Human & Physical Geography

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Human geography focuses on human activities and settlements and how they interact with and affect the environment, while physical geography examines the natural features of the Earth's surface, such as mountains, deserts, volcanoes, and deltas, and natural phenomena like lightning. Some examples of topics studied in human geography are transportation, shopping centers, farming, large towns, and mining, whereas physical geography looks at landforms, geology, climate, ecosystems, and natural hazards.

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[email_address] Aim: To find out what the difference is between human and physical geography. Resources : New Foundations p.4-7

Stack and Caves Flamborough Head, Yorkshire; UK

Mountains E.g. Mount Everest 8848m Nepal, Asia.

An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity[1]) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.[2] On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans.[3][4] The word sea is often used interchangeably with "ocean" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.[5]

Lesson 1 What Is Geographytudorgeog

architecture 3rd and 4th sem Influence of Environment on Behavior Environmental Determinism Environmental Possibilism Enviornmental Probabilism Environmental Determinism known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism Time Period: Late 19th century Theory of evolution- survival of the fittest, process of natural selection Environment (climate, soil, terrain, vegetation) controls human behavior Birth of civilizations Physical environment determines the culture and development of the society. Environmental Probabilism / Cultural Ecology Time Period: Late 20th century Man is fairly knowledgeable, usually rational and predominantly acquisitive. Individual’s decision cannot be predicted but his range of possible decisions and the probability of making one can be ascertained. Environmental probabilism is a thought that considers the probabilistic relationship between physical environments and behavior. For example, an warm, and welcoming entrance to a campus building will increase the probability of it being entered more so than if it is cold and unwelcoming. The welcoming entrance does not cause entry, but the probability of entry can be increased with proper design. BEHAVIOR is an individual’s response to the environment or to a self-generated stimulus, mediated by the following: Physiological subsystem Cultural subsystem Social subsystem Personality subsystem

Types of maps

rrodri37

Natural causes of climate change

debasishagri

The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings. References: 1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693. 2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975). 3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132. 4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230. 5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709. 6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052 7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987

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