The document analyzes Denmark's successful wind turbine industry using Porter's Diamond Framework and Mathews' Dynamic Competitive Forces Framework. It explains how factor conditions like natural resources and skills, as well as firm strategies, demand conditions, supporting industries, government policies, and external chances contributed to the growth of the industry. In particular, it highlights the wind cluster in Aarhus, home to many global companies including Vestas, the world's largest turbine manufacturer. It describes how various actors in the cluster, including designers, manufacturers, suppliers, institutions, and policymakers collaborated over time to build capabilities and progressively improve wind turbine technology through a process of "learning by doing."
PillarHall Test Chip introduction update 2018Mikko Utriainen
PillarHall® Test Chip is a special substrate for thin film deposition and related processes. The PillarHall® Test Chip consists of microscopic Lateral High-Aspect-Ratio (LHAR) test structures that offer an easy, fast and accurate way to characterize thin film processes in three dimensional substrate. PillarHall® approach is especially suitable for thin film conformality characterization by deposition methods such as ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). PillarHall® Test Chips are useful for thin film R&D as well as their manufacturing process control and monitoring.
The core of the PillarHall® LHAR structures is the existence of a wide area lateral air gap under the thin silicon membrane with controlled 500 nm gap height. The name PillarHall comes from the microscopic silicon pillars that stabilize the thin silicon membrane roof. This lateral 3D approach is the core invention and benefit of the PillarHall® technology. The controlled lateral high aspect ratio structures enable fast analysis of thin film conformality without cross-sectioning and tedious sample preparation.
PillarHall® LHAR Test Chips are designed, developed and fabricated in VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. The PillarHall® MEMS processes and manufacturing is carried out in Micronova Micro- and Nanomanufacturing Centre of VTT in Espoo, Finland.
More: http://www.pillarhall.com/
Wind Energy trends in Denmark - Aisma vitina, ea energy analysesSustainableEnergyAut
The document summarizes trends in wind energy in Denmark, including:
1) Denmark had early adoption of wind power and now generates over 30% of its electricity from wind, with high cumulative installed capacity.
2) Transmission system operators are involved in wind projects by paying for grid infrastructure upgrades, reducing project risks and costs.
3) Denmark makes turbine-level wind data and rules requiring local shares in projects public, improving acceptance.
4) Project costs have declined over time due to technology improvements, supply/demand changes, and larger turbine sizes, though repowering is a new cost.
This white paper discusses Denmark's leadership in wind energy through its 40+ years of experience. Denmark has over 5,000 MW of installed wind capacity, meeting over 50% of its electricity demand on windy days. It has the highest share of wind power integrated into its national grid worldwide. Danish wind companies are globally competitive, with the sector exporting over $7 billion in 2014 and employing over 28,000 people. The paper outlines how Denmark continues to reduce the cost of wind energy through collaboration across the industry and unique testing facilities that drive innovation.
This updated edition of Pure Power once again shows the huge contribution wind energy already makes – and will increasingly make – to meeting Europe’s electricity demand and strengthening its economy, and to avoiding polluting and costly fuel and carbon. Contents: Wind energy currently meets 5.3% of the EU’s electricity consumption from an installed capacity of 84.3 GW. The European Wind Energy Association’s scenarios show that wind energy in 2020 should meet 15.7% of EU electricity demand from 230 GW, and by 2030, 28.5% from 400 GW. Indeed, EWEA believes wind energy can provide half of Europe’s power by 2050, with the remainder from other renewable sources. To ensure the continued buoyancy of the wind energy sector and the path to 100% renewables in 2050, EU renewables legislation is needed now for the period after 2020. This should follow the successful legislation so far by setting an ambitious, binding renewables target for 2030.
International Competitiveness Automobile Cluster In GermanyNikunj Gupta
The automotive cluster in Stuttgart, Germany developed due to the region's strong education and technology focus, as well as government support for research. Stuttgart is home to renowned universities that supply the automotive industry with well-trained specialists. The automotive industry in Germany grew significantly after WWII and further with reunification and EU integration, driven by high domestic demand for quality products. Stuttgart pioneered the automobile with Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler developing the first car there in 1887. Today, the cluster includes major automakers like Daimler, Porsche, and suppliers like Bosch, and benefits from linkages to related industries like electronics, logistics, plastics, and steel.
Recomendado por el proceso ESE para las sesiones de Gabriel Restrepo Forero - Curso de extensión sobre Educación sin Escuela, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
SqueakSave An Automatic Object-Relational Mapping FrameworkESUG
This document describes SqueakSave, an automatic object-relational mapping framework. SqueakSave allows objects in Smalltalk to be automatically persisted to a relational database with a simple API. It uses naming conventions to deduce mappings between objects and database tables. Queries can be written using Smalltalk syntax that gets translated to SQL. The framework architecture includes classes for managing connections, processing queries, and handling schema updates.
La tierra ya no soporta la negligencia, desperdicio generada por la estupidez humana. Con la extraordinaria ayuda del arte grotesco podemos comprender los anhelos interminable de los sociopatas y sicópatas y que sin nuestro apoyo y buena voluntad, sus enfermizos caprichos no podrán existir. Es obvio como podemos erigir un mundo congruente con el ambiente finito.
PillarHall Test Chip introduction update 2018Mikko Utriainen
PillarHall® Test Chip is a special substrate for thin film deposition and related processes. The PillarHall® Test Chip consists of microscopic Lateral High-Aspect-Ratio (LHAR) test structures that offer an easy, fast and accurate way to characterize thin film processes in three dimensional substrate. PillarHall® approach is especially suitable for thin film conformality characterization by deposition methods such as ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). PillarHall® Test Chips are useful for thin film R&D as well as their manufacturing process control and monitoring.
The core of the PillarHall® LHAR structures is the existence of a wide area lateral air gap under the thin silicon membrane with controlled 500 nm gap height. The name PillarHall comes from the microscopic silicon pillars that stabilize the thin silicon membrane roof. This lateral 3D approach is the core invention and benefit of the PillarHall® technology. The controlled lateral high aspect ratio structures enable fast analysis of thin film conformality without cross-sectioning and tedious sample preparation.
PillarHall® LHAR Test Chips are designed, developed and fabricated in VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. The PillarHall® MEMS processes and manufacturing is carried out in Micronova Micro- and Nanomanufacturing Centre of VTT in Espoo, Finland.
More: http://www.pillarhall.com/
Wind Energy trends in Denmark - Aisma vitina, ea energy analysesSustainableEnergyAut
The document summarizes trends in wind energy in Denmark, including:
1) Denmark had early adoption of wind power and now generates over 30% of its electricity from wind, with high cumulative installed capacity.
2) Transmission system operators are involved in wind projects by paying for grid infrastructure upgrades, reducing project risks and costs.
3) Denmark makes turbine-level wind data and rules requiring local shares in projects public, improving acceptance.
4) Project costs have declined over time due to technology improvements, supply/demand changes, and larger turbine sizes, though repowering is a new cost.
This white paper discusses Denmark's leadership in wind energy through its 40+ years of experience. Denmark has over 5,000 MW of installed wind capacity, meeting over 50% of its electricity demand on windy days. It has the highest share of wind power integrated into its national grid worldwide. Danish wind companies are globally competitive, with the sector exporting over $7 billion in 2014 and employing over 28,000 people. The paper outlines how Denmark continues to reduce the cost of wind energy through collaboration across the industry and unique testing facilities that drive innovation.
This updated edition of Pure Power once again shows the huge contribution wind energy already makes – and will increasingly make – to meeting Europe’s electricity demand and strengthening its economy, and to avoiding polluting and costly fuel and carbon. Contents: Wind energy currently meets 5.3% of the EU’s electricity consumption from an installed capacity of 84.3 GW. The European Wind Energy Association’s scenarios show that wind energy in 2020 should meet 15.7% of EU electricity demand from 230 GW, and by 2030, 28.5% from 400 GW. Indeed, EWEA believes wind energy can provide half of Europe’s power by 2050, with the remainder from other renewable sources. To ensure the continued buoyancy of the wind energy sector and the path to 100% renewables in 2050, EU renewables legislation is needed now for the period after 2020. This should follow the successful legislation so far by setting an ambitious, binding renewables target for 2030.
International Competitiveness Automobile Cluster In GermanyNikunj Gupta
The automotive cluster in Stuttgart, Germany developed due to the region's strong education and technology focus, as well as government support for research. Stuttgart is home to renowned universities that supply the automotive industry with well-trained specialists. The automotive industry in Germany grew significantly after WWII and further with reunification and EU integration, driven by high domestic demand for quality products. Stuttgart pioneered the automobile with Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler developing the first car there in 1887. Today, the cluster includes major automakers like Daimler, Porsche, and suppliers like Bosch, and benefits from linkages to related industries like electronics, logistics, plastics, and steel.
Recomendado por el proceso ESE para las sesiones de Gabriel Restrepo Forero - Curso de extensión sobre Educación sin Escuela, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
SqueakSave An Automatic Object-Relational Mapping FrameworkESUG
This document describes SqueakSave, an automatic object-relational mapping framework. SqueakSave allows objects in Smalltalk to be automatically persisted to a relational database with a simple API. It uses naming conventions to deduce mappings between objects and database tables. Queries can be written using Smalltalk syntax that gets translated to SQL. The framework architecture includes classes for managing connections, processing queries, and handling schema updates.
La tierra ya no soporta la negligencia, desperdicio generada por la estupidez humana. Con la extraordinaria ayuda del arte grotesco podemos comprender los anhelos interminable de los sociopatas y sicópatas y que sin nuestro apoyo y buena voluntad, sus enfermizos caprichos no podrán existir. Es obvio como podemos erigir un mundo congruente con el ambiente finito.
D. Miguel Fernández Gómez. Abogado
DERECHO CIVIL I
Profesor encargado:
D. Francisco Javier Colao Marín. Abogado
DERECHO CIVIL II
Profesor encargado:
D. Francisco Javier Colao Marín. Abogado
__________________________________________________________ 15
Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Centro Regional de la U.N.E.D. de
Cartagena Cartagena
DERECHO MERCANTIL
Profesor encargado:
D. Miguel Fernández Gómez. Abogado
DERECHO CON
Roundhouse, Ranžirna stanica - Nova kulturno-muzejska celina grada Novog SadaTanja Kalezic
Jana Kačar, stručni saradnik za arhitekturu Klastera kreativnih industrija Vojvodine
CRINSS 2013 Creative Inudstries Conference, Novi Sad, Serbia
Konferencija kreativnih industrija
Este documento resume los principales conceptos de la comunicación interna en organizaciones. Explica las teorías de la comunicación de la Escuela de Palo Alto y la pirámide de necesidades de Maslow. Detalla los objetivos, principios, tipos, problemas comunes y roles de la comunicación interna. Además, describe diversos instrumentos para la difusión de información interna como boletines, house organs, intranets y eventos.
Feelgood - Terveystaltioekosysteemi. Kirjoittajat Henri Hietala, Veikko Ikonen, Ilkka Korhonen, Jaakko Lähteenmäki, Anna Maksimainen, Vesa Pakarinen, Juha Pärkkä ja Niilo Saranummi
BIBLIA CATOLICA, ANTIGUO TESTAMENTO, REYES, PARTE 12 DE 47sifexol
Este documento presenta la historia de Israel desde la desaparición del reino de Israel hasta la destrucción de Judá en el 587 a.C. Describe los últimos años del reino de David y cómo Salomón fue designado como su sucesor en el trono, a pesar de los intentos de Adonías de proclamarse rey. También resume los cuatro siglos del período de los Reyes, que fueron importantes para la historia sagrada por la aparición de los profetas.
7. Proyecto - Valoro y convivo sanamenteMonicacpe2015
Este proyecto busca mejorar la convivencia en el Colegio Agustina Ferro mediante el fomento del respeto por el manual de convivencia. Se han presentado problemas como malos comportamientos y falta de respeto entre estudiantes. El proyecto tiene como objetivo general mejorar las prácticas de convivencia asumiendo la importancia del manual. Los objetivos específicos son fomentar el cumplimiento del manual, realizar seguimiento a casos de intolerancia o bullying, y fomentar el respeto entre compañeros.
El documento presenta una introducción a Atman Yoga, un grupo de amigos dedicados a enseñar yoga y ayurveda en Medellín, Colombia. Su visión es promover la paz en la ciudad y en el mundo a través de retiros, cursos y apoyando iