For Grade 12 - ICT

1. AN OVERVIEW OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
By Jose Inigo Miguel A. Yabyabin

2. Stages of Human Development
Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), considered
instincts as the main source of life energy that
finds its way in different parts of the body
called erogenous zones or pleasure areas
which are sensitive to stimulations.
 This theory has 5 stages, each of which is
characterized by certain ways of connecting
with the world through particular areas of the
body.

3. Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
Stage 1 Approximate
Period
Focus Trait
Outcomes
Oral First Year of
Life
Oral pleasure
through mouth:
eating, sucking,
mouthing,
chewing, and
biting
Fixation can
lead to
overeating,
smoking,
drinking, nail-
biting,
gossiping, and
cursing.

4. Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
Stage 2 Approximate
Period
Focus Trait Outcomes
Anal Second to
Fourth Year
Anal pleasure
to release
tension through
the anus:
eliminating and
retaining feces,
and toilet
training.
Fixation can lead to
obsessive with
cleanliness or hating
mess (anal retentive).
The child may
eventually become a
perfectionist or be
obsessive-compulsive
Another possibility is to
become too generous in
adulthood that the
person would want to
share or give things
away (anal expulsive).
Moreover, the child
may become messy or
disorganized.

5. Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
Stage 3 Approximate
Period
Focus Trait
Outcomes
Phallic Fourth to Sixth
Year
Pleasure
through
genitals
The child starts to
recognize what it
means to be a boy
or a girl with their
physical
differences.
Conflicts arise due
to greater
emotional
attachment to one
parent over
another.

6. Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
Stage 4 Approximate
Period
Focus Trait
Outcomes
Latency Seventh Year
onward
Resolving
fixations or
conflicts in
previous stages;
developing
academic and
social skills,
physical
abilities, and
talents.
The child
develops
closeness with
parents if
conflicts are
resolved. And
builds social
ties. Sexual
urges are
inhibited.

7. Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
Stage 5 Approximate
Period
Focus Trait
Outcomes
Genital Twelfth Year Sex role
identity
formation
Called puberty
stage, this is the
period of
adolescence.
Sexual interest
is awakened.

8. Sigmund Freud
“The only person with whom you have to compare yourself is
you in the past.”

9. Stages of Human Development
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
 Erik Erikson (1902-1994) expanded Freud’s
theory that recognizes the importance of early
experiences in childhood but shifted his focus
to psychosocial which takes into account the
role of social factors to influence
development.

10. The Eight Psychosocial Stages of
Development
Stage Issues Social
Conditions
Outcome
Stage 1: Birth to 1 Year
Trust vs.
Mistrust
Will I get
support for
what I need?
Provision of
basic needs;
support
Becomes
hopeful or
optimistic
Can I trust the
world?
Deprivation,
lack of
support,
inconsistency
Becomes
fearful

11. The Eight Psychosocial Stages of
Development
Stage Issues Social
Conditions
Outcome
Stage 2: 2 to 3 Years
Autonomy vs.
Shame and
Doubt
Can I already
do things on
my own?
Support;
patience
Develops self-
confidence;
sense of
security
Should I
depend on
others?
Lack of
confidence/
support;
overprotection
Feels
inadequate;
becomes
dependent

12. The Eight Psychosocial Stages of
Development
Stage Issues Social
Conditions
Outcome
Stage 3: 3 to 5 Years
Initiative vs.
Guilt
Can I be
independent?
Opportunity;
engagement
Develops
sense of
purpose
Am I good?
Am I bad?
Lack of
opportunity;
negative
feelings
Feels guilty

13. The Eight Psychosocial Stages of
Development
Stage Issues Social
Conditions
Outcome
Stage 4: 6 to 11 Years
Industry vs.
Inferiority
Do I have the
skills to
adjust?
Good
education/
training; good
models
Becomes
industrious;
develops self-
confidence
Am I already
competent?
Am I worthy
or not?
Lack of
training/
direction/
support
Develops
sense of
inferiority

14. The Eight Psychosocial Stages of
Development
Stage Issues Social
Conditions
Outcome
Stage 5: 12 to 18 Years (Adolescence)
Identity vs.
Identity
Diffusion
Who am I? Clear sex
models; good
sense of
stability;
positive
feedback
Develops
identity
What are my
beliefs? Values?
Feelings?
Confusing
purpose; vague
expectations;
unclear
feedback
Identity crisis;
role confusion

15. The Eight Psychosocial Stages of
Development
Stage Issues Social
Conditions
Outcome
Stage 6: 19 to 40 Years (Early Adulthood)
Intimacy vs.
Isolation
Should I get
into a
relationship?
Understandin
g, trust,
acceptance
Is able to love
and commit
Or should I
stay single?
Loneliness;
exclusion
Loneliness;
depression

16. The Eight Psychosocial Stages of
Development
Stage Issues Social
Conditions
Outcome
Stage 7: 40 t 65 Years (Middle Adulthood)
Generativity
vs. Stagnation
What is my
contribution
in this world?
Productivity;
purposefulnes
s
Feels
productive
Will I
produce
something
valuable or
relevant?
Lack of
opportunity;
enrichment
Feeling
unproductive;
stagnant

17. The Eight Psychosocial Stages of
Development
Stage Issues Social
Conditions
Outcome
Stage 8: 65 Years- up (Late Adulthood)
Integrity vs.
Despair
Have I lived a
full life?
Sense of
closure; clear
attainment of
direction
Feels
complete; has
sense of
achievement
Am I
contented
with what I
have achieved
in life?
Lack of
completeness;
dissatisfaction
Feels
dissatisfied
with life; in
despair

18. Erik Erikson
“The more you know yourself the more patience you have for
what you see in others.”

19. Reference:
“Moving Up
A Guide to Personal and Career Development”
By: Maricel Ilag-Ramos