This document discusses methylation, a complex biological process involving the transfer of methyl groups that is essential for many bodily functions. It notes that methylation requires adequate intake of methyl carriers like vitamins B6, B12, folate, and magnesium as well as methyl donors like methionine. Methylation deficits can lead to a variety of clinical issues affecting cardiovascular, neurological, bone and immune health. Maintaining proper methylation through diet and lifestyle is important for reducing disease risk and optimizing health.
1) A 42-year-old man suffered cardiac arrest due to an acute myocardial infarction (MI) and died after 10 days in the hospital. His lipid profile showed elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
2) The genetic basis of MI risk involves both monogenic mutations that confer large effects and polygenic contributions from many common genetic variants. A polygenic risk score can identify individuals at high genetic risk of MI.
3) Statins provide greater reduction in MI risk for individuals at high genetic risk compared to average or low genetic risk individuals. Genetic profiling may help optimize prevention and treatment of MI.
190924 ICDA Kathiresan Genetics of Heart AttckSekarKathiresan
This document summarizes research on the genetic basis of myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack). It finds that MI risk can be attributed to monogenic mutations, polygenic effects, and somatic mutations:
- Monogenic mutations account for risk in around 2% of early MI patients. They raise cholesterol or triglyceride levels.
- A high polygenic risk score, based on many common genetic variants, identifies 17% of early MI patients at 3.7x higher risk. However, the mechanism of polygenic risk is still unclear and does not involve lipids.
- Somatic mutations in blood cells (clonal hematopoiesis) are found in 2% of early MI patients and confer 4x higher
180509 kathiresan mgh cardiology grand rounds to slideshareSekarKathiresan
The document discusses genetic factors that contribute to myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack). It finds that while traditional risk factors like cholesterol levels explain some cases, genetics also plays a major role. Through large genome studies, over 95 gene regions have been associated with MI risk. A polygenic risk score incorporating information from over 6.6 million genetic variants can identify individuals with extremely high lifetime MI risk, including risk equivalent to individuals with large-effect genetic mutations. However, the polygenic risk has little correlation with currently measured clinical risk factors, suggesting it captures separate genetic influences on MI risk.
Bone-targeted therapy can play an important role in preventing fractures for patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT significantly increases the risk of fractures by causing rapid bone loss. Several therapies including bisphosphonates like zoledronic acid and alendronate, as well as denosumab, have been shown to reduce bone loss and increase bone mineral density when given to men on ADT, thereby decreasing their fracture risk. Large clinical trials are still needed to demonstrate whether these therapies can actually reduce fracture rates.
180509 kathiresan cdc polygenic scores final to_slideshareSekarKathiresan
1) A genome-wide polygenic risk score was developed using data from over 180,000 individuals to identify genetic risk for heart attack. This score incorporates the effects of over 6.6 million genetic variants.
2) Individuals in the highest risk group as defined by the polygenic score had over a 20-fold increased risk of heart attack compared to those in the lowest risk group.
3) The polygenic risk score identified individuals at extremely high risk who would not be identified using traditional risk factors alone, showing promise for early prevention efforts.
181016 Curt Stern Award Acceptance KathiresanSekarKathiresan
A 42-year-old male presented with dizziness and profuse sweating and was found to have had a heart attack. Studies of patients who experienced heart attacks at a young age found that approximately 2% had monogenic mutations that increased heart attack risk by 3.8-fold, 17% had high polygenic risk scores that increased risk by 3.7-fold, and 2% showed evidence of clonal hematopoiesis which increased risk by 4-fold. Understanding the genetic factors contributing to both risk and resistance of heart disease can help prevent early heart attacks through risk assessment, lifestyle interventions, and new treatments.
1) A 42-year-old man suffered cardiac arrest due to an acute myocardial infarction (MI) and died after 10 days in the hospital. His lipid profile showed elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
2) The genetic basis of MI risk involves both monogenic mutations that confer large effects and polygenic contributions from many common genetic variants. A polygenic risk score can identify individuals at high genetic risk of MI.
