Are. USIP Press, 2012.
17
Spiegel, Avi. “The Unknown Moroccan Islamists.” Foreign Policy, 13 June 2011.
18
El Hataimi, Meriem. “Women in Morocco: Political and Religious Power.” Open Democracy 50-50, 31 Jan 2013.
19
Alami, Aida. “Leader’s Words about Women Jolt Morocco.” New York Times, 18 June 2014.
Morocco’s impressive modern constitution was put
at risk almost immediately, as their first Islamist-
led government was elected to parliament.
6. 6
Graphic: @GB_artandphotog.
NGOs, inspired both a “pots and pans” protest in front of parliament as well as the Twitter meme
#AnaMachiTria (“I am not a chandelier”).20
Historically, feminists have worked with left-leaning political parties. But this linkage was a double-
edged sword—it brought women’s rights to the political sphere and contributed to a more critical
gendered reading of national law, but wound up limiting feminists’ presence in the political debate and
their ability to represent ordinary women. So even coordinating
with the left was precarious for women seeking voice and space in
the political arena, since women found themselves marginalized by
the very same parties that claimed to uphold their values.21
Now, secular-liberal feminists and civil society activists struggle to
adjust to the new political context in which their main Islamist
opposition has become the face of Moroccan politics. The very
groups that feminists worked against for years have gone
mainstream. Therefore, the question for feminists in Morocco
perhaps isn’t “should we engage with the Islamists?” but rather,
“how can we effectively deal with the Islamists?”
The question of whether and how feminists should engage
Islam is divisive. Secular women’s rights groups have
fought for years against Islamists who worked against the
expansion of women’s rights and argued in favor of a “pro-
family” agenda at odds with women’s rights. Secular
women’s rights activists face ongoing accusations that they
are part of a conspiracy against Islam. Yet there is an emerging trend in Islam for reformist/activists,
and a growing awareness among Moroccan Islamists that working to improve one’s country is not
necessarily hostile to the regime.22
There is also an emerging awareness within secular circles of the
value of finding common ground with Islamists on questions of physical safety, child protection, and
education. Religious-based leaders are taking on new importance, challenging the Islamic/feminist
binary and the historically elitist character of the Arab feminist movement.23
For example, the
Mourchidate program (meaning “guide”) was established in 2005 by the Moroccan government as a
counterterrorism strategy in which women are trained as imams and sent to work in vulnerable
communities to promote religious moderation and tolerance.24 25
However, activists question their
government-prescribed curriculum designed to ensure uniform religious practice and activities
throughout the country, saying that is not based within a human rights framework.26
Meanwhile, the king, who is considered by many to be a feminist and an ally of reformers, has been
silent while women and human rights activists are harassed by the Ministry of Interior. In the last half of
2014, Moroccan authorities blocked more than 15 meetings organized by the well-known Moroccan
Human Rights Association (AMDH) and denied venues for events planned by the Moroccan League for
20
“Moroccan Women Tell Prime Minister: “I’m not a chandelier.’” Al Jazeera, 24 June 2014. Graphic: @GB_artandphotog.
21
The question over participating within the political system is sticky, given the level of complicity with the status quo needed to remain in the
good graces of the crown. To some extent, feminists’ affiliation with political parties contributed to the women’s movement’s divergence over
issues such as participating in the 1996 and 2011 constitution referendums, which the extreme left political parties boycotted both times.
22
For a discussion of the growing role of Islamists in the conversation about women’s rights in Morocco, see Basch-Harod, Heidi. “Uncertainty
for the future of the Moroccan women’s movement.” Open Democracy 50-50, 1 March 2012.
23
As Muhanna-Matar puts it: “After the uprisings, Muslim women have become widely engaged in grassroots youth and women’s activism,
advocating not only for their civil and political rights, but also for the civil rights of all marginalized social groups. Both religious and non-
religious young educated women have created a public space for communicating their ideas and beliefs and for debating with other
generations, along with the older political and feminist leadership, to affirm their belonging to their community.”
