This document provides an overview of the general approach to pediatric toxicology. It discusses the key steps in management including resuscitation, risk assessment, supportive care, decontamination, enhanced elimination, and use of antidotes. Resuscitation is the top priority and involves establishing an airway and supporting circulation and disability. A thorough history and physical exam are important for risk assessment. Supportive care focuses on observation, hydration, nutrition, and treating specific symptoms. Decontamination methods like skin washing and gastric lavage are limited. Activated charcoal and whole bowel irrigation may be used in select cases. Enhanced elimination includes activated charcoal, alkalinization, and dialysis. Specific antidotes are used
This document provides an overview of hypoglycemia, including its definition, causes, clinical manifestations, and treatment. It begins by defining hypoglycemia and describing normal glucose metabolism and regulation. It then discusses hypoglycemia in those with and without diabetes. For those with diabetes, it covers frequency, definitions, pathophysiology including defective counterregulation and unawareness, and risk factors. It details treatment approaches. For those without diabetes, it reviews potential causes such as drugs, illnesses, tumors, and endogenous hyperinsulinemia. Throughout it provides details on clinical evaluation and management goals of correcting the underlying causes of hypoglycemia.
This document discusses the causes, examination, and approach to an unconscious patient. It lists various potential causes of unconsciousness including trauma, hypoxia, infection, hemorrhage, metabolic disturbances, organ failure, drugs, and more. It describes examining the patient's vital signs, neurological status including level of consciousness assessed by GCS, and potential pupil abnormalities. Key steps in management involve supporting life functions, diagnosing the cause through history, focused exam, and investigations, and then treating reversible causes.
This document defines myocardial infarction and provides epidemiological data. It begins by defining myocardial infarction as the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle due to prolonged ischemia resulting from a blockage in a coronary artery. It then notes that over 735,000 Americans have heart attacks each year. Risk factors include increasing age, male sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption. The pathophysiology involves rupture of an atheromatous plaque leading to thrombus formation and coronary artery occlusion, causing ischemia and eventual cell death.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes caused by relative or absolute insulin deficiency that results in hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. It occurs most often in patients with type 1 diabetes but can also affect those with type 2 diabetes. Treatment of DKA involves fluid resuscitation, intravenous insulin therapy, electrolyte replacement, and monitoring of glucose and acid-base levels until the condition is resolved. Complications can include hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, cerebral edema, and complications related to underlying illnesses. Strict diabetes management and patient education are needed to prevent DKA.
Presentation on snake bites and first aid. A comprehensive presentation on snake bite and the emergency response to it. Also cover precautions - how to avoid snake bites in the field. Useful for campers, doctors, students etc...
The document discusses diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), providing definitions, pathophysiology, precipitating events, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. DKA is defined as hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidemia. It results from insulin deficiency leading to lipolysis, ketogenesis, and hyperglycemia. Common causes include infection, inadequate insulin, drugs like cocaine, and pregnancy. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy to lower glucose levels to 140-180 mg/dL, electrolyte replacement, and treating the underlying precipitant once the patient is stabilized. Potassium levels require close monitoring during treatment.
This document provides an overview of the general approach to pediatric toxicology. It discusses the key steps in management including resuscitation, risk assessment, supportive care, decontamination, enhanced elimination, and use of antidotes. Resuscitation is the top priority and involves establishing an airway and supporting circulation and disability. A thorough history and physical exam are important for risk assessment. Supportive care focuses on observation, hydration, nutrition, and treating specific symptoms. Decontamination methods like skin washing and gastric lavage are limited. Activated charcoal and whole bowel irrigation may be used in select cases. Enhanced elimination includes activated charcoal, alkalinization, and dialysis. Specific antidotes are used
This document provides an overview of hypoglycemia, including its definition, causes, clinical manifestations, and treatment. It begins by defining hypoglycemia and describing normal glucose metabolism and regulation. It then discusses hypoglycemia in those with and without diabetes. For those with diabetes, it covers frequency, definitions, pathophysiology including defective counterregulation and unawareness, and risk factors. It details treatment approaches. For those without diabetes, it reviews potential causes such as drugs, illnesses, tumors, and endogenous hyperinsulinemia. Throughout it provides details on clinical evaluation and management goals of correcting the underlying causes of hypoglycemia.