3) Statins provide greater reduction in MI risk for individuals at high genetic risk compared to average or low genetic risk individuals. Genetic profiling may help optimize prevention and treatment of MI.
190924 ICDA Kathiresan Genetics of Heart AttckSekarKathiresan
This document summarizes research on the genetic basis of myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack). It finds that MI risk can be attributed to monogenic mutations, polygenic effects, and somatic mutations:
- Monogenic mutations account for risk in around 2% of early MI patients. They raise cholesterol or triglyceride levels.
- A high polygenic risk score, based on many common genetic variants, identifies 17% of early MI patients at 3.7x higher risk. However, the mechanism of polygenic risk is still unclear and does not involve lipids.
- Somatic mutations in blood cells (clonal hematopoiesis) are found in 2% of early MI patients and confer 4x higher
180509 kathiresan mgh cardiology grand rounds to slideshareSekarKathiresan
The document discusses genetic factors that contribute to myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack). It finds that while traditional risk factors like cholesterol levels explain some cases, genetics also plays a major role. Through large genome studies, over 95 gene regions have been associated with MI risk. A polygenic risk score incorporating information from over 6.6 million genetic variants can identify individuals with extremely high lifetime MI risk, including risk equivalent to individuals with large-effect genetic mutations. However, the polygenic risk has little correlation with currently measured clinical risk factors, suggesting it captures separate genetic influences on MI risk.
Bone-targeted therapy can play an important role in preventing fractures for patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT significantly increases the risk of fractures by causing rapid bone loss. Several therapies including bisphosphonates like zoledronic acid and alendronate, as well as denosumab, have been shown to reduce bone loss and increase bone mineral density when given to men on ADT, thereby decreasing their fracture risk. Large clinical trials are still needed to demonstrate whether these therapies can actually reduce fracture rates.
180509 kathiresan cdc polygenic scores final to_slideshareSekarKathiresan
1) A genome-wide polygenic risk score was developed using data from over 180,000 individuals to identify genetic risk for heart attack. This score incorporates the effects of over 6.6 million genetic variants.
2) Individuals in the highest risk group as defined by the polygenic score had over a 20-fold increased risk of heart attack compared to those in the lowest risk group.
3) The polygenic risk score identified individuals at extremely high risk who would not be identified using traditional risk factors alone, showing promise for early prevention efforts.
181016 Curt Stern Award Acceptance KathiresanSekarKathiresan
A 42-year-old male presented with dizziness and profuse sweating and was found to have had a heart attack. Studies of patients who experienced heart attacks at a young age found that approximately 2% had monogenic mutations that increased heart attack risk by 3.8-fold, 17% had high polygenic risk scores that increased risk by 3.7-fold, and 2% showed evidence of clonal hematopoiesis which increased risk by 4-fold. Understanding the genetic factors contributing to both risk and resistance of heart disease can help prevent early heart attacks through risk assessment, lifestyle interventions, and new treatments.
This resume is for Raneeb V A, who is currently working as a Travel & Tour Consultant in Sharjah, UAE since May 2015. He has over 2 years of experience in the travel industry in India, working as a Travel & Tour Consultant and Ticketing Staff. He has qualifications in IATA Consultant Course, Amadeus, Sabre and Galileo reservation systems, and a Bachelor's Degree in English. He is proficient in English, Malayalam, Hindi, Arabic and Microsoft Office programs. He aims to work for a progressive organization with opportunities for growth.
Brenda McDarby is seeking a position in the restaurant industry using her strong customer service skills and extensive experience. She has over 25 years of experience in various roles such as cook, bartender, waitress, hostess, manager, and front of house management. Her experience includes preparing daily specials, providing excellent customer service, overseeing front of house operations, scheduling employees, and training new hires. She has great skills in customer service, multitasking, management, and inventory control.
Inventó un microscopio con una especie de tubo con lentes en sus extremosCarlos Centeno
Galileo inventó uno de los primeros microscopios en el siglo XVII usando un tubo con lentes en ambos extremos, pero las imágenes eran borrosas debido a la mala calidad de las lentes. Los primeros microscopios ópticos podían aumentar las imágenes solo hasta 2000 veces, mientras que los microscopios de efecto túnel modernos pueden ampliarlas 100 millones de veces. Durante el siglo XVII, muchos científicos realizaron pruebas con lentes y microscopios para mejorar la precisión de
El documento compara tres motos de diferentes marcas (Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki) según sus características, funcionamiento, costos y eficiencia. Describe las características técnicas del motor, potencia, cilindrada y otros detalles de cada moto. Además, incluye una tabla con los costos de cada una.
This document describes the BeltTrack Generation 2 conveyor system. It highlights that the conveyor is designed to save costs and improve operator comfort while being easy to use, own, and ergonomic. The conveyor provides exceptional lighting, more control features, and shock absorption to reduce loading impacts. It is extremely configurable, strong, energy efficient, safe, and comes with a years warranty so users can focus on their business.
Is today's hr, ceo's trusted business ally bigger articleMrinal Krant
HR business partnering is commonly understood purpose of HR as a function but it is mostly underdeveloped function as far as business partnering is concerned, that too at CEO levels!
This presentation discusses preventing osteoporotic fractures in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. ADT is associated with rapid bone loss and increased fracture risk. Effective therapies for preventing bone loss and fractures include bisphosphonates like alendronate and zoledronic acid, which increase bone mineral density, as well as denosumab, which increases BMD and reduces vertebral fractures. Not all men on ADT require drug therapy; screening can help identify those at highest risk due to factors like older age, low body weight, steroid use, or preexisting osteopenia/osteoporosis.
This document summarizes information about childhood obesity, including:
- Childhood obesity is a worldwide epidemic, with over 30% of US adults and children overweight or obese. Obesity rates have increased across genders, ages, races and education levels.
- The costs associated with obesity have risen substantially, both in direct healthcare costs and indirectly through lost economic productivity. Risk of obesity is higher among teens without insurance or with Medicaid.
- Factors contributing to the rise in childhood obesity include decreased physical activity, increased consumption of calorie-dense foods, increased screen time, and environmental/socioeconomic factors. Breastfeeding has been shown to decrease risk of obesity later in childhood.
- Obesity
This document discusses the potential role of DHEA supplementation in improving oocyte yield and quality in women with diminished ovarian reserve or poor ovarian response. It provides biological plausibility for how DHEA may act on granulosa cells and follicles to reduce apoptosis and recruit more developmentally competent oocytes. The document reviews literature on DHEA's effects and side effects, and discusses using it as an adjuvant treatment in IVF, noting while some studies show benefits to oocyte quantity and quality, robust evidence of improved live birth rates is still lacking. It raises questions that need answering before widespread use and stresses that lack of evidence is not evidence of lack of effect.
This document discusses the potential role of DHEA supplementation in improving oocyte yield and quality in women with diminished ovarian reserve or poor ovarian response. It provides biological plausibility for how DHEA may act on granulosa cells and follicles to reduce apoptosis and recruit more developmentally competent oocytes. The document reviews literature on DHEA's effects and side effects, and discusses questions that still need answers around its role as an adjuvant treatment in assisted reproductive technologies.
This presentation summarizes Islet Sciences' strategy to address diabetes through early diagnosis, protection of insulin-producing cells, and transplantation of encapsulated porcine islets. Key points include developing a diagnostic test to detect beta cell DNA in blood to identify diabetes at an early stage, using Lysofylline to protect insulin cells from immune attack, and transplanting encapsulated pig islets to treat diabetes without immunosuppression. The company has partnerships with academic institutions and received grants to support its work. Financial statements show $3.5M in assets and $4.3M in liabilities as of January 2015.
This document provides an overview of mitochondrial diagnosis and disease. It discusses the basics of mitochondria, how mitochondrial diseases present clinically, and the various diagnostic approaches and tests used. Diagnosis often requires a combination of clinical evaluation, biochemical and metabolic testing, imaging, tissue biopsy, and molecular genetic analysis. Muscle biopsy remains the gold standard for testing but blood and other tissues can also provide useful information, though heteroplasmy can complicate interpretation. The field of mitochondrial medicine is continually expanding to identify new disease subtypes and improve diagnosis and care.