24
Female mourchidates undergo the same training as male imams, are paid the same salaries, and are tasked with the same responsibilities
with the exception of leading prayer. Couture, Krista. “A Gendered Approach to Countering Violent Extremism: Lessons Learned from Women
in Peacebuilding and Conflict Prevention Applied Successfully in Bangladesh and Morocco.” Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at
Brookings, July 2014.
25
Rogers, Rosa. Casablanca Calling. Film. Women Make Movies, 2014.
26
Rausch, Margaret J. “Women Spiritual Guides (Mourchidate) in Morocco: Agents of Change.” University of Kansas, unpublished.
The question for feminists in Morocco
isn’t “should we engage with the
Islamists?” but rather, “how can we
effectively deal with Islamists?”
7. 7
In the struggle between progressives
and fundamentalists, both the King and
elected officials seem more concerned
by pressures from fundamentalists
than from progressives and willing to
pit “stability” against freedoms.
Human Rights, Amnesty International, and other organizations. In the lead-up to the Second World
Forum on Human Rights, hosted by Morocco in 2014, the Ministry of Interior banned the activities of
several human rights groups.27
A number of important organizations, most notably AMDH, boycotted
the Forum in order to draw attention to official practices that target human rights groups, repress their
activities and constrain free speech.28
The Ministry of Interior has systematically limited AMDH’s
activities and fined them excessively, accusing them of “infringing territorial integrity.”
Unofficial but clear restrictions remain in place,
discouraging media coverage of politically and socially
sensitive subjects, and restrictive laws continue to be used
against journalists, including the anti-terrorism law, which
puts freedoms of expression and press in jeopardy.
Activists lament the growing public apathy about
democratic reform (in preference for “stability”) and a
rapid Islamization of society.29
Human rights activists point
to the recent crackdown on Salafi-Jihadists and the absence of effective guarantees for human rights
and due process under the law. In the struggle between progressives and fundamentalists, both the
King and elected officials seem more concerned by pressures from fundamentalists than from
progressives and willing to pit “stability” against freedoms.
The new political landscape is therefore fraught. In Morocco, women and women’s rights function as
perpetual pawns in national politics, at risk of becoming de-politicized, co-opted, or derailed when it is
more convenient to cater to fundamentalist pressures. For example, “women” more frequently exist as
a topic of campaign platforms rather than as political actors. Women’s issues are often used to mobilize
voters against women’s rights; and women, especially poor women, are viewed merely as easily
swayable voting blocs. Women’s rights are all the more at risk from newly-elected conservative parties
that do not prioritize modernist secular rights. Yet these groups claim to be committed to inclusive
democracy and broader political participation from all social sectors.
THE FEBRUARY 20TH
MOVEMENT: NEW TRENDS IN MOROCCAN ACTIVISM_______________________
In the Moroccan context, activists may be anti-feminist, pro-Islamic, pro-or anti-monarchy, but three
consistent trends can be identified:
1. Religious-based organizations play an increasing prominent role as peaceful political reformers;
2. Political parties are maintaining productive working relations with civil society groups; and
3. Youth activists, operating alone or in loose coalitions, have substantially amplified messaging on
sexual harassment and other common forms of gender-based violence.
The February 20 movement (also known as Feb20), named for the day in 2011 on which demonstrations
began, is a decentralized and leaderless coalition of youth activists, leftists, and Islamists, who
demanded reducing the monarchy’s executive powers, strengthening an independent judiciary, and
building social and economic justice across society. At the height of the Moroccan Spring, Feb20
participants conducted weekly street demonstrations to free political prisoners, combat corruption,
reduce the power of the Makhzen (the ruling elite), and investigate the gross human rights violations
committed during the Lead Years (1961-99).30
Much has been made of their early high-energy initiatives:
In the weeks leading up to constitutional reform, they organized weekly protests in Moroccan cities.
Their active use of Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter was a key ingredient in spreading news, gathering
27
“Maroc: Pourquoi Boycottons-Nous le Forum Mondial des Droits de l’Homme de Marrakech?” Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières, 16 Nov 2014.
28
AMDH. “The reasons that have brought us to cancel our participation in the FMDH.” Nov 2014. Available at www.amdh.org.ma.
29
Daragahi, Borzou. “Spectre of Isis Ysed to Erode Rights in Morocco.” Financial Times, 4 Jan 2015.