This document discusses the causes, examination, and approach to an unconscious patient. It lists various potential causes of unconsciousness including trauma, hypoxia, infection, hemorrhage, metabolic disturbances, organ failure, drugs, and more. It describes examining the patient's vital signs, neurological status including level of consciousness assessed by GCS, and potential pupil abnormalities. Key steps in management involve supporting life functions, diagnosing the cause through history, focused exam, and investigations, and then treating reversible causes.
This document defines myocardial infarction and provides epidemiological data. It begins by defining myocardial infarction as the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle due to prolonged ischemia resulting from a blockage in a coronary artery. It then notes that over 735,000 Americans have heart attacks each year. Risk factors include increasing age, male sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption. The pathophysiology involves rupture of an atheromatous plaque leading to thrombus formation and coronary artery occlusion, causing ischemia and eventual cell death.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes caused by relative or absolute insulin deficiency that results in hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. It occurs most often in patients with type 1 diabetes but can also affect those with type 2 diabetes. Treatment of DKA involves fluid resuscitation, intravenous insulin therapy, electrolyte replacement, and monitoring of glucose and acid-base levels until the condition is resolved. Complications can include hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, cerebral edema, and complications related to underlying illnesses. Strict diabetes management and patient education are needed to prevent DKA.
Presentation on snake bites and first aid. A comprehensive presentation on snake bite and the emergency response to it. Also cover precautions - how to avoid snake bites in the field. Useful for campers, doctors, students etc...
The document discusses diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), providing definitions, pathophysiology, precipitating events, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. DKA is defined as hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidemia. It results from insulin deficiency leading to lipolysis, ketogenesis, and hyperglycemia. Common causes include infection, inadequate insulin, drugs like cocaine, and pregnancy. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy to lower glucose levels to 140-180 mg/dL, electrolyte replacement, and treating the underlying precipitant once the patient is stabilized. Potassium levels require close monitoring during treatment.
Epilepsy is a disorder caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain that causes seizures. Seizures occur when groups of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain send out abnormal burst of electrical activity. The main types of seizures are generalized seizures, which involve the whole brain, and partial seizures, which originate in one area of the brain. Epilepsy has many potential causes including genetic factors, brain injury, infections, tumors, and metabolic imbalances. Treatment involves medications to control seizures and lifestyle modifications to prevent injury during seizures.
Fundamental of nursing procedure mannualNursing Path
This document provides instructions for various nursing procedures including bed making, vital signs, wound care, tube feedings, and medication administration. It includes detailed steps for making different types of beds, such as unoccupied beds, occupied beds, and postoperative beds. Other sections cover procedures like taking temperatures, blood pressures, oral care and bathing. The document aims to be a comprehensive manual of fundamental nursing skills and their proper techniques.
This document defines acute myocardial infarction (AMI or heart attack) and discusses its causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, treatment options, and long-term management. An AMI occurs when blood flow to the heart is reduced, damaging heart muscle. The main causes are blockages in the coronary arteries, often due to blood clots forming on top of plaques. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and physical inactivity. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow through medications, angioplasty, or bypass surgery, along with long-term lifestyle changes and medications to prevent future issues.
This document provides an overview of strokes, including:
- Strokes are caused by a blockage or rupture of an artery to the brain, cutting off oxygen flow.
- Symptoms include weakness, paralysis, difficulty speaking or swallowing.
- Diagnosis involves medical imaging, blood tests, and physical exams to determine the type and location of blockage or rupture.
- Treatment depends on the type of stroke but may include clot-busting drugs, surgery, medication, and lifestyle changes to prevent future strokes.
The document discusses stroke, including risk factors, signs and symptoms, and the importance of rapid treatment. It outlines the "Stroke Chain of Survival and Recovery" which includes early detection, emergency dispatch, pre-hospital transport and management, emergency department triage, evaluation and specific therapies, and fibrinolytic drug therapy. Rapid recognition of stroke, emergency medical response, and treatment are critical to limiting neurological damage and improving patient outcomes.
This document provides information about cerebrovascular accidents (strokes), including:
1. Strokes occur when blood supply to the brain is disrupted, causing brain cells to die from lack of oxygen and nutrients.
2. There are two main types of strokes - ischemic (lack of blood flow) and hemorrhagic (bleeding in the brain).
3. Signs and symptoms of strokes vary depending on the area of the brain affected but may include weakness, confusion, vision problems, and headaches.
Snake bites are a major public health issue in India, with estimates of 200,000 bites and 15,000-20,000 deaths annually. The document discusses the epidemiology, types of venomous snakes, clinical effects of envenomation, and management of snake bites. Management involves first aid measures like immobilization of the bite area, administration of antivenom serum, and supportive care. Antivenom serum is most effective when given within 4 hours of the bite to neutralize the venom, and mechanical ventilation may be needed if respiratory failure occurs from neurotoxic or systemic effects of the venom.
Matt Lauer and Al Roker Undergo Prostate Exams on 'The TODAY Show'woodenhijacker561
Matt Lauer and Al Roker underwent prostate exams live on "The TODAY Show" to raise awareness about prostate cancer screening. During the exams, urologist Dr. David Samadi discussed the importance of early detection and explained the simple process to the audience. The segment aimed to encourage at-risk men over 40 to speak to their doctors about being tested.
Working long hours is linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, according to a new study. Researchers found that people who worked 55 hours or more per week had a 33% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those working 35-40 hours. The association between long work hours and diabetes applied to both men and women and was strongest among those who were obese or smokers.
Epilepsy is a disorder caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain that causes seizures. Seizures occur when groups of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain send out abnormal burst of electrical activity. The main types of seizures are generalized seizures, which involve the whole brain, and partial seizures, which originate in one area of the brain. Epilepsy has many potential causes including genetic factors, brain injury, infections, tumors, and metabolic imbalances. Treatment involves medications to control seizures and lifestyle modifications to prevent injury during seizures.
Fundamental of nursing procedure mannualNursing Path
This document provides instructions for various nursing procedures including bed making, vital signs, wound care, tube feedings, and medication administration. It includes detailed steps for making different types of beds, such as unoccupied beds, occupied beds, and postoperative beds. Other sections cover procedures like taking temperatures, blood pressures, oral care and bathing. The document aims to be a comprehensive manual of fundamental nursing skills and their proper techniques.
This document defines acute myocardial infarction (AMI or heart attack) and discusses its causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, treatment options, and long-term management. An AMI occurs when blood flow to the heart is reduced, damaging heart muscle. The main causes are blockages in the coronary arteries, often due to blood clots forming on top of plaques. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and physical inactivity. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow through medications, angioplasty, or bypass surgery, along with long-term lifestyle changes and medications to prevent future issues.
This document provides an overview of strokes, including:
- Strokes are caused by a blockage or rupture of an artery to the brain, cutting off oxygen flow.
- Symptoms include weakness, paralysis, difficulty speaking or swallowing.
- Diagnosis involves medical imaging, blood tests, and physical exams to determine the type and location of blockage or rupture.
- Treatment depends on the type of stroke but may include clot-busting drugs, surgery, medication, and lifestyle changes to prevent future strokes.
The document discusses stroke, including risk factors, signs and symptoms, and the importance of rapid treatment. It outlines the "Stroke Chain of Survival and Recovery" which includes early detection, emergency dispatch, pre-hospital transport and management, emergency department triage, evaluation and specific therapies, and fibrinolytic drug therapy. Rapid recognition of stroke, emergency medical response, and treatment are critical to limiting neurological damage and improving patient outcomes.
This document provides information about cerebrovascular accidents (strokes), including:
1. Strokes occur when blood supply to the brain is disrupted, causing brain cells to die from lack of oxygen and nutrients.