Why cholesterol has a split personality and how the fitness sector can help tackle the growing number of people with high cholesterol levels through positive dietary and lifestyle changes.
The Future of Nutrition: Dairy IngredientsTodd.Runestad
How did antioxidants become a household word? Why are omega-3s in every new product launch? When did fiber break out of the retiree market? Are organic products taking over the world? How does dairy’s “healthy halo” improve its chances as the delivery system of choice for functional ingredients? What’s next – and how do I get in on it? See case studies showcasing how different sectors of the nutrition world found market success, and the factors that can be applied to the dairy field. From government pronouncements to scientific research, applications breakthroughs to riding the cultural Zeitgeist, opportunities to increase business are there for the taking – if you know where to look.
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce abnormal antibodies. It causes bone destruction and can damage the kidneys and suppress the bone marrow. While the cause is unknown, risk factors include age, family history, and exposure to radiation. Symptoms include bone pain, fatigue, recurrent infection, and kidney problems. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests and a bone marrow biopsy. Staging uses tests such as MRI, blood tests, and bone surveys. Treatment may include chemotherapy, steroids, radiation, stem cell transplants, and newer drugs that target specific pathways in myeloma cells. While not yet curable, novel agents have improved survival rates and quality of life compared to conventional chemotherapy alone.
Mitochondrial Disorders and Cerebral Folate Deficiency in Autism Spectrum Dis...mitoaction
Mitochondrial disorders and cerebral folate deficiency are increasingly recognized as prevalent in autism spectrum disorder. The presentation will review evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD, including biomarkers and altered energy metabolism. Cerebral folate deficiency is also discussed, where an autoantibody against the folate receptor can block folate transport to the brain. Symptoms of cerebral folate deficiency and conditions associated with both ASD and this deficiency will be covered. Treatment of mitochondrial disorders focuses on prevention of regression, secondary effects, diets, and addressing cerebral folate deficiency with folinic acid supplementation. Over half of children with ASD from specialty clinics tested positive for the folate receptor autoantibody.
A branch of medicine dealing with diseases and metabolic disorders that affect mitochondria. Focusing on diagnosing and treatment of wide range of these diseases. The symptom of these diseases varies from metabolic-induced developmental delay to complex problems that involve many body systems.
This resume is for Raneeb V A, who is currently working as a Travel & Tour Consultant in Sharjah, UAE since May 2015. He has over 2 years of experience in the travel industry in India, working as a Travel & Tour Consultant and Ticketing Staff. He has qualifications in IATA Consultant Course, Amadeus, Sabre and Galileo reservation systems, and a Bachelor's Degree in English. He is proficient in English, Malayalam, Hindi, Arabic and Microsoft Office programs. He aims to work for a progressive organization with opportunities for growth.
Brenda McDarby is seeking a position in the restaurant industry using her strong customer service skills and extensive experience. She has over 25 years of experience in various roles such as cook, bartender, waitress, hostess, manager, and front of house management. Her experience includes preparing daily specials, providing excellent customer service, overseeing front of house operations, scheduling employees, and training new hires. She has great skills in customer service, multitasking, management, and inventory control.
Inventó un microscopio con una especie de tubo con lentes en sus extremosCarlos Centeno
Galileo inventó uno de los primeros microscopios en el siglo XVII usando un tubo con lentes en ambos extremos, pero las imágenes eran borrosas debido a la mala calidad de las lentes. Los primeros microscopios ópticos podían aumentar las imágenes solo hasta 2000 veces, mientras que los microscopios de efecto túnel modernos pueden ampliarlas 100 millones de veces. Durante el siglo XVII, muchos científicos realizaron pruebas con lentes y microscopios para mejorar la precisión de
El documento compara tres motos de diferentes marcas (Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki) según sus características, funcionamiento, costos y eficiencia. Describe las características técnicas del motor, potencia, cilindrada y otros detalles de cada moto. Además, incluye una tabla con los costos de cada una.
