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Bonding and orbital
hybridization in carbon
          atom
‫الروابط والتهجين في ذرة‬
         ‫الكربون‬


      http://ganimchem.com/   1
Electron configuration of
             Carbon Atom

2p
                       2 unpaired electrons
                      ‫تحتوي الكترونين مفردين‬
                      can form only two bonds
                       to two hydrogen atoms
                      with
                      bond angle 900
     2s               ‫تكون رابطتين فقط مع ذرتي‬
                      900 ‫هيدروجين والزاوية بينهما‬
                 http://ganimchem.com/           2
sp3 Hybridization
               sp3 ‫تهجين‬


2p

            An electron is excited from 2s to 2p
                                         orbital
          2p ‫2 الى فلك‬s ‫يثار الكترون من فلك‬

     2s
              http://ganimchem.com/                3
sp 3 Hybridization
           sp3sp3 ‫تهجين‬
               Hybridization
               sp3 ‫تهجين‬

2p                    2p




     2s                    2s
             http://ganimchem.com/   4
sp3 Orbital
                 Hybridization


                           2p

 The 2s orbital and the three 2p orbitals mix
together to form 4 sp3
 ‫مهجنة‬sp3 2 ‫وتكون اربعة افلك‬p 2 ‫ مع ثلثة افلك‬s ‫يمتزج فلك‬
      sp



                                2s
                http://ganimchem.com/                      5
sp3 Orbital Hybridization
              sp3 Orbital Hybridization



                          2p
        2s


4 sp3 hybrid orbitals with tetrahedral geometry
   ‫ مهجنة لها شكل رباعي‬sp3 ‫تتكون اربعة افلك‬
                                 ‫الوجه منتظم‬


                2 sp3
                http://ganimchem.com/             6
SP3 hybrid orbitals, tetrahedral shape
‫ المهجنة‬SP3 ‫الشكل الرباعي الوجه لفلك‬




          http://ganimchem.com/
Methane    Structure     ‫شكل جزيء‬
   ‫الميثان‬


Tetrahedral ‫رباعي الوجه‬
Bond angles = 109.5°‫زوايا الروابط‬




             http://ganimchem.com/
Structure of Ethane C2H6 ‫تركيب جزيء اليثان‬




  CH3CH3


Tetrahedral shape of the bonds at each
             carbon atom
      ‫شكل روابط ذرة الكربون رباعي الوجه منتظم‬

               http://ganimchem.com/
sp Hybridization
  2

   sp ‫تهجين‬
     2




  http://ganimchem.com/
Ethene molecule C2H4 ‫شكل جزيء اليثين‬


   C2H4

   H2C=CH2



   Shape : Planar ‫الشكل مستوي‬
   bond angles: 120° ‫الزوايا‬


           http://ganimchem.com/
sp2 Hybridization - sp2 ‫تهجين‬



2p

     An electron from the 2 s is excitedto 2p orbital
                      ‫2 الى فلك‬s ‫يثار الكترون من فلك‬




     2s
                 http://ganimchem.com/
sp2 Hybridization - sp2 ‫تهجين‬



2p                        2p




     2s                        2s
                 http://ganimchem.com/
sp2 Hybridization - sp2 ‫تهجين‬



                                 2p

2s orbital and two 2p orbitals hybridize to form three sp2
    ‫2 وتتكون ثلثة‬p ‫2 وفلكين‬s ‫يحدث تهجين بين فلك‬
                               .‫ مهجنة‬sp2 ‫افلك‬


                                      2s
                     http://ganimchem.com/
sp Hybridization -
        sp22Orbital Hybridization   sp2 ‫تهجين‬



 2s                        2p

2 sp2
 3 equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals and 1 unhybridized p
 orbital.
        2 ‫.غير مهجن‬p ‫متكافئة ويبقى فلك‬sp2 ‫تتكون 3 افلك‬

                 http://ganimchem.com/
sp Hybridization -
        sp22Orbital Hybridization   sp2 ‫تهجين‬
                            Two sp2 orbitals form
                          σ bonds with 2H atoms
                        the third forms a σ bond
 2p
                                       to C atom.
                         ‫ تكون رابتطين من نوع‬sp2‫فلكين‬
2 sp2                       ‫سيجما مع ذرتي هيدروجين‬
                          ‫والفلك الثالث يكون ايضا رابطة‬
                                  ‫سيجما مع ذرة كربون‬




                 http://ganimchem.com/
Ethene C H molecule
 sp2 Orbital Hybridization
          2   4              ‫جزيء اليثين‬




         http://ganimchem.com/
Ethene C2H4 molecule ‫جزيء اليثين‬


                       The unhybridized p
  p                    orbitals of the two carbon

2 sp2                   atoms form π bond with
                        each other .
                            ‫ غير المهجنين‬p ‫فلكي‬
                          ‫لذرتي الكربون يكونا رابطة‬
                                              π ‫باي‬
                 http://ganimchem.com/
π Bond in ethene C2H4 ‫ في اليثين‬π
   ‫رابطة‬



  2p

2 sp2


 The unhybridized 2p orbital are perpendicular to
 the plane of theσ bonds
  π ‫ 2 غير المهجنة متعامدة على محور الرابطة‬p ‫افلك‬
                 http://ganimchem.com/
π Bondπ in ethene C2H4 ‫ في اليثين‬π ‫رابطة‬
         Bonding in Ethylene



  p




2 sp2

side-by-side overlap p orbitals
gives a π bond.
 ‫التداخل الجانبي لفلك تكون رابطة‬

‫باي‬               http://ganimchem.com/
sp Hybridization
 Ethyne molecule
      C 2H 2
    sp ‫تهجين‬
   ‫جزيء اليثاين‬
      C 2H 2



    http://ganimchem.com/
Ethyne C2H2 molecule ‫جزيء اليثاين‬
            Structure of Acetylene


     C2H2

     HC     CH




Shape: Linear bond angles: 180°
180 ‫الشكل: خطي - والزوايابين الروابط‬
0

                 http://ganimchem.com/
Sp Hybridization - sp ‫تهجين‬



2p

     An electron from the 2 s is excitedto 2p orbital
                      ‫2 الى فلك‬s ‫يثار الكترون من فلك‬




     2s
                 http://ganimchem.com/
SpOrbital Hybridization sp ‫تهجين‬
          sp Hybridization -




2p                         2p




     2s                         2s
                 http://ganimchem.com/
Sp Hybridization - sp ‫تهجين‬



                           2p
   2s orbital and one 2p orbital mix together
   to form two sp hybrid orbitals
‫2 لتكوين‬p ‫2 مع فلك واحد من افلك‬s ‫يختلط فلك‬
                                ‫مهجنين‬sp ‫فلكين‬


                                2s
                http://ganimchem.com/
Sp Hybridization - sp ‫تهجين‬



               One sp orbital forms a σ bond
2p             with a hydrogen atom and the
              other forms a σ bond with a carbon
              atom .
2 sp2
              ‫ رابطة مع ذرة هيدروجين‬sp ‫يكون فلكي‬
                         ‫ورابطة اخرى مع ذرة كربون‬


              http://ganimchem.com/
Sp Hybridization - sp ‫تهجين‬



2p                                 σ

                               σ

2 sp2                      σ




               http://ganimchem.com/
π Bonds in ethyne C2H2 ‫ في اليثاين‬π ‫رابطتي‬



               The unhybridized p orbitals of
2p             carbon form two π bonds
                between the 2 carbon atoms.
                  ‫غير المهجنة تكون رابطتي‬p ‫فلكي‬
2 sp                          ‫باي بين ذرتي الكربون‬




             http://ganimchem.com/
π Bonds in ethyne C2H2 ‫ في اليثاين‬π ‫رابطتي‬




 2p


2 sp2


 p orbital of each carbon atom forms π bond
     ‫ من كل ذرة كربون يكونا رابطة باي‬p ‫فلك‬
                   http://ganimchem.com/
π Bonds in ethyne C2H2 ‫ في اليثاين‬π ‫رابطتي‬




2p


2 sp

Another π bond is formed between carbon atoms
‫رابطة باي ثانية تتكون بين ذرتي الكربون عمودية على الخرى‬
                  http://ganimchem.com/
π Bonds in ethyne C2H2 ‫ في اليثاين‬π ‫رابطتي‬




