At the beginning of the year, our clients all share a keen interest in putting their plans into place, identifying objectives and rolling out the strategic plan. One of the key steps in this strategic planning process is a stakeholder analysis.
Pass the kava (and the pigs) as Pacific Island Chief Sam talks about leadershipMichelle Terkelsen
You may remember from recent podcasts and posts that we went on holiday to Vanuatu to do some business planning. Since we were discussing people and leadership, we thought we’d chat with a very special someone we met while we were there – Chief Sam.
Chief Sam is an actual Chief of Futuna, a small island in the south of Vanuatu with around 300 people living across four villages. Because we’re always fascinated to learn how different types of leaders work, we were excited to hear all about his role as Chief, and so we shared some Kava and asked him about the joys, responsibilities and challenges of his position.
When we think of a playbook, we think of a strategy or plan used in a team sport. In this post and podcast, we're talking about how you can create your own personal playbook. It's a useful tool that helps purposeful leaders focus their efforts when they’re going into or have come out of a project or task. It prompts you to address the who, what, where, when and how of your development.
We recently went on holiday with the extended family to Vanuatu and it was fascinating to observe how different we all were in our ways of being. For example, some of us were crazy organised with an agenda full of activities. Others were very present, focusing only on what was in front of them in that moment. Inspired by the family dynamics, we decided to look at personality types in this post and podcast because, as a people leader, understanding the different ways people perceive and organise information, communicate and make decisions is incredibly useful in avoiding problems and improving effective collaboration within a team.
A 4 step framework for one on-one catch ups for people leadersJan Terkelsen
It’s important for managers to check in on their staff in regular one-on-one catch ups. But without a process or structure, these conversations can be quite transactional. In this post (and this podcast episode[eoa.fyi/plp38]), we explain how we help managers pave the way to far more valuable and effective catch ups using four steps and five additional tips.
Mentoring Session Guidelines For People LeadersJan Terkelsen
This document provides contact information for People Leaders, including their website, email address, podcast name and social media profiles on LinkedIn and Facebook. People Leaders focuses on leadership and can be contacted through their website, email, or social media channels.
This document provides contact information for the People Leaders Podcast, including their website, email, social media accounts, and links to listen. The podcast focuses on leadership and communication skills based on the host's experience in human resources and business.
4 Types of Performance Conversations for Leaders and ManagersJan Terkelsen
This document provides contact information for People Leaders, including their podcast, website, email, LinkedIn, and Facebook pages. People Leaders is an organization that offers resources on leadership and management. They encourage contacting them to provide feedback or ask questions.
The New and Improved High Performing Team Assessment ToolJan Terkelsen
The High Performing Team Assessment Tool (HPT) is one of our most downloaded resources. It’s so popular because it’s simple to use and benchmarks your team across eight critical areas, enabling you to easily measure improvements over time. At People Leaders, we’re also all about continuous improvement. That’s why we’ve revamped the HPT in line with feedback received and our own new learnings. In this post and podcast, we talk you through the tool and changes we’ve made to it, explaining why it’s so valuable in helping you improve team performance.
Pass the kava (and the pigs) as Pacific Island Chief Sam talks about leadershipMichelle Terkelsen
You may remember from recent podcasts and posts that we went on holiday to Vanuatu to do some business planning. Since we were discussing people and leadership, we thought we’d chat with a very special someone we met while we were there – Chief Sam.
Chief Sam is an actual Chief of Futuna, a small island in the south of Vanuatu with around 300 people living across four villages. Because we’re always fascinated to learn how different types of leaders work, we were excited to hear all about his role as Chief, and so we shared some Kava and asked him about the joys, responsibilities and challenges of his position.
When we think of a playbook, we think of a strategy or plan used in a team sport. In this post and podcast, we're talking about how you can create your own personal playbook. It's a useful tool that helps purposeful leaders focus their efforts when they’re going into or have come out of a project or task. It prompts you to address the who, what, where, when and how of your development.
We recently went on holiday with the extended family to Vanuatu and it was fascinating to observe how different we all were in our ways of being. For example, some of us were crazy organised with an agenda full of activities. Others were very present, focusing only on what was in front of them in that moment. Inspired by the family dynamics, we decided to look at personality types in this post and podcast because, as a people leader, understanding the different ways people perceive and organise information, communicate and make decisions is incredibly useful in avoiding problems and improving effective collaboration within a team.
A 4 step framework for one on-one catch ups for people leadersJan Terkelsen
It’s important for managers to check in on their staff in regular one-on-one catch ups. But without a process or structure, these conversations can be quite transactional. In this post (and this podcast episode[eoa.fyi/plp38]), we explain how we help managers pave the way to far more valuable and effective catch ups using four steps and five additional tips.
Mentoring Session Guidelines For People LeadersJan Terkelsen
This document provides contact information for People Leaders, including their website, email address, podcast name and social media profiles on LinkedIn and Facebook. People Leaders focuses on leadership and can be contacted through their website, email, or social media channels.
This document provides contact information for the People Leaders Podcast, including their website, email, social media accounts, and links to listen. The podcast focuses on leadership and communication skills based on the host's experience in human resources and business.
4 Types of Performance Conversations for Leaders and ManagersJan Terkelsen
This document provides contact information for People Leaders, including their podcast, website, email, LinkedIn, and Facebook pages. People Leaders is an organization that offers resources on leadership and management. They encourage contacting them to provide feedback or ask questions.
The New and Improved High Performing Team Assessment ToolJan Terkelsen
The High Performing Team Assessment Tool (HPT) is one of our most downloaded resources. It’s so popular because it’s simple to use and benchmarks your team across eight critical areas, enabling you to easily measure improvements over time. At People Leaders, we’re also all about continuous improvement. That’s why we’ve revamped the HPT in line with feedback received and our own new learnings. In this post and podcast, we talk you through the tool and changes we’ve made to it, explaining why it’s so valuable in helping you improve team performance.
The 4 Agreements for Effective Team LeadershipJan Terkelsen
Many of our coaching clients ask us for book recommendations, especially about leadership. The Four Agreements by Don Miguel Ruiz is probably the book that we recommend most often - and it’s one of our all-time favourites. It’s powerful, profound, and gives you a framework to operate at your best.
It’s not a typical leadership book but whenever we use it in a facilitation or coaching situation we often get positive feedback from leaders and their teams.
So we thought we’d talk about what the Four Agreements are and give you some examples of how you can apply them in your teams, as a people leader, and even just in everyday life.
When we talk about diversity in the workplace, we usually think in terms of age and gender. But what about the important differences in personalities, communication styles and approaches? All too often, people don’t speak up at work because it doesn’t feel safe – and the consequences can be far reaching. In this post and podcast, we look at the idea of ‘psychological safety’, and how we can create a framework that really honours the differences people bring to a team.
How To Motivate Your Team As A People LeaderJan Terkelsen
How to motivate my team? It’s a common but elusive question that many people leaders struggle with. Your team's drive and desire to perform well is key to their productivity and success. Yet the truth is, you can't really motivate people unless they want to do it themselves. So where does that leave you? In this post and this podcast we discuss four focus areas to consider when thinking about how to motivate your team.
How to Interpret Lencioni’s 5 Dysfunctions of a TeamJan Terkelsen
This document provides contact information for People Leaders, including their podcast and social media accounts. It lists their website, email, podcast name, Twitter handle, LinkedIn and Facebook pages. People Leaders focuses on helping with difficult conversations in business through resources like downloadable PDF graphics and their podcast.
Recently, we’ve coached a number of people leaders who’ve received feedback from their upline managers around the importance of building their personal brand. We thought it would be interesting to talk about how to build your reputation from a perspective of building relationships.
When we think of a playbook, we think of a strategy or plan used in a team sport. In this post and podcast, we're talking about how you can create your own personal playbook. It's a useful tool that helps purposeful leaders focus their efforts when they’re going into or have come out of a project or task. It prompts you to address the who, what, where, when and how of your development.
Today we’re sharing a simple yet powerful model we’ve been using to help our clients work through the process of change. It’s called the Awareness Acceptance Action Model, and it’s a framework or continuum with three stages. Moving through each stage will help you experience a different response in any given situation so that you can create real change.
The 10 Key Steps of Team-Based PlanningJan Terkelsen
This document provides contact information for the People Leaders Podcast including their website, email address, social media accounts on Twitter and LinkedIn, and Facebook page. It encourages doing a Values Card Sort exercise on their website.