This document describes the BeltTrack Generation 2 conveyor system. It highlights that the conveyor is designed to save costs and improve operator comfort while being easy to use, own, and ergonomic. The conveyor provides exceptional lighting, more control features, and shock absorption to reduce loading impacts. It is extremely configurable, strong, energy efficient, safe, and comes with a years warranty so users can focus on their business.
Is today's hr, ceo's trusted business ally bigger articleMrinal Krant
HR business partnering is commonly understood purpose of HR as a function but it is mostly underdeveloped function as far as business partnering is concerned, that too at CEO levels!
This presentation discusses preventing osteoporotic fractures in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. ADT is associated with rapid bone loss and increased fracture risk. Effective therapies for preventing bone loss and fractures include bisphosphonates like alendronate and zoledronic acid, which increase bone mineral density, as well as denosumab, which increases BMD and reduces vertebral fractures. Not all men on ADT require drug therapy; screening can help identify those at highest risk due to factors like older age, low body weight, steroid use, or preexisting osteopenia/osteoporosis.
This document summarizes information about childhood obesity, including:
- Childhood obesity is a worldwide epidemic, with over 30% of US adults and children overweight or obese. Obesity rates have increased across genders, ages, races and education levels.
- The costs associated with obesity have risen substantially, both in direct healthcare costs and indirectly through lost economic productivity. Risk of obesity is higher among teens without insurance or with Medicaid.
- Factors contributing to the rise in childhood obesity include decreased physical activity, increased consumption of calorie-dense foods, increased screen time, and environmental/socioeconomic factors. Breastfeeding has been shown to decrease risk of obesity later in childhood.
- Obesity
This document discusses the potential role of DHEA supplementation in improving oocyte yield and quality in women with diminished ovarian reserve or poor ovarian response. It provides biological plausibility for how DHEA may act on granulosa cells and follicles to reduce apoptosis and recruit more developmentally competent oocytes. The document reviews literature on DHEA's effects and side effects, and discusses using it as an adjuvant treatment in IVF, noting while some studies show benefits to oocyte quantity and quality, robust evidence of improved live birth rates is still lacking. It raises questions that need answering before widespread use and stresses that lack of evidence is not evidence of lack of effect.
This document discusses the potential role of DHEA supplementation in improving oocyte yield and quality in women with diminished ovarian reserve or poor ovarian response. It provides biological plausibility for how DHEA may act on granulosa cells and follicles to reduce apoptosis and recruit more developmentally competent oocytes. The document reviews literature on DHEA's effects and side effects, and discusses questions that still need answers around its role as an adjuvant treatment in assisted reproductive technologies.
This presentation summarizes Islet Sciences' strategy to address diabetes through early diagnosis, protection of insulin-producing cells, and transplantation of encapsulated porcine islets. Key points include developing a diagnostic test to detect beta cell DNA in blood to identify diabetes at an early stage, using Lysofylline to protect insulin cells from immune attack, and transplanting encapsulated pig islets to treat diabetes without immunosuppression. The company has partnerships with academic institutions and received grants to support its work. Financial statements show $3.5M in assets and $4.3M in liabilities as of January 2015.
This document provides an overview of mitochondrial diagnosis and disease. It discusses the basics of mitochondria, how mitochondrial diseases present clinically, and the various diagnostic approaches and tests used. Diagnosis often requires a combination of clinical evaluation, biochemical and metabolic testing, imaging, tissue biopsy, and molecular genetic analysis. Muscle biopsy remains the gold standard for testing but blood and other tissues can also provide useful information, though heteroplasmy can complicate interpretation. The field of mitochondrial medicine is continually expanding to identify new disease subtypes and improve diagnosis and care.
Why cholesterol has a split personality and how the fitness sector can help tackle the growing number of people with high cholesterol levels through positive dietary and lifestyle changes.
The Future of Nutrition: Dairy IngredientsTodd.Runestad
How did antioxidants become a household word? Why are omega-3s in every new product launch? When did fiber break out of the retiree market? Are organic products taking over the world? How does dairy’s “healthy halo” improve its chances as the delivery system of choice for functional ingredients? What’s next – and how do I get in on it? See case studies showcasing how different sectors of the nutrition world found market success, and the factors that can be applied to the dairy field. From government pronouncements to scientific research, applications breakthroughs to riding the cultural Zeitgeist, opportunities to increase business are there for the taking – if you know where to look.
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce abnormal antibodies. It causes bone destruction and can damage the kidneys and suppress the bone marrow. While the cause is unknown, risk factors include age, family history, and exposure to radiation. Symptoms include bone pain, fatigue, recurrent infection, and kidney problems. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests and a bone marrow biopsy. Staging uses tests such as MRI, blood tests, and bone surveys. Treatment may include chemotherapy, steroids, radiation, stem cell transplants, and newer drugs that target specific pathways in myeloma cells. While not yet curable, novel agents have improved survival rates and quality of life compared to conventional chemotherapy alone.
Mitochondrial Disorders and Cerebral Folate Deficiency in Autism Spectrum Dis...mitoaction
Mitochondrial disorders and cerebral folate deficiency are increasingly recognized as prevalent in autism spectrum disorder. The presentation will review evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD, including biomarkers and altered energy metabolism. Cerebral folate deficiency is also discussed, where an autoantibody against the folate receptor can block folate transport to the brain. Symptoms of cerebral folate deficiency and conditions associated with both ASD and this deficiency will be covered. Treatment of mitochondrial disorders focuses on prevention of regression, secondary effects, diets, and addressing cerebral folate deficiency with folinic acid supplementation. Over half of children with ASD from specialty clinics tested positive for the folate receptor autoantibody.
A branch of medicine dealing with diseases and metabolic disorders that affect mitochondria. Focusing on diagnosing and treatment of wide range of these diseases. The symptom of these diseases varies from metabolic-induced developmental delay to complex problems that involve many body systems.
Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species can impair sperm function and contribute to male infertility. Antioxidants may help reduce oxidative stress and improve fertility outcomes. Oral antioxidant supplementation in men with oxidative stress issues has been shown to increase pregnancy and live birth rates when undergoing assisted reproductive technologies. However, more research is still needed to determine the best candidates, formulations, dosages and duration of treatment for oral antioxidant therapy in cases of male infertility related to oxidative stress.
Sexual activity after myocardial infarctionTarek Anis
This presentation describes cardiovascular risk of sexual activity as well as recommendation to manage erectile dysfunction in men with coronary artery disease
The document discusses epigenetics and how early life experiences can influence gene expression and health outcomes through epigenetic mechanisms. It provides three key points:
1) Early life socioeconomic status, parental stress levels, and childhood temperament can leave a "biological residue" in the form of epigenetic marks on DNA that influence gene expression and health.
2) Studies have found associations between early life adversity such as low socioeconomic status or high parental stress, and DNA methylation levels in adulthood. Certain genes show methylation changes correlated with early experiences.
3) Temperament and behavior in children has also been linked to DNA methylation levels, suggesting early life experiences can get "under
This document discusses red blood cell disorders and anemia. It provides a pathogenetic classification of anemia including decreased production from nutrient deficiencies like iron deficiency or megaloblastic anemia, or hemopoietic cell defects like aplastic anemia. It also discusses increased loss or destruction from blood loss, hemolytic anemia, or congenital red blood cell defects. The top six anemias are also listed and described. Key aspects of iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease, and aplastic anemia are summarized. Learning objectives focus on understanding the major anemias like iron deficiency, megaloblastic, immune hemolytic, and anemia of chronic disease.
BioSHaRE: Risk stratification using genomic and lifestyle information - Samul...Lisette Giepmans
This document discusses using genomic and lifestyle data for cardiovascular disease risk stratification. It summarizes that genome-wide studies have provided unprecedented information about genetic backgrounds of complex diseases. Large-scale prospective data combining genomic screening, lifestyle factors, and long-term health outcomes could be used to develop personalized risk algorithms and apps to communicate risk. Pilot studies in Finland have shown genetic risk scores can reclassify risk and identify additional individuals who could benefit from prevention.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptxAnagha R Anil
This presentation explores the pivotal role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in predicting protein structures. It delves into the methodologies, advancements, and applications of NMR in determining the three-dimensional configurations of proteins, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions.