30
After independence in 1956, Morocco suffered three decades of state violence and suppression of dissent (“les années de plomb”). In 2004,
the government established a truth commission, the Equity and Rehabilitation Commission (ERC), to investigate government-inflicted human
rights violations and administer compensation. However, the ERC is only an advisory body, with considerable limits on its independence.
8. 8
support, and amplifying their messages internationally.31
The new activists are non-elitist and sometimes not progressive. Although their methods are unscripted
and often temporary in impact, they are attention-grabbing and have started a conversation in Morocco
that has taken on global proportions. It is clear that modern Moroccan activism is rapidly changing into
a cross-gender, cross-generational, cross-ideological assemblage with which traditional feminists need
to engage strategically in order to shape the direction of reform in Morocco. It is not simply old versus
new, Islamist versus secularist. This is an opportunity for traditional feminists to reanimate their
dynamic social reform energies and coordinate with
the new generation of young activists whose holistic
view of social reform encompasses the fight for
equality, plurality, and democratic political.
The Prometheus Institute for Democracy and Human
Rights is an example of a new youth collective
(average age, 25), representing Feb20 alums from
across the political spectrum committed to promoting
democracy, citizenship, and the rights of humankind. They use debate as a central technique to raise
awareness of internationally recognized universal human rights. Recent projects include a Canadian-
Moroccan youth high school exchange, a seminar on the history of the feminist movement, and public
workshops in Rabat and Sale to promote a human rights culture.
Collaborative work between democracy activists and youth human rights activists has been effective,
especially regarding education initiatives. For example, an unofficial group of young students gathered
weekly in a public square in Rabat to discuss philosophy and education. Such campaigns speak on behalf
of women and girls but also raise broader issues. This particular group was behind the creation of the
High Council of Education, Training, and Scientific Research, an advisory body which reflects the need for
a broader range of voices and solutions to improve the Moroccan education system. Future initiatives
include promoting human rights by training teachers to include human rights in all school subjects.
Evolving Moroccan Feminism
In the aftermath of the Moroccan Spring, a new social-media-savvy feminism emerged from Feb20,
challenging the legitimacy of traditional feminists already weakened by an internal contest for
leadership and funding. Critics blamed traditional feminists for focusing only on the number of women
in decision-making positions rather than on major political issues that concern the whole of society such
as poverty, social injustice, corruption, and the legitimacy of state institutions.
From the point of view of the older feminists, Morocco faces a crisis of legitimacy and authority, in
which they feel disregarded and unappreciated for their sacrifices and achievements. From the younger
activists’ point of view, the elders may indeed seem irrelevant, focused as they are on critiques of
patriarchy and a commitment to gender equality. Younger activists are committed to a broader range of
concerns. Finding the pace of legal reform frustratingly slow, they criticize the practices of traditional
feminists who sometimes prioritize legal reforms over societal reforms.32
One of the most obvious rifts was the differing vision of
women activists between those who wanted to focus on
human rights as opposed to women’s rights. Feb20
advocated for women’s rights only within the context of
global human rights, inclusive democracy, and general social
31
See Benchemsi, Ahmed R (b). “Morocco: Rise and Fall of Feb20 Protest Movement.” Morocco Board, 2012.
32
Initially, the Feb20 Movement choose to ally with the illegal Salafist Justice and Charity Association who for years challenged feminists.
Eventually, young women in Feb20 also became concerned with the future of their movement, as the Salafists began to impose rules such as
preventing “mixing” between men and women during marches and refusing to use gender parity slogans.
Tensions between the younger and
older generations of activists led to
missed opportunities on both sides.
The new activists are non-elitist, sometimes
not progressive, and even if their methods
are unscripted and often temporary in
impact, they are attention-getting and have
started a conversation in Morocco that has
taken on global proportions.
9. 9
equality, whereas established women’s rights groups approached women’s rights as a challenge of its
own, focusing their resources on the issues and contributions of women. Tensions between the younger
and older generations of activists led to missed opportunities on both sides. During the chaos, energy,
and excitement of the Moroccan Spring, there was a general lack of collaboration or coordination
between the Feb20 movement and established NGOs. Feminists new to the scene could have taken
advantage of the experience of such organizations, learning from their expertise in messaging and their
focus on gender equality.
At the same time, traditional feminists failed to grasp the need for flexible methods of outreach and
popular support, and sometimes ignored underlying issues such as corruption. One activist recounted
that when newly-elected Prime Minister Benkirane was negotiating with “main sales” (“dirty hands,” or
corrupt politicians) to form the new government, feminists continued to focus on increasing the number
of women in government. Young activists intent on rejecting conventional politics remember such
episodes and remain skeptical of the old methods of reforms, made possible through alliances with
former government officials now considered corrupt.
It is evident that activists from all camps are striving for a
better world where human dignity is respected and
where men and women have the same opportunities,
rights, and freedoms. The difference lies in their primary
tactics. While the traditional feminists’ main concern is
to achieve gender equality by reforming discriminatory
laws and placing women in decision-making positions, the new feminists focus not on gender equality
alone and not simply on the laws but on social change, believing that only by “working on issues of fair
distribution of resources, accountability before the law, equal opportunities, dignity and freedom for all,
will create an environment in which women are not isolated in their struggle for gender equality.”33
RIGHTS ON PAPER, BUT VIOLATIONS PERSIST: THE NEW PUBLIC DEBATE ON GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE
One effect of the Moroccan Spring has been an increasing awareness of street-level sexual harassment
of women. Young activists have successfully used social media to raise awareness of the extent of the
problem and women’s role in public life. Yet the differences in priorities and strategies between the
branches of women’s rights groups can be illustrated through their approaches to gender-based
violence. The traditional women’s movement strategically focused on legal reforms, including women’s
access to justice.
Meanwhile, young women are more interested in
tackling the attitudes that normalize violence,
challenging the status quo on Moroccan streets
by attacking the country’s deeply entrenched
sexism supported by religious values. They
produce films, such as Global Girl Reporters’
documentary Breaking Silence: Moroccans Speak
out Against Sexual Harassment,34
and 475: When
Marriage Becomes Punishment, a film about
Amina Filali.35
They produce music;36
they organize
social media campaigns, they produce videos:
10 Hours of Walking in Morocco as a Woman37
highlights the sexual harassment many women
experience daily.
33
Salime, Zakia. “A New Feminism? Gender Dynamics in Morocco’s February 20th Movement.” Journal of International Women’s Studies,
13(5), 2012, 101-114. Available at: vc.bridgew.edu.
34
Breaking the Silence: Moroccans Speak Out. Film. Women’s Voices Now, 2013.
35
See Guerilla Cine du Maroc at www.facebook.com/GuerrillaCinema.
36
Andreu, Nuria. Women and Islam: New Perspectives. Morocco 2013. Film. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fbj5-pTQ7aw.
37
Védeo, Nice. 10 Hours of Walking in Morocco as a Woman. Film. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sz8MZppMif4. No longer available.
Graphic: Védeo, Nice. 10 Hours of Walking in Morocco as a Woman. Film.
Traditional feminists focus on achieving
gender equality through legal and
political reform, while younger feminists
focus on mass social change.
10. 10
The Kingdom received a good deal of unwanted publicity in 2012 in relation to the widely publicized
suicide of Amina Filali, a 15-year old girl who had been forced to marry her rapist. Such prominent cases
have raised international awareness of the ongoing struggle with “family values” and the enduring
power of honor–based views of male-female relationships. In January 2014, through the combined
efforts of new and experienced activists, Parliament voted to amend Article 475 of the penal code, no
longer allowing rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims.
Nevertheless, the system remains stacked against women seeking physical protection or legal redress.
The police are slow to act in domestic violence cases, and when they do intervene, the law is lenient
toward husbands who commit crimes against their wives. The justice system is weak and corrupt, and
justice officials often fail to implement laws they disagree with. Finally, the family is considered
inviolable and is legally protected as such. Social taboos and customary practices mean that even laws
that currently exist on paper protecting women’s rights are often not applied in practice.
