Hydraulics a case study

1. HYDRAULIC AND WATER
RESOURCES ENGINEERING
By
B.S. MURTY

2. Water Resources Engineering is as old as
Civilization
• The First Wave: 900 – 10,000 Years Ago
• In Mesopotamia (Iraq & Syria)
• Spread to Nile & Indus Valleys

3. Transportation & Management of
Water for Irrigation
• Drainage System of Indus
Valley
• Ganats of Armenia
• Canal System of Nile Valley
Beginnings of Basin / Flood
Irrigation
Some Canals were used for more
than 1000 yearbefore they were
abandoned
• Aqueducts of Roman Period

4. WARS WERE FOUGHT FOR WATER
• Sumerians fought over water rights
• Ancient Babylonian Curse:
“May your canal be filled with sand”
• Ancient Law:
“The gentleman who opened his wall for irrigation
purposes, but did not make his dyke strong and hence
caused flood and inundated a field adjoining his, shall give
grain to the owner of field on the basis of those adjoining”
• Mongols destroyed Mesopotamian
Irrigation system
• Assyrians destroyed Armenia but brought the
concept of Ganats to Assyria

5. Greeks:
Showed connection between Engineering &
Science
Invented force pump, Hydraulic pipe organ,
water wheel Archimedes

6. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
• In the direction of ever increasing space and time
scales
• Small catchments to large river basins
• From storm event to seasonal cycles
• TO CLIMATE CHANGE

7. • 1981-1990: UN Decade for drinking water
supply & Sanitation(1300 Million lack
access to clean water 1800 Million still lack
access to sanitation service)
• 1992: Earth Summit
• Recognition that THIRD WORLD WAR will
be fought over WATER and not over OIL

8. • Computational Hydraulics: Understanding the
mechanics through mathematical modeling
• Systems Approach: Application of optimization
techniques for better management of water
resources
• Introduction of Concept of Sustainability
• Development of Environmental Hydraulics
• Understanding the climate change effect

9. INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE
POSITIVE
• Large multi-purpose dams (Bhakra / Nagarjuna / Hirakud etc.) have
been constructed for irrigation, power generation, water supply etc.
Hirakud dam
Bhakra Nangal Dam

10. • Nehru : “Temples of Modern India”
• Green Revolution and self sufficiency in food
production
• Significant increase in hydro-power development
M. Visweswaraya: First Engineer to Be awarded
“Bharath Ratna”
Dr. K.L. Rao: “Hydraulic Engineer” in Nehru’s Cabinet

11. NEED OF THE HOUR
• Urban Infra-structure
24 × 7 Potable water supply
Good sanitary sewerage system
Storm water Drainage systems
• Rural Water Supply
• Bring in more land into irrigation (Food security)
• Reduction in flood damage
• Security against droughts
• Understand the concept of “sustainability”
• INTERLINKING OF RIVERS???

12. Necessity for more water
• Occurrence of droughts in several parts of India is very frequent.
• The projected population of the country in the year 2025 is 150
crores
• Food grains requirement would be 375 million tonnes, while
present production is 225 million tonnes
• Drought conditions occur over 80% of the country even if the
shortfall in rainfall is only 25% of the annual average of 1150 mm.

13. Why Interlinking of rivers?
• Like droughts, even floods are very frequent in India, sometimes they
occur simultaneously!
• 85 to 90% of river runoff (wastage) occurs during the four monsoon
months of the year
• Two rivers, the Brahmaputra and the Ganga account for 60% of India’s
water resources, while most of the peninsular rivers are water deficit
• Large tracts of land are needed to be brought under irrigation in order
to increase the food production & Interlinking would automatically
serve this need.