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptxFFragrant
There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Milan J. Anadkat, MD, and Dale V. Reisner discuss generalized pustular psoriasis in this CME activity titled "Supporting Patient-Centered Care in Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: Communications Strategies to Improve Shared Decision-Making." For the full presentation, please visit us at www.peervoice.com/HUM870.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
2. Housekeeping
Audio
Audio can be heard directly through your computer
speakers
Questions (Q&A)
Please e-mail your questions to
clientservices2@PERQUE.com.
Dr. Jaffe will answer questions within 24 hours.
2
3. Dr. Russell Jaffe, MD, Ph.D., CCN
FASCP,
FACN,
FACAAI,
FOCIS,
FAMLI,
FRSM
Fellow,
Health Studies Collegium
Director,
PERQUE Integrative Health &
ELISA/ACT Biotechnologies, LLC
3
4. What is Methylation?
Complex biological process: fuel for the body
Transfer or donation of one carbon methyl
group (-CH3) to other molecules
• Methyl donors
• Methyl acceptors
• Methyl carriers/factors
4
5. What is Methylation?
Methylation acceptors need methyl carriers
and donors
Methyl acceptors: nucleic acids/DNA, RNA, Proteins,
Phospholipids, Bile salts, Biological amines
Methyl carriers: Vitamins B6, B12,folate, magnesium
ascorbate
Methyl donors: methionine, S-adenosylmethionine
(SAMe), betaine (trimethylglycine).
5
7. Methylation deficits
Deficiency of methylation
factors and donors
Impaired protection
Reduced detoxification
Lack of mitochondrial
energy
7
8. Clinical manifestations of hyperhomocysteinemia
• Cardiovascular health coronary artery
disease, renovascular hypertension,
thrombotic and embolic events (stroke).
• CNS effects: Vascular dementia, increased
risk of multiple brain infarcts and
Alzheimer’s senility.
• Bone Health: strong link with bone mineral
density, bone blood flow
Boers GHJ, et al. Heterozygosity for homocystinuria in premature peripheral and cerebral occlusive arterial disease. New Engl J Med 1985; 313:709-715.
Refsum H, Nurk E, etal The Hordaland Homocysteine Study: a community-based study of homocysteine, its determinants, and associations with disease. J
Nutr. 2006 Jun; 136(6 Suppl): 1731S-1740S
Neetu Tyagi, Thomas P Vacek, John T Fleming, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia decreases bone blood flow. Vascular Health and Risk Management,January 2011
8
Volume 2011:7 Pg 31 – 35. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S15844)
9. Clinical manifestations of hyperhomocysteinemia
• Cancer: both increased and
decreased DNA methylation
involved
• Other
• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/
Fibromyalgia/muscle pain
• PMS symptoms
Kim YI, et al. Global DNA Hypomethylation increases progressively in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma Cancer 1994; 74:893-899.
Regland B, et al. Homocysteinosis in the central nervous system in patients with fibromyalgia/chronic fatique syndrome. Abstr Intern Conf
Homocysteine Metabol 1995; Dromoland Castle, County Clare, Ireland, July 2-6.
Cooney C, et al. Methyl magic: maximum health through methylation. Andrew McMeel Publishing, Kansas City, Missouri, 1999.
9
10. Cardiovascular Epigenetics
Andrea Baccarelli, Michiel Rienstra Emelia J. Benjamin. Cardiovascular Epigenetics Basic Concepts and Results From Animal
and Human Studies. Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics. 2010; 3: 567-573. 10
11. Cardiovascular Epigenetics
DNA methylation
Primary regulator of inflammation
Homocysteine C-Reactive protein
atherosclerosis,
hypertension, and
diabetes
Andrea Baccarelli, Michiel Rienstra Emelia J. Benjamin.