2. There are two main types of strokes - ischemic (lack of blood flow) and hemorrhagic (bleeding in the brain).
3. Signs and symptoms of strokes vary depending on the area of the brain affected but may include weakness, confusion, vision problems, and headaches.
Snake bites are a major public health issue in India, with estimates of 200,000 bites and 15,000-20,000 deaths annually. The document discusses the epidemiology, types of venomous snakes, clinical effects of envenomation, and management of snake bites. Management involves first aid measures like immobilization of the bite area, administration of antivenom serum, and supportive care. Antivenom serum is most effective when given within 4 hours of the bite to neutralize the venom, and mechanical ventilation may be needed if respiratory failure occurs from neurotoxic or systemic effects of the venom.
Matt Lauer and Al Roker Undergo Prostate Exams on 'The TODAY Show'woodenhijacker561
Matt Lauer and Al Roker underwent prostate exams live on "The TODAY Show" to raise awareness about prostate cancer screening. During the exams, urologist Dr. David Samadi discussed the importance of early detection and explained the simple process to the audience. The segment aimed to encourage at-risk men over 40 to speak to their doctors about being tested.
Working long hours is linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, according to a new study. Researchers found that people who worked 55 hours or more per week had a 33% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those working 35-40 hours. The association between long work hours and diabetes applied to both men and women and was strongest among those who were obese or smokers.
1. How to Care For an Unconscious Patient's Mouth
It's important to keep patient's mouths clean when they cannot do so themselves. Good oral hygiene
clears debris out of the mouth and keeps the teeth, gum and tongue healthy. It also discourages the
growth of bacteria. Poor oral hygiene can lead to a dry mouth and may become fertile ground for the
growth of bacteria. Providing oral care for clients who are unconscious requires certain nursing
interventions.
Before Providing an Unconscious Patient with Mouth care
Wash your hands and put on clean gloves. This reduces the risk of transmitting disease causing
organisms. Then do the following:
Check to see what health problems the unconscious patient may have as a result of poor oral
hygiene. Check for issues like thrush, mouth sores or inflammation of the gums. This information
helps you determine how to provide oral care.
Assess your patient to determine if he is at risk for aspiration. Do this by placing a tongue blade at
the back half of the patient's tongue. If the patient gags, then his gag reflex is intact; if not, then he
is at risk for aspiration, which means that fluids may travel into his lungs instead of his stomach.
Proceed with oral care if this test is positive or negative, but institute aspiration precautions if the
patients gag reflexes are absent, such as placing the patient on his side.
Take off your gloves and wash your hands again. Put on a new pair of gloves and explain what you
are about to do - perform oral hygiene - to the patient. Prepare your supplies of swabs and brush on
a table near your patient and pull the curtains around him for privacy.
Position your patient on his side to prevent aspiration and place his bed at a height that is
comfortable for you. Place a towel and basin under the patients chin. Since the patient is
unconscious, place an oral airway in his mouth to maintain a patent airway.
The Process For Providing Mouth Care
2. Moisten a toothbrush with cleaning solution and brush the chewing and inner surfaces of your
patient's mouth. Then moisten the brush with water and rinse your patients mouth with it. Use a
swab to wipe your patients inner cheeks, gum and the roof of his mouth. Moisten the swab with
water and use it to rinse out your patients mouth. Wipe your patients tongue with the swab as well.
Suction your patients mouth with a bulb syringe as oral secretions accumulate. Wipe the patient's
mouth and apply water soluble jelly to his lips to prevent dry , cracked lips.
Once the mouth care process is completed, let your client know that the procedure is over,
reposition him into a comfortable position and clear away your supplies. Keeping your patient's
mouth clean reduces risks of acquiring mouth diseases.
References:
"Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice"; Sandra M. Nettina ANP-BC; 2009.
"Fundamentals of Nursing"; Patricia A. Potter, Ph.D., and Anne Griffin Perry, Ed.D.; 2009
http://suite101.com/how-to-care-for-an-unconscious-patients-mouth-a228976