5 tips to effectively influence ‘feelers’Jan Terkelsen
Feelers prioritize principles over purpose, so the most effective way to influence them is by appealing to their values and showing how your request aligns with their principles rather than simply focusing on the intended outcome or purpose. Demonstrating that your request is fair, compassionate, and does not compromise their strong sense of ethics is key to gaining their support and cooperation.
This is me – how to help your team know you betterJan Terkelsen
Understanding how team members operate is the key to high-performance teamwork. But it can take some time (and painful trial and error) before you really know what makes each person tick. Through the work we do with managers and teams, we’ve developed a practical shortcut that helps people get to know each other quickly. It’s a simple and highly effective exercise we call, ‘This is me’.
Influence Through Preparedness and Tangible TakeawaysJan Terkelsen
Today we’re sharing insights about the benefits of preparing tangible takeaways before heading into an exchange with a team member (or a colleague for that matter). We’ve recently come across several situations where we’ve helped leaders prepare for a variety of responses heading into a conversation. Invariably we’ve found that presenting visual materials or specific evidence to back up points or demonstrate intent has successfully influenced outcomes.
Meditation - Your Secret Leadership WeaponJan Terkelsen
Meditation is a subject full of misconceptions and misunderstandings, yet those of us who do it regularly can’t imagine life without it. It’s one of the best kept secrets around but fortunately it’s becoming more and more mainstream.
Know your impact. know your reputation.Jan Terkelsen
As a leader or manager you are in a position where you have more impact than most. While your intention will always be for that impact to be positive, sometimes it’s affected by factors you may not be aware of. Your reputation for example.
If you have a reputation for being strong or principled, then chances are your words and your directions will have more impact than someone with a reputation for not walking the talk. Where there’s a misalignment, problems will arise. They may be small or they may be not so small but they will be problems nevertheless.
How to use the mbti in your professional developmentJan Terkelsen
As a manager or people leader, you have several conversations with team members each day. These will often have a coaching or advisory element to them. Some may even be about performance management. And some conversations may in the form of emails or written memos.
And while it is non-judgmental, it does have distinctions where characteristics may be seen as ‘well-developed’ or ‘underdeveloped.’ If those words seem a bit ‘judgy’ you could view them as ‘effective’ or ‘less effective’ instead.
How to create a team purpose statement in three steps (and why)Jan Terkelsen
It’s fair to say that most organisations have a Purpose Statement, Mission Statement or something that determines the company's’ scope of operations and direction. However, though they need just as much clarity and direction (or perhaps more!), it’s rare that individual teams within organisations have their own distinct Purpose Statements.
A simple 5 step career planning guide for leadersJan Terkelsen
There are certain times of the year that people get the impetus to examine their careers and career goals to see if they’re on track. They may be reflecting on what they have accomplished in their current role. They might be asking how the current role or job they have in their organisation fits with who they are. They may also be wondering whether they are fulfilled and on the path that will lead them where they ultimately want to go in both career and life.
5 tips to effectively influence ‘thinkers’Jan Terkelsen
A big part of any leadership role is knowing how to influence others. Not to manipulate or cajole but to influence so your team can work more cohesively. Because we all see the world differently, not everyone has the same ‘influence buttons’ but the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) gives us clues how to frame an argument based on style or ’preferences.'
4 ways to flip feedback for leaders and managersJan Terkelsen
On this podcast episode we discuss a simple fix for this and that’s to flip the top-down feedback culture to a bottom-up feedback culture. Rather than waiting for upline feedback to come to you, be proactive in seeking it. Even better, be proactive in seeking feedback from all directions and from all stakeholders.
As the recipient of the feedback, it puts you in the position of power. It tells your manager (and others) that you’ve got the confidence to take the initiative and are willing to receive and to act upon the feedback.
And if you teach your team to do the same, it takes some of the leadership workload off of you. Rather than having to prepare and initiate difficult conversations, you can have the conversation knowing that the recipient is already prepared for it.
Top 10 tips for communicating with introvertsJan Terkelsen
Some think of introverts as shy and/or quiet. This is often the case but these are definitely not universal attributes. See if the tips below help serve as clues for who on your team might be introverted and adjust your approach to them accordingly. And as usual, you can also hear us discuss this on The People Leaders Podcast
How to prepare and conduct a difficult conversation as a managerJan Terkelsen
For most of us, the idea of having a difficult conversation makes our heart race a little (or a lot). People leaders have an extra layer of difficulty because, in most cases, these are conversations that can’t be avoided.
