Blood Glucose

1. Masud Rana

2.  Glucose is monosaccharide found in fruits
and also derived from breakdown of
carbohydrates in the diet and the conversion
of glycogen by liver.
 Glucose is the body’s main source of cellular
energy, brain.

3.  It is the maintenance of blood glucose level
within the normal range.
 Blood glucose level must be maintained
within the narrow limits of 70-100 mg/dl.
 Blood sugar level are regulated by negative
feedback in order to keep the body in
homeostsis.

4.  Normal blood glucose level (fasting): 70-110
mg/dl
 Post-prandial blood glucose level: 120-140
mg/dl
 Above and below the level considered as
abnormal
 Hyperglycemia- levels above the normal
range
 Hypoglycemia- levels below the normal range

5. Glucose are derived from three sources
1. Intestinal absorption of dietary
carbohydrate
2. Glycogenolysis in liver and kidney
• Liver stores 25-138grams of glycogen, a 3 to 8
hours supply
3. Gluconeogenesis- the formation of glucose
from non-carbohydrate precursors e.g.
lactate, pyruvate, amino acids (alanine &
glutamine)

7.  Glycogenesis is the process of formation of
glycogen from glucose molecules.
 Glucogenolysis process by which glycogen,
stored in the liver and muscle cell, is broken
down into glucose
 Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway which
leads to generation of glucose from non-
carbohydrate substrates like proteins, lipids etc.
 Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is
broken down to produce energy
 Lipogenesis- conversion of glucose into fat

9.  There are two categories of endocrine
influences:
1. Hormone which decrease the blood glucose
level- Insulin
2. Hormones which increase the blood glucose
levels: Glucagon, Epinephrine, Thyroxin,
Growth Hormone, Cortisol and
Glucocorticoids.

11.  Fasting Plasma Glucose (FBS/FPG)- A FBS is
taken after at least eight hours of fasting
 Random Plasma Glucose (RBS/RPG)- Test is
done any time of the day without regard to
time since last meal
 Post-Prandial Blood Glucose (PPBS)- The test
done about 2hr after a good meal.

12. FBS
• 70-110mg/dl
• 4-6.1 mmol/L
RBS
• < 140mg/dl
• < 7.8 mmol/L
PPBS
• 110 to 140mg/dl
• 6.1 to 7.8 mmol/L

13.  Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
 2-hour postprandial blood sugar ((2hrPPBS)
 Random blood sugar (RBS)
 Oral glucose telarance test (OGTT)
 Hemoglobin A1c, or glyselated hemoglobin
(HbA1C)

15.  In diabetes mellitus, the level of FBS is
126mg/dl
 The patient is considered critically
hypoglycemic if serum/plasma glucose is
<45mg/dl
 Renal threshold for glucose is 160-180mg/dl
 When the blood glucose exceed the renal
threshold for glucose and presences in urine
referred to glycosuria
 CSF glucose 60-90 mg/dl. Urine glucose: Nill

16. ◦mg/dL * 0.0555 = mmol/L
◦ mmol/L * 18 = mg/dl
◦ mg/dl/18 = mmol/L