Cardiovascular Epigenetics Basic Concepts and Results From Animal
and Human Studies. Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics. 2010; 3:
567-573. 11
12. Effect of Homocysteine Levels on Survival in CHD
<6 mol/L
<9 mol/L
9-15 mol/L
16X
4X
15-20 mol/L
>20 mol/L
12
13. Methyl Carriers
• Vitamin B6
• Vitamin B12: hydroxocobalamin : preferred form
• Folate: Natural folates, not synthetic folic acid
• Magnesium ascorbate
Adequate levels help keep
methyl donors at optimum levels
Methionine, SAMe, betaine (trimethylglycine)
13
14. Healthy Methylation
B6, B12, folates
Difference in Five-Year Mortality Risk
1000%
R e la t iv e R is k (in % )
800%
The Difference in Senility Risk
600%
200%
S e n ility R is k (in % )
400%
100%
200%
0%
0%
<6.5 6.5-9 9. - 12. 12. - 15 >15 <6.5 >15
Relative Risk of Senility in Relation to
Relative Risk at Different Homocysteine Levels Homocysteine Levels
Arch Chem. 2004;50:3-32. and Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1933-1937. Schroecksnadel K, et. al. Hyperhomocysteinemia and immune activation.
Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41(11):1438-1443.
NEJM. 2002;346:476-483.
15. Methylation and autism
• Vitamin
insufficiency
• Increased
oxidative
stress
• Reduced
capacity for
energy
transport,
sulfation &
detoxification
Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, Gehn E, Loresto M, Mitchell J, Atwood S, Barnhouse S, Lee W.
Nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children, and the association with autism severity. Nutr Metab
(Lond). 2011 Jun 8;8(1):34.
15
16. DNA methylation and immune system
DNA methylation patterns
have relevance in immune
function.
Restoring methylation can
strengthen immune
system-related therapies
Suarez-Alvarez B, Rodriguez RM, Fraga MF, López-Larrea C.DNA methylation: a promising landscape for immune
system-related diseases.Trends Genet. 2012 Oct;28(10):506-14. Epub 2012 Jul 21.
16
17. Overloaded Immune System means:
• Chronic illness
• Inflammation = Repair deficits
• Increase in digestive remnants
• Chronic, degenerative,
autoimmune illness
Jaffe R. Immune Defense and Repair Systems in Biologic Medicine: Clinical Relevance of Biological Response Modifiers in
Autoimmunity: Diagnosis, Treatment, Tests, and Interpretation (Part I). Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients 2009; Oct: 82-89.
17
18. Healthy Immune Responses
• No allergies = tolerance
• Neutralizes infections & allergens
• Repairs us from daily damage
• Deletes cancer cells
White blood cell recycles pathogens
18
19. Allergy Laboratory Tests
Type I Allergies
RAST or skin tests
Delayed Allergies
Lymphocyte response
assay needed to tell
‘good’ from ‘bad’
e.g. LRA by ELISA/ACT
covers all delayed
pathways
19
20. Predictive Lab Tests
with Healthy Goal values
• Homocysteine <6 µmol/L for methylation, detox
• CRP <0.5 mg/dl for repair deficit inflammation
• Oxidative stress antioxidant sufficiency: Goal
Oxidized LDL/HDL & 8-oxo-guanine absent
• LRA by ELISA/ACT delayed allergy
functional tests and treatment plans
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21. Immune System: Enhance; Stop Burden
Hospitable host to pathogens = Tolerance lost
Allergens provoke symptoms:
Overload of Foreign Reactive Antigens
Repair deferred…defense 1st
Only Functional tests can identify
causes of immune overload…
go by results
21
22. Physiology 1st approach
Immune System: Reset, Renew, Repair, & Restore Tolerance
Comprehensive Plan:
• Lower burden by substituting reactives
• Bioavailable nutritional supplements
• Life long health the Alkaline Way
Health Studies Collegium, The Joy of Food The Alkaline Way Guide, 18th ed. 2009-2010
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24. To Your Health
“Health is more than the absence of
disease. Health is the fullest physical,
mental, and spiritual expression attainable
by each individual."
Russ Jaffe paraphrasing
Hippocrates, Galen, Huang Ti, & WHO
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25. Health Studies Collegium
Questions Welcome
You have been watching a
pre-recorded presentation
Please email us your questions to
clientservices2@PERQUE.com and Dr.
Jaffe will respond to them within 24
hours.
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