Underreporting is an especially serious problem in Morocco. Morocco’s High Commission for Planning,
the national institute for statistical analysis, reported in 2009 that despite the suspected high prevalence
of sexual violence among 18-24-year-olds, only 8.7% reported sexual assault.38
Key barriers to reporting
include high rates of illiteracy among women, linguistic barriers for indigenous peoples, and most
importantly, social stigmas around family honor, which discourage women from reporting offenses and
seeking legal protection and redress.39
A surprisingly common response from parents with means
whose daughters experience sexual harassment is to send their daughters out of the country, isolating
their daughters and dividing the family.
Violence Against Women Bill
Despite the creation of the Ministry of Women’s Affairs in 1998, little has been done to address the
widespread social phenomenon of violence against women. The High Commission for Planning reports
that nearly two-thirds of women experience some form of violence in their lives, and nearly one in every
two unmarried women in Morocco has been subjected to physical and/or verbal sexual violence. Even
the Minister for Solidarity, Women, Family, and Social Development, Bassima Hakkaoui, whom feminists
largely regard as unsupportive of their agenda, declared violence against women a problem.
In 2013, Minister Hakkaoui presented a
draft “violence against women bill.” The
draft bill makes some advances, such as
criminalizing sexual harassment on the
street, but leaves plenty of room for
improvement, particularly regarding violence within the family. Women’s rights activists have criticized
the government for excluding them from the drafting process.40
The Spring of Dignity Coalition also
insisted that the draft bill was far from living up to international standards on protection of violence
38
“Etude sur la violence à l’égard des femmes.” Haut-commissariat au Plan (HCP), 2011, p.60. Available at www.hcp.ma.
39
“La lutte contre les violence à l’encontre des femmes.” Conseil National des Droits de l’Homme, 2014. Available at www.cndh.ma.
40
Mdidech, Jaouad. “Violence contre les femmes: le projet de loi de Bassima Hakkaoui piétine.” La Vie éco, 25 Dec 2014.
Spring of Dignity Coalition of NGOs*
The Spring of Dignity Coalition raises public awareness on women’s rights and gender-based
violence. A partner of Equality Now, Spring of Dignity organizes public demonstrations and
advocates for legislative and legal reforms that prohibit gender-based discrimination and protect
women against violence. Dedicated to the principles of fairness, justice, equality, and full
citizenship in modern democratic Morocco, the coalition is supported by human rights groups,
intellectuals, artists, and athletes representing diverse political affiliations, but excludes Islamists.
*For more information, see http://www.equalitynow.org/sites/default/files/Spring_of_Dignity.pdf.
“I have to flee the country which failed to protect me.”
-- A young engineer leaving for Spain because of the everyday insecurity she
feels on the streets of Morocco
11. 11
“We don’t have a choice about what we’re doing; it’s not a luxury.”
- Young Moroccan commenting on human rights activism, 2014
against women. They argue that two central weaknesses of the bill are the lack of protections for single
women and the non-recognition of marital rape, both of which reflect the family-bias of Morocco
society. And the family bias is a critical issue: The High Commission for Planning reports that 68% of
Moroccan women have experienced domestic violence and 48% have been subjected to psychological
abuse.41
In December 2014, the long delayed bill was taken up again for revision by a ministerial
commission, but at the time of publication of this brief, some feared the revisions would simply omit
controversial topics such as marital rape.
Human trafficking, especially sex-trafficking, is another critical but sensitive topic of discussion. Anti-
trafficking presents an opportunity for cross-ideological alliances, and UAF’s work on anti-trafficking is
noteworthy as an example of productive cross-party collaboration. UAF has worked for years to gain
support among the media and NGO allies in Morocco and abroad to lobby parliament to adopt an anti-
trafficking law (currently under review). They have held informational seminars since 2009, opening up
the discussion on anti-trafficking to include the previously-taboo topic of prostitution.
CONCLUSIONS
The signs of ongoing activism—particularly new social media strategies and wider public awareness—
point to positive changes ahead and on a greater scale than ever before. While political changes
threaten to constrict women’s hard-earned advances and national security threats allow the
government to justify restrictions on individual and civil society’s rights, activists remain adamant.
Underscoring their sense of commitment, as the founder of the UAF Latifa Jbabdi said, “We know the
establishment of equality is one of the toughest challenges humanity is facing, but … we will win and we
will achieve our goals.”42
And as one young human rights activist put it, “We don’t have a choice about
what we’re doing; it’s not a luxury.”
Moving forward, success for the women’s rights movement means bringing many voices and
approaches into the mainstream. Civil society, women’s groups, youth activists, and political parties
need to work together to promote women’s rights, ensure that “women” are not reduced to campaign
slogans or conservative voting blocs, and earn their rightful positions of authority and decision-making
power in democracy and on the street. “Gender equality is to have women who will voice your
concerns; women who are able to talk about all issues,” says one activist from the older generation.
“No compromises, no concessions.”
RECOMMENDATIONS
To International Actors:
Encourage the Moroccan government to remain a regional model for reform by accelerating
democratic change and fully implementing the gender equity provisions in the constitution.
Provide support for civil society, including funding. Support the inclusion of diverse women’s groups
in relevant bilateral and multilateral forums. Support youth democracy efforts.
Support collaborations that encourage mutual learning across formal and informal civil society
sectors; develop common ground for working on gender-specific and non-specific issues.
41
“Etude sur la violence à l’égard des femmes.” Haut-commissariat au Plan (HCP), 2011, p.4. Available at www.hcp.ma.
42
Gabriel, Jane. “It all began on March 8: feminism and fatwas….” Open Democracy 50-50, 6 April 2009.
12. 12
To civil society, NGOs, trade unions, and political parties:
Collaborate in campaigning against extremism, intolerance, and the prevailing religious discourse
that incites hatred and violence. Target inequality and social injustices.
Develop robust cross-generational partnerships between older feminist and human rights
organizations and political parties, and young men and women leaders and activists working in
various sectors and from diverse socio-economic, ethnic, and geographical backgrounds.
Diversify messaging across media platforms to raise awareness of gender-based violence and
challenge traditional gender perspectives, and build popular support for civil society’s work.
Engage men to join efforts to combat discrimination and violence against women.
Expand opportunities for paid labor for women across economic sectors. Address the deteriorating
socioeconomic status of women and the special circumstances of elder women.
Advocate for improved women’s access to and protection within the justice system.
Work to empower women from illiterate, impoverished, and non-Arabic speaking populations.
Advocate for laws that protect women from sexual exploitation such as prostitution and trafficking,
with special consideration for refugee and immigrant groups. Advocate against sex-based tourism.
Advocate an end to impunity for perpetrators.
To the government of Morocco:
Fully implement the 2011 constitution, particularly Article 19, and finalize the creation of the
Authority on Parity and other relevant articles against violence and discrimination against women.
Ratify the Optional Protocol to CEDAW. Fully implement women’s rights as proscribed in the treaty,
particularly Article 16 (which addresses discrimination against women in all matters relating to
marriage and family relations).
Educate rural peoples about their rights; set up literacy programs for older rural men and women.
Strengthen rule of law and undertake a zero-tolerance policy on corruption. Train all justice sector
officials in implementation of the law. Provide appropriate financial compensation for all justice
sector officials as a means to address corruption.
Enact and implement a robust violence against women law that includes protections for rape within
marriage. Take concrete measures to end impunity for all gender-based violence; hold the security
and justice sectors accountable for implementation of their responsibilities under the law.
Design a detailed action plan to improve the conditions in family courts, simplify procedures, and
ensure the adequate enforcement of laws against violence, including training and pay for judges.
Strengthen women’s access to justice; Enact laws that enforce gender parity and close loopholes,
particularly relating to property rights, inheritance, guardianship, and citizenship.
Strengthen education, job training, and job creation programs for both women and men in all fields;
ensure that all regions and linguistic populations are aware of and have access to opportunities.
Provide women with equal opportunities as electoral candidates and political decision-makers.
End early marriage. Amend the family law provisions which allow judges to authorize the marriage
of minors; educate families about the dangers of early marriage and early childbirth.
Encourage families to send girls to secondary school; ensure safe classrooms for girls.
Establish more reproductive and sexual health services in rural areas. Raise awareness of women’s
reproductive and sexual health rights. Support reproductive health at every stage of the life-cycle.
All What the Women Say publications are available at:
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