2p



2 sp2




             http://ganimchem.com/
Ethyne shape
 ‫شكل جزيء اليثاين‬




http://ganimchem.com/
SP3 hybridization animation

    hybridization.mht




        http://ganimchem.com/
Hybridization animation




      http://ganimchem.com/

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Hybridization التهجين

  • 1. Bonding and orbital hybridization in carbon atom ‫الروابط والتهجين في ذرة‬ ‫الكربون‬ http://ganimchem.com/ 1
  • 2. Electron configuration of Carbon Atom 2p 2 unpaired electrons ‫تحتوي الكترونين مفردين‬ can form only two bonds to two hydrogen atoms with bond angle 900 2s ‫تكون رابطتين فقط مع ذرتي‬ 900 ‫هيدروجين والزاوية بينهما‬ http://ganimchem.com/ 2
  • 3. sp3 Hybridization sp3 ‫تهجين‬ 2p An electron is excited from 2s to 2p orbital 2p ‫2 الى فلك‬s ‫يثار الكترون من فلك‬ 2s http://ganimchem.com/ 3
  • 4. sp 3 Hybridization sp3sp3 ‫تهجين‬ Hybridization sp3 ‫تهجين‬ 2p 2p 2s 2s http://ganimchem.com/ 4
  • 5. sp3 Orbital Hybridization 2p The 2s orbital and the three 2p orbitals mix together to form 4 sp3 ‫مهجنة‬sp3 2 ‫وتكون اربعة افلك‬p 2 ‫ مع ثلثة افلك‬s ‫يمتزج فلك‬ sp 2s http://ganimchem.com/ 5
  • 6. sp3 Orbital Hybridization sp3 Orbital Hybridization 2p 2s 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals with tetrahedral geometry ‫ مهجنة لها شكل رباعي‬sp3 ‫تتكون اربعة افلك‬ ‫الوجه منتظم‬ 2 sp3 http://ganimchem.com/ 6
  • 7. SP3 hybrid orbitals, tetrahedral shape ‫ المهجنة‬SP3 ‫الشكل الرباعي الوجه لفلك‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 8. Methane Structure ‫شكل جزيء‬ ‫الميثان‬ Tetrahedral ‫رباعي الوجه‬ Bond angles = 109.5°‫زوايا الروابط‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 9. Structure of Ethane C2H6 ‫تركيب جزيء اليثان‬ CH3CH3 Tetrahedral shape of the bonds at each carbon atom ‫شكل روابط ذرة الكربون رباعي الوجه منتظم‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 10. sp Hybridization 2 sp ‫تهجين‬ 2 http://ganimchem.com/
  • 11. Ethene molecule C2H4 ‫شكل جزيء اليثين‬ C2H4 H2C=CH2 Shape : Planar ‫الشكل مستوي‬ bond angles: 120° ‫الزوايا‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 12. sp2 Hybridization - sp2 ‫تهجين‬ 2p An electron from the 2 s is excitedto 2p orbital ‫2 الى فلك‬s ‫يثار الكترون من فلك‬ 2s http://ganimchem.com/
  • 13. sp2 Hybridization - sp2 ‫تهجين‬ 2p 2p 2s 2s http://ganimchem.com/
  • 14. sp2 Hybridization - sp2 ‫تهجين‬ 2p 2s orbital and two 2p orbitals hybridize to form three sp2 ‫2 وتتكون ثلثة‬p ‫2 وفلكين‬s ‫يحدث تهجين بين فلك‬ .‫ مهجنة‬sp2 ‫افلك‬ 2s http://ganimchem.com/
  • 15. sp Hybridization - sp22Orbital Hybridization sp2 ‫تهجين‬ 2s 2p 2 sp2 3 equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals and 1 unhybridized p orbital. 2 ‫.غير مهجن‬p ‫متكافئة ويبقى فلك‬sp2 ‫تتكون 3 افلك‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 16. sp Hybridization - sp22Orbital Hybridization sp2 ‫تهجين‬ Two sp2 orbitals form σ bonds with 2H atoms the third forms a σ bond 2p to C atom. ‫ تكون رابتطين من نوع‬sp2‫فلكين‬ 2 sp2 ‫سيجما مع ذرتي هيدروجين‬ ‫والفلك الثالث يكون ايضا رابطة‬ ‫سيجما مع ذرة كربون‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 17. Ethene C H molecule sp2 Orbital Hybridization 2 4 ‫جزيء اليثين‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 18. Ethene C2H4 molecule ‫جزيء اليثين‬ The unhybridized p p orbitals of the two carbon 2 sp2 atoms form π bond with each other . ‫ غير المهجنين‬p ‫فلكي‬ ‫لذرتي الكربون يكونا رابطة‬ π ‫باي‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 19. π Bond in ethene C2H4 ‫ في اليثين‬π ‫رابطة‬ 2p 2 sp2 The unhybridized 2p orbital are perpendicular to the plane of theσ bonds π ‫ 2 غير المهجنة متعامدة على محور الرابطة‬p ‫افلك‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 20. π Bondπ in ethene C2H4 ‫ في اليثين‬π ‫رابطة‬ Bonding in Ethylene p 2 sp2 side-by-side overlap p orbitals gives a π bond. ‫التداخل الجانبي لفلك تكون رابطة‬ ‫باي‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 21. sp Hybridization Ethyne molecule C 2H 2 sp ‫تهجين‬ ‫جزيء اليثاين‬ C 2H 2 http://ganimchem.com/
  • 22. Ethyne C2H2 molecule ‫جزيء اليثاين‬ Structure of Acetylene C2H2 HC CH Shape: Linear bond angles: 180° 180 ‫الشكل: خطي - والزوايابين الروابط‬ 0 http://ganimchem.com/
  • 23. Sp Hybridization - sp ‫تهجين‬ 2p An electron from the 2 s is excitedto 2p orbital ‫2 الى فلك‬s ‫يثار الكترون من فلك‬ 2s http://ganimchem.com/
  • 24. SpOrbital Hybridization sp ‫تهجين‬ sp Hybridization - 2p 2p 2s 2s http://ganimchem.com/
  • 25. Sp Hybridization - sp ‫تهجين‬ 2p 2s orbital and one 2p orbital mix together to form two sp hybrid orbitals ‫2 لتكوين‬p ‫2 مع فلك واحد من افلك‬s ‫يختلط فلك‬ ‫مهجنين‬sp ‫فلكين‬ 2s http://ganimchem.com/
  • 26. Sp Hybridization - sp ‫تهجين‬ One sp orbital forms a σ bond 2p with a hydrogen atom and the other forms a σ bond with a carbon atom . 2 sp2 ‫ رابطة مع ذرة هيدروجين‬sp ‫يكون فلكي‬ ‫ورابطة اخرى مع ذرة كربون‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 27. Sp Hybridization - sp ‫تهجين‬ 2p σ σ 2 sp2 σ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 28. π Bonds in ethyne C2H2 ‫ في اليثاين‬π ‫رابطتي‬ The unhybridized p orbitals of 2p carbon form two π bonds between the 2 carbon atoms. ‫غير المهجنة تكون رابطتي‬p ‫فلكي‬ 2 sp ‫باي بين ذرتي الكربون‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 29. π Bonds in ethyne C2H2 ‫ في اليثاين‬π ‫رابطتي‬ 2p 2 sp2 p orbital of each carbon atom forms π bond ‫ من كل ذرة كربون يكونا رابطة باي‬p ‫فلك‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 30. π Bonds in ethyne C2H2 ‫ في اليثاين‬π ‫رابطتي‬ 2p 2 sp Another π bond is formed between carbon atoms ‫رابطة باي ثانية تتكون بين ذرتي الكربون عمودية على الخرى‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 31. π Bonds in ethyne C2H2 ‫ في اليثاين‬π ‫رابطتي‬ 2p 2 sp2 http://ganimchem.com/
  • 32. Ethyne shape ‫شكل جزيء اليثاين‬ http://ganimchem.com/
  • 33. SP3 hybridization animation hybridization.mht http://ganimchem.com/
  • 34. Hybridization animation http://ganimchem.com/