15. Based on the hydrologic & environmental studies,
several alternative designs need to be obtained with
the following variables
 carrying capacity of the links
 routing of the links and their sizing
 sizing of the reservoirs wherever
necessary
 sizing of the dams
 sizing of the pumps

16. (i) land acquisition
(ii) rehabilitation of the
displaced people
(iii) social acceptance
The constraints involved in the project are

17. Total Expected Cost Rs. 560,000 crores
Sub-Division of total cost (Assumed, Rs in crores)
Works 403,000
Machinery & Capital goods 44,000
Services 50,000
Others 10,000
Fixed salary & land acquisition cost 53,000

18. NEED TO UNDERSTAND
• Mechanics of Water Flow (Surface & Subsurface)
• Hydrology (Gathering, management & analysis of
data)
• Systems Analysis
• Concepts of Uncertainty & Reliability
• Water Economics
• Planning & Financing of Water Resources
• Water Law
• Water Resources Quality (Fate & Transport of
pollutants)

22. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH WATER MANAGEMENT
(Hydraulic & Hydrologic)
•Salinity Intrusion
•Floods
•Tidal effects & Inflow from rivers
•Inappropriate operation of TMB & Thotapalli Spillway
•Inadequacy of TMB & Thotapalli Spillway
•Channel / Mouth conditions d/s of TMB / TSW
None of these issues can be looked at individually

24. FLOOD AND WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT IN
ADYAR RIVER

26. • Origin: Kancheepuram (Pillaipakkam and Kavanur Tank Groups)
• Catchment Area: 860 Km2
• Total Length: 42.5 Km
• Length in City: 15 Km
• Length in CMA: 24 Km
• Width: 10 to 200 m
• Average Discharge: 89.4 MCM/Year
• Backwater: Up to 4 Km inland

27. PROBLEMS WITH ADYAR
• FLOODS
• POLLUTION
• ENCROACHMENTS
• ECOLOGY

29. FLOODS
• Surplus waters from: 40 Tanks and lakes
Chembarambakkam also
• Major Floods: 1943, 1978, 1985,
2002, 2005
• Estimated Max. Discharge: 72,000 cfs (1950 m3/s)
• Discharge in 2005: 60,000 cfs (1620 m3/s)
• Reasons:
(i) Heavy Rain + Cyclonic Activity
(ii) Silted up waterway
(iii) Obstructions due to encroachments
(iv) Conversion of tanks into residential areas
(v) Geology not conducive for infiltration

30. EFFECTS
• Loss of Property
• Disruption of lives of slum dwellers
(i) Displacement (50,000 persons)
(ii) Expenditure in relief
(iii) Loss of manpower
• Health:
Malarial mosquitoes have returned in full measure
Rs. 4 crores per year for temporary measures ! (desilting)

31. POLLUTION
• 97 infalls into the river (58 sewage discharge points)
• Effluent from CETP of about 150 tanneries
discharges at Anakaputhur
• Effluent from Nesapakkam sewage treatment plant
• Industrial effluent: 1 MLD
• Domestic sewage: 8 MLD
• DO is OK at Nandambakkam
• DO at Saidapet (8 Km d/s) is close to zero

32. • BOD is as high as 375 mg/L
• Heavy metals like Cr are found (1.25 mg/L)
• Nitrates: 16 -125 t/day
• Phosphates: 1.0 -18 t/day
• Lead: 1 kg/day
• Groundwater in areas close to river are polluted
• Absence of minimum ecological flows
• High deposits of solid waste
• Presence of bacteria and virus – very high
Rs. 1700 crores for restoration of Chennai waterways

33. ENCROACHMENTS
No. of Families on the banks: 6624
(year 2003)
No. of Families Evicted: 1153
Non-availability of moving space !!

34. • Adyar estuary is an important part of Chennai Eco-
system
• Has been a haven for migratory & resident birds
• Pollution has resulted in the decline
• Emissions fluxes for the whole Adyar system
2.5 × 108 g CH4 /year and 2.4 × 106 g N2O /year
• Equivalent to total Chennai motor vehicle CO2 emissions
in one month
ECOLOGY

35. Many Proposals !
• River Restoration for Improving the Quality
• New Treatment Facilities for Wastewater
• Ecological Park in the Estuary
• Increasing the Flood Carrying Capacity
• 5 Check Dams in the Upstream Region
• Creation of New Storage Facilities
• Linking Palar river with Adyar River