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Hui Chaomao_Shoot-oriented sympodial bamboo and Dendrocalamus Brandisii Forests
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A presentation given at the Global Bamboo and Rattan Congress (BARC 2018), 25-27 June 2018.
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主要汇报内容: • 1 丛生笋用竹的特点 •
2 重要的优质笋用竹种 • 3 我国丛生笋用竹开发现状 • 4 特优笋用竹种甜龙竹高效培育
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1 丛生笋用竹的特点 • 丛生竹是世界竹类资源的重要组成部分(80%,70%); •
在我国南部和西南地区占有主导地位(60%以上); • 种类丰富、分布广泛(食用品种100种以上); • 笋体肥大、产量较高(每亩产笋可达3吨以上); • 品质优良、脆嫩可口; • 成丛生长、适应性强:没有地下横向发展的竹鞭系 统,适于在地形复杂的山区种植和发展,不占农地。 有效助推“乡村振兴”和精准扶贫。
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• 丛生竹具有成材周期短、笋材产量高、 分布范围广的特点和优势; • 但由于丛生竹的生物学特性、生态习性、 个体及群体结构、培育措施和加工技术 等都与一般散生竹有着根本区别,丛生 竹的培育和开发都相对滞后; •
由于丛生竹主要分布于经济和技术相对 不发达的东南亚、南亚、南美和非洲, 在整体上研究深度不够,研究水平不高。 加强对丛生竹技术创新和推广,辐射世 界丛生竹产区,可有效助推“一带一路” 战略规划。
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2 我国重要丛生笋用竹种 牡竹属 • 1
麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorus) • 2 甜龙竹(Dendrocalamus brandisii ) • 3 版纳甜龙竹(Dendrocalamus hamiltonii ) 绿竹属 • 4 绿竹(Dendrocalamopsis oldhami) • 5 吊丝球竹(Dendrocalamopsis basihirsuta) • 6 大头典竹( D. beecheyana var. pubescens ) 香竹属 • 7 香竹(Chimonocalamus delicatus) 空竹属 • 8 香糯竹( Cephalostachyum pergracile ) 箭竹属 • 9 云南箭竹(Fargesia yunnanensis) 思劳竹属 • 10 小薄竹(Schizostachyum pingbianense)
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麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorus)
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麻竹是我国重要笋用竹种,主产福建、广东、 广西、台湾、海南等省区,西至滇东南。
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麻竹笋可鲜食和价格各类笋产品 传统主导产品:发酵笋干
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甜龙竹(Dendrocalamus brandisii )
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秆高可达20m以上,直径可达15-20cm 传统食用,笋体肥大、肉质细嫩、口感鲜甜 特别适宜鲜食,亦可加工。
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甜龙竹林的高附加值产品:竹虫 竹蠹螟(Omphisa fuscidentali)幼虫 许多民族都喜食善捕,传统美味佳肴
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绿竹(Dendrocalamopsis oldhami)
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优质笋用竹种,主产中国福建、台湾 福建省尤溪县是“中国绿竹之乡” 中国国家地理标志产品
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香竹(Chimonocalamus delicatus)
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薛纪如教授发表的新属(11种) 节间空腔内具有淡黄色芳香油脂
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滇南地区传统优质食用品种,抗寒性 当地群众均以“香笋”相称
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香糯竹(Cephalostachyum pergracile )
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烧制竹筒饭最佳品种“糯米香竹” 少数民族对柱子的一种特殊利用方式
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云南箭竹(Fargesia yunnanensis) “香笋竹”笋质优良,具有较好的抗寒性
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小薄竹(Schizostachyum pingbianense) 四季产笋的优质笋用竹种,笋质脆嫩