Let’s face it, it’s part of the job and something that has to be done. In fact, if you aren’t having difficult conversations on an almost daily basis, you probably aren’t doing your job to the best of your ability, and nor are you serving your stakeholders as well as you could be. It’s part of the duty of care of being in a leadership role.
Enriching engagement with ethical review processesstrikingabalance
New ethics review processes at the University of Bath. Presented at the 8th World Conference on Research Integrity by Filipa Vance, Head of Research Governance and Compliance at the University of Bath. June 2024, Athens
A presentation on mastering key management concepts across projects, products, programs, and portfolios. Whether you're an aspiring manager or looking to enhance your skills, this session will provide you with the knowledge and tools to succeed in various management roles. Learn about the distinct lifecycles, methodologies, and essential skillsets needed to thrive in today's dynamic business environment.
The 4 Agreements for Effective Team LeadershipJan Terkelsen
Many of our coaching clients ask us for book recommendations, especially about leadership. The Four Agreements by Don Miguel Ruiz is probably the book that we recommend most often - and it’s one of our all-time favourites. It’s powerful, profound, and gives you a framework to operate at your best.
It’s not a typical leadership book but whenever we use it in a facilitation or coaching situation we often get positive feedback from leaders and their teams.
So we thought we’d talk about what the Four Agreements are and give you some examples of how you can apply them in your teams, as a people leader, and even just in everyday life.
When we talk about diversity in the workplace, we usually think in terms of age and gender. But what about the important differences in personalities, communication styles and approaches? All too often, people don’t speak up at work because it doesn’t feel safe – and the consequences can be far reaching. In this post and podcast, we look at the idea of ‘psychological safety’, and how we can create a framework that really honours the differences people bring to a team.
How To Motivate Your Team As A People LeaderJan Terkelsen
How to motivate my team? It’s a common but elusive question that many people leaders struggle with. Your team's drive and desire to perform well is key to their productivity and success. Yet the truth is, you can't really motivate people unless they want to do it themselves. So where does that leave you? In this post and this podcast we discuss four focus areas to consider when thinking about how to motivate your team.
How to Interpret Lencioni’s 5 Dysfunctions of a TeamJan Terkelsen
This document provides contact information for People Leaders, including their podcast and social media accounts. It lists their website, email, podcast name, Twitter handle, LinkedIn and Facebook pages. People Leaders focuses on helping with difficult conversations in business through resources like downloadable PDF graphics and their podcast.
Recently, we’ve coached a number of people leaders who’ve received feedback from their upline managers around the importance of building their personal brand. We thought it would be interesting to talk about how to build your reputation from a perspective of building relationships.
When we think of a playbook, we think of a strategy or plan used in a team sport. In this post and podcast, we're talking about how you can create your own personal playbook. It's a useful tool that helps purposeful leaders focus their efforts when they’re going into or have come out of a project or task. It prompts you to address the who, what, where, when and how of your development.
Today we’re sharing a simple yet powerful model we’ve been using to help our clients work through the process of change. It’s called the Awareness Acceptance Action Model, and it’s a framework or continuum with three stages. Moving through each stage will help you experience a different response in any given situation so that you can create real change.
The 10 Key Steps of Team-Based PlanningJan Terkelsen
This document provides contact information for the People Leaders Podcast including their website, email address, social media accounts on Twitter and LinkedIn, and Facebook page. It encourages doing a Values Card Sort exercise on their website.
5 tips to effectively influence ‘feelers’Jan Terkelsen
Feelers prioritize principles over purpose, so the most effective way to influence them is by appealing to their values and showing how your request aligns with their principles rather than simply focusing on the intended outcome or purpose. Demonstrating that your request is fair, compassionate, and does not compromise their strong sense of ethics is key to gaining their support and cooperation.
This is me – how to help your team know you betterJan Terkelsen
Understanding how team members operate is the key to high-performance teamwork. But it can take some time (and painful trial and error) before you really know what makes each person tick. Through the work we do with managers and teams, we’ve developed a practical shortcut that helps people get to know each other quickly. It’s a simple and highly effective exercise we call, ‘This is me’.
