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1. Explain the mind-body connection.
What You’ll Learn
2. Outline guidelines for expressing
emotions in healthful ways.
3. Discuss hidden anger,
anger cues, and anger-
management skills.
4. Explain the bodily changes
caused by stress during
each of the three stages of the
general adaptation syndrome.
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5. Explain ways that prolonged stress can
affect health.
What You’ll Learn
6. Identify life changes that are most
stressful for teens.
7. List and discuss stress-
management skills.
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What to Know About the
Mind-Body Connection
• The mind-body connection is the relationship
between a person’s thoughts, emotions, and
bodily responses.
• A psychosomatic disease is
a physical illness or disorder
that is caused or aggravated
by emotional responses.
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Expressing Emotions in Healthful Ways
1. Identify the emotion.
2. Identify the source of
the emotion.
3. Decide whether or not you
need to respond right away.
4. Choose a responsible and
healthful response.
5. Protect your health.
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Angry Feelings
• Anger is the feeling of being
irritated or annoyed.
• An anger trigger is a
thought or event that causes
a person to become angry.
• An anger cue is a body
change that occurs when a
person is angry.
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What to Know About Hidden
Anger and Hostility
• Hidden anger is anger that is not recognized
and is expressed in inappropriate ways.
• Hostility is a chronic state of anger.
• Hostility is a physical state that places the body
at greater risk of developing severe illness.
• Serotonin is a chemical that is involved in
controlling states of consciousness and mood.
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What to Know About Hidden
Anger and Hostility
• Teens with hidden anger may express their anger
in harmful ways.
– Projection is blaming others for actions or
events for which they are not responsible.
– Displacement is the releasing of anger on
someone or something other than the cause
of the anger.
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• rapid breathing
• increased heart rate
• rise in blood pressure
• increased sweating
from sweat glands in
the face
• sweaty palms
• dryness of the mouth
• increased alertness
• decreased sensitivity
to pain
• increased muscle strength
as a result of increased
availability of blood sugar
to the muscles
• tensed eyebrows
• pursed lips
• reddening of the face
What to Know About Hidden
Anger and Hostility
Symptoms of Anger
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Anger-Management Skills
• Feeling angry is a normal
and healthful response to
some situations.
• Anger-management skills
are healthful ways to control
and express anger.
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How to Use Anger-Management Skills
• Keep an anger self-inventory. An anger self-
inventory helps you process your anger.
• Use self-statements to control anger.
Self-statements are words a person can say to
himself or herself when experiencing anger
triggers and cues.
• Use I-messages instead of you-messages.
Using you-messages puts the other person on
the defensive, potentially escalating a problem.
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How to Use Anger-Management Skills
• Write a letter. Writing a
letter to the person or
persons with whom you
are angry gives you a
“time-out” and helps you
to think clearly.
• Write in a journal. Writing in a journal about
anger can help you to keep track of when you
feel angry and what you do about it.
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How to Use Anger-Management Skills
• Reduce the effects of anger with
physical activity. Vigorous physical activity
uses up extra blood sugar that is released into
your bloodstream when you are angry.
• Use other safe physical actions to blow
off steam. Blow off steam in a physical way
that will not have harmful consequences for
you or others.
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How to Use Anger-Management Skills
• Breathe deeply. Breathing deeply can help
you relax before you decide how to deal with
your anger.
• Keep a sense of humor. Laughing helps reduce
the effects of anger cues and can
lighten up a situation.
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How to Use Anger-Management Skills
• Rehearse what to do in situations that you
know are anger triggers. Think of situations
that make you angry and rehearse what you
would say and do in these situations to
control your anger.
• Talk with a parent, guardian, or mentor.
Responsible adults can help you process anger
and help you decide if your anger is justified or if
you are overreacting.
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Stress
• Stress is the response of
the body to the demands
of daily living.
• A source or cause of stress
is a stressor.
• Eustress is a healthful
response to a stressor.
• Distress is a harmful
response to a stressor.
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The General Adaptation Syndrome
• The GAS occurs in three stages:
• The general adaptation syndrome, or GAS is a
series of body changes that result from stress.
– the alarm stage
– the resistance stage
– the exhaustion stage
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The General Adaptation Syndrome
• The alarm stage
– The alarm stage is the first stage of the GAS
in which the body gets ready for quick action.
– During this stage, adrenaline—a hormone
that prepares the body to react during times of
stress or in an emergency—is secreted into
the bloodstream.
– The alarm stage sometimes is called the
fight-or-flight response.
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The General Adaptation Syndrome
• The resistance stage
– The resistance stage is the second stage of
the GAS in which the body attempts to regain
internal balance.
– The body is no longer in an emergency state
and adrenaline is no longer secreted.
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The General Adaptation Syndrome
• The exhaustion stage
– As a result of not being able to handle stress,
some people’s bodies are in the alarm stage
for long periods of time.
– The exhaustion stage is the third stage of
the GAS in which wear and tear on the body
increase the risk of injury, illness, and
premature death.
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How Stress Affects Health Status
• Stress and mental and emotional health
– Prolonged stress makes it difficult for you to
think clearly and concentrate.
– Prolonged stress increases the risk of
depression and psychosomatic diseases and
makes it difficult to be resilient.
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How Stress Affects Health Status
• Stress and family and social health
– If you experience a stressful home
environment or are in stressful relationships,
you increase the likelihood that you will
become ill.
• Stress and growth and development
– Teens who cannot adjust to bodily changes
during puberty may choose harmful ways
of coping.
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How Stress Affects Health Status
• Stress and nutrition
– It is important to eat
moderately and regularly
when you are stressed to
help replenish vitamins in
your body.
– It is best to moderate consumption of
caffeine, salty foods, and sweets because
they may promote stress.
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How Stress Affects Health Status
• Stress and personal health and
physical activity
– Too much exercise can affect your
immune system, which is the body system
that helps fight disease.
• Stress and alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs
– The use of drugs might decrease your
ability to cope with stress, likely will
compound the problem, and will put you at
risk for developing an addiction.
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How Stress Affects Health Status
• Stress and communicable and
chronic diseases
– Periods of stress might cause the body’s
immune system to be suppressed, resulting
in lowered resistance to disease.
• Stress and consumer and community health
– Boredom, which results from a lack of
challenge, is a stressor that may lead
people to harmful behaviors.
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How Stress Affects Health Status
• Stress and environmental health
– Pollutants—harmful substances in the
environment—and noise activate the GAS.
• Stress and injury prevention and
personal safety
– Stress is a major contributing factor in
almost all kinds of accidents.
– People who are frustrated, aggressive, and
angry because of stress in their lives might
not be able to concentrate.
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How to Prevent and Deal with
Stressful Situations
• Use responsible decision-making skills.
– When a situation is difficult and requires a
decision, you will be less stressed if you
approach the situation in a logical way.
• Keep a time-management plan.
– A time-management plan is a plan that
shows how a person will spend time.
– Having a time-management plan helps keep
you from being overwhelmed.
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How to Prevent and Deal with
Stressful Situations
• Keep a budget.
– A budget is a plan for spending and
saving money.
– Knowing your income and expenses keeps
you from spending money and regretting
it later.
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How to Prevent and Deal with
Stressful Situations
• Talk with parents, a guardian, a mentor, or
other responsible adults.
– Adults can help you explore ways to deal
with stressors, evaluate decisions you must
make, and provide support, encouragement,
and suggestions.
• Make sure you have a support network
of friends.
– Friends can listen and can share healthful
ways they dealt with similar experiences.
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How to Protect Health During
Stressful Periods
• Participate in physical activity.
– Regular physical activity helps the body
regain internal balance during times of stress
by using up the extra adrenaline and sugar
released during times of stress.
– When you are physically fit, the stress
response is not as great, your body regains
internal balance more easily, and you have
improved resistance to disease.
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How to Protect Health During
Stressful Periods
• Write in a journal.
– Writing in a journal can
help you organize your
thoughts and feelings,
allowing you to review
how a stressor is affecting
you and learn more about
how you cope.
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How to Protect Health During
Stressful Periods
• Use breathing techniques.
– When you experience a stressor, your body
begins the alarm stage of the GAS.
– Breathing in deeply through your nose, and
then slowly blowing the air out through your
mouth will calm you and help stop the alarm
stage of the GAS.
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How to Protect Health During
Stressful Periods
• Eat a healthful diet.
– When you are stressed out, your body uses
up an extra supply of vitamins C and D.
– Choose foods that are good sources of
these vitamins to help replenish your supply.
– Reduce your intake of caffeine and decrease
your intake of sugar.
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How to Protect Health During
Stressful Periods
• Get plenty of rest and sleep.
– When you are stressed, your body is
working extra hard.
– Getting rest and sleep keeps you from
becoming too tired.