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• 中国竹林培育技术和竹产品开发水平均居于世界领先地位; • 我国竹产业较为发达的东部地区,竹资源是以散生竹为主; •
对丛生竹资源的高效培育和产业化开发处于薄弱环节。 • 当前亟待解决的关键技术问题: • (1)适于工业化利用的丛生竹优良品种选育与推广 • (2)规模化优质竹林资源高效培育技术研发与示范 • (3)丛生竹笋加工及产业化开发新技术集成与创新 3 我国重要丛生笋用竹的现状
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我国丛生笋用竹开发存在的问题: • (1)资源零星分散、种源良莠不齐、种苗质量较 差,有待加强优良种质资源发掘和创新。 • (2)缺乏优良品种和优质种苗,有待采用先进技 术手段加强优良品种选育和快速繁殖技术研发。 •
(3)缺乏能形成规模化的主导品种和规模化优质 资源,制约着工厂化生产和产业化开发。 • (4)缺乏技术共享平台和协作机制,东西部发展 不平衡,技术和成果集成程度不够。 • (5)加工企业规模小,未形成产品关联度高、规 模较大及带动能力强的龙头企业,缺少附加值高、 市场竞争力和占有率高的特色品牌产品。
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4 特优笋用竹种甜龙竹高效培育
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代数 秆基长(cm) 秆基粗(cm)
芽目数(对) 发笋、长竹情况 1-2目 3-4目 5-6目 7-8目 第一代 8 4.3 4 隐、成竹各1支 隐 — — 第二代 14 7.9 6 成竹、退笋各1支 成竹1、退笋1 隐 — 第三代 23 10.7 8 成竹、退笋各1支 成竹2、挖笋1 挖笋1、退笋1 隐 第四代 26 12.2 8 成竹、退笋各1支 成竹2、挖笋1 挖笋、退笋1 隐 表1 甜龙竹地下茎根篼系统发笋规律观测统计表
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时间 7.18 7.25
8.1 8.8 8.15 8.22 8.29 9.5 9.12 9.19 秆高 2.0 16.1 38.6 90.0 179.3 283.7 396.5 498.2 618.0 692.3 高增量 0 14.1 22.5 51.4 89.3 104.4 112.8 101.7 119.8 74.3 时间 9.26 10.4 10.11 10.18 10.25 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.8 秆高 774.9 873.6 954.3 1023.4 1093.8 1163.1 1194.6 1196.3 1196.6 高增量 82.6 98.7 80.7 69.1 70.4 69.3 31.5 1.7 0.3 表3 云南甜龙竹高生长观测数据统计表 单位:cm 项目 初期 盛期 末期 合计 平均 时间 7.24之前 7.24-8.21 8.21-10.16 发笋历期120天 发笋数 92 270 67 429 占全期百分率% 21.4% 62.9% 15.6% 平均笋地径(cm) 10.81 11.50 9.80 10.70 平均笋重(kg) 4.76 4.98 4.52 4.75 表2 云南甜龙竹成竹发笋规律分析统计表
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云南甜龙竹生长模式
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4.2 林分结构特征及个体结构规律
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4.3 丰产培育技术试验 采用三因素、三水平正交试验,证明各因素对云南甜龙竹鲜笋产量影 响的重要性次序为A(竹丛度/结构)、C(肥料配比)、B(年施肥量)。 最优组合为:A1(竹丛度22 ),B3(施肥量10kg/亩),C2(肥料配比4/2/4) 表4
云南甜竹正交试验结果分析 指 标 因素重要性次序 极 差 最优水平组合 RA RB RC 发 笋 数 A>C>B 71.67 11.35 15.35 A1B3C2 发 笋 率 A>C>B 32.73 8.83 15.1 A3B3C2 竹笋地径 A>C>B 1.36 0.30 0.69 A3B1C2 鲜笋产量 A>C>B 210.26 59.60 84.58 A1B3C2
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4.4 丰产竹林结构分析 丛生笋用竹的林分结构主要包括10个主要结构因子(见下表)。 表5 云南甜竹人工竹林丰产结构因子建议指标一览表 竹林结构因子
建议指标 竹林结构因子 建议指标 物种组成 合理的竹阔混交 竹丛直径(m) 2-3 竹丛度(丛/亩) 22 丛秆数(秆/丛) 18-22 竹秆直径(cm) 11.5 竹秆整齐度 u=6.0 秆龄结构 45︰45︰10︰0 分布均匀度 E=0.7 叶面积指数 L=4.0 立竹度(秆/亩) 440
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甜龙竹 优良品种 生态栽培 试验基地
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德宏州芒市 坝竹河 甜龙竹 试验基地
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保山昌宁县 勐统乡 甜龙竹 试验基地
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临沧临翔区 马台乡 甜龙竹 试验基地
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“十三五” 科研专项 甜龙竹 试验基地
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