Influence Through Preparedness and Tangible TakeawaysJan Terkelsen
Today we’re sharing insights about the benefits of preparing tangible takeaways before heading into an exchange with a team member (or a colleague for that matter). We’ve recently come across several situations where we’ve helped leaders prepare for a variety of responses heading into a conversation. Invariably we’ve found that presenting visual materials or specific evidence to back up points or demonstrate intent has successfully influenced outcomes.
Meditation - Your Secret Leadership WeaponJan Terkelsen
Meditation is a subject full of misconceptions and misunderstandings, yet those of us who do it regularly can’t imagine life without it. It’s one of the best kept secrets around but fortunately it’s becoming more and more mainstream.
Know your impact. know your reputation.Jan Terkelsen
As a leader or manager you are in a position where you have more impact than most. While your intention will always be for that impact to be positive, sometimes it’s affected by factors you may not be aware of. Your reputation for example.
If you have a reputation for being strong or principled, then chances are your words and your directions will have more impact than someone with a reputation for not walking the talk. Where there’s a misalignment, problems will arise. They may be small or they may be not so small but they will be problems nevertheless.
How to use the mbti in your professional developmentJan Terkelsen
As a manager or people leader, you have several conversations with team members each day. These will often have a coaching or advisory element to them. Some may even be about performance management. And some conversations may in the form of emails or written memos.
And while it is non-judgmental, it does have distinctions where characteristics may be seen as ‘well-developed’ or ‘underdeveloped.’ If those words seem a bit ‘judgy’ you could view them as ‘effective’ or ‘less effective’ instead.
How to create a team purpose statement in three steps (and why)Jan Terkelsen
It’s fair to say that most organisations have a Purpose Statement, Mission Statement or something that determines the company's’ scope of operations and direction. However, though they need just as much clarity and direction (or perhaps more!), it’s rare that individual teams within organisations have their own distinct Purpose Statements.
A simple 5 step career planning guide for leadersJan Terkelsen
There are certain times of the year that people get the impetus to examine their careers and career goals to see if they’re on track. They may be reflecting on what they have accomplished in their current role. They might be asking how the current role or job they have in their organisation fits with who they are. They may also be wondering whether they are fulfilled and on the path that will lead them where they ultimately want to go in both career and life.
5 tips to effectively influence ‘thinkers’Jan Terkelsen
A big part of any leadership role is knowing how to influence others. Not to manipulate or cajole but to influence so your team can work more cohesively. Because we all see the world differently, not everyone has the same ‘influence buttons’ but the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) gives us clues how to frame an argument based on style or ’preferences.'
4 ways to flip feedback for leaders and managersJan Terkelsen
On this podcast episode we discuss a simple fix for this and that’s to flip the top-down feedback culture to a bottom-up feedback culture. Rather than waiting for upline feedback to come to you, be proactive in seeking it. Even better, be proactive in seeking feedback from all directions and from all stakeholders.
As the recipient of the feedback, it puts you in the position of power. It tells your manager (and others) that you’ve got the confidence to take the initiative and are willing to receive and to act upon the feedback.
And if you teach your team to do the same, it takes some of the leadership workload off of you. Rather than having to prepare and initiate difficult conversations, you can have the conversation knowing that the recipient is already prepared for it.
Top 10 tips for communicating with introvertsJan Terkelsen
Some think of introverts as shy and/or quiet. This is often the case but these are definitely not universal attributes. See if the tips below help serve as clues for who on your team might be introverted and adjust your approach to them accordingly. And as usual, you can also hear us discuss this on The People Leaders Podcast
How to prepare and conduct a difficult conversation as a managerJan Terkelsen
For most of us, the idea of having a difficult conversation makes our heart race a little (or a lot). People leaders have an extra layer of difficulty because, in most cases, these are conversations that can’t be avoided.
Let’s face it, it’s part of the job and something that has to be done. In fact, if you aren’t having difficult conversations on an almost daily basis, you probably aren’t doing your job to the best of your ability, and nor are you serving your stakeholders as well as you could be. It’s part of the duty of care of being in a leadership role.
Enriching engagement with ethical review processesstrikingabalance
New ethics review processes at the University of Bath. Presented at the 8th World Conference on Research Integrity by Filipa Vance, Head of Research Governance and Compliance at the University of Bath. June 2024, Athens
A presentation on mastering key management concepts across projects, products, programs, and portfolios. Whether you're an aspiring manager or looking to enhance your skills, this session will provide you with the knowledge and tools to succeed in various management roles. Learn about the distinct lifecycles, methodologies, and essential skillsets needed to thrive in today's dynamic business environment.
Ganpati Kumar Choudhary Indian Ethos PPT.pptx, The Dilemma of Green Energy Corporation
Green Energy Corporation, a leading renewable energy company, faces a dilemma: balancing profitability and sustainability. Pressure to scale rapidly has led to ethical concerns, as the company's commitment to sustainable practices is tested by the need to satisfy shareholders and maintain a competitive edge.
A team is a group of individuals, all working together for a common purpose. This Ppt derives a detail information on team building process and ats type with effective example by Tuckmans Model. it also describes about team issues and effective team work. Unclear Roles and Responsibilities of teams as well as individuals.
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words an...Ram V Chary
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words and actions, making leaders reliable and credible. It also ensures ethical decision-making, which fosters a positive organizational culture and promotes long-term success. #RamVChary
Designing and Sustaining Large-Scale Value-Centered Agile Ecosystems (powered...Alexey Krivitsky
Is Agile dead? It depends on what you mean by 'Agile'. If you mean that the organizations are not getting the promised benefits because they were focusing too much on the team-level agile "ways of working" instead of systemic global improvements -- then we are in agreement. It is a misunderstanding of Agility that led us down a dead-end. At Org Topologies, we see bright sparks -- the signs of the 'second wave of Agile' as we call it. The emphasis is shifting towards both in-team and inter-team collaboration. Away from false dichotomies. Both: team autonomy and shared broad product ownership are required to sustain true result-oriented organizational agility. Org Topologies is a package offering a visual language plus thinking tools required to communicate org development direction and can be used to help design and then sustain org change aiming at higher organizational archetypes.
Originally presented at XP2024 Bolzano
While agile has entered the post-mainstream age, possibly losing its mojo along the way, the rise of remote working is dealing a more severe blow than its industrialization.
In this talk we'll have a look to the cumulative effect of the constraints of a remote working environment and of the common countermeasures.
Sethurathnam Ravi: A Legacy in Finance and LeadershipAnjana Josie
Sethurathnam Ravi, also known as S Ravi, is a distinguished Chartered Accountant and former Chairman of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). As the Founder and Managing Partner of Ravi Rajan & Co. LLP, he has made significant contributions to the fields of finance, banking, and corporate governance. His extensive career includes directorships in over 45 major organizations, including LIC, BHEL, and ONGC. With a passion for financial consulting and social issues, S Ravi continues to influence the industry and inspire future leaders.
Public Speaking Tips to Help You Be A Strong Leader.pdfPinta Partners
In the realm of effective leadership, a multitude of skills come into play, but one stands out as both crucial and challenging: public speaking.
Public speaking transcends mere eloquence; it serves as the medium through which leaders articulate their vision, inspire action, and foster engagement. For leaders, refining public speaking skills is essential, elevating their ability to influence, persuade, and lead with resolute conviction. Here are some key tips to consider: https://joellandau.com/the-public-speaking-tips-to-help-you-be-a-stronger-leader/
12 steps to transform your organization into the agile org you deservePierre E. NEIS
During an organizational transformation, the shift is from the previous state to an improved one. In the realm of agility, I emphasize the significance of identifying polarities. This approach helps establish a clear understanding of your objectives. I have outlined 12 incremental actions to delineate your organizational strategy.
Comparing Stability and Sustainability in Agile SystemsRob Healy
Copy of the presentation given at XP2024 based on a research paper.
In this paper we explain wat overwork is and the physical and mental health risks associated with it.
We then explore how overwork relates to system stability and inventory.
Finally there is a call to action for Team Leads / Scrum Masters / Managers to measure and monitor excess work for individual teams.
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational CorporationsRoopaTemkar
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational Corporations
Strategic decision making within MNCs constrained or determined by the implementation of laws and codes of practice and by pressure from political actors. Managers in MNCs have to make choices that are shaped by gvmt. intervention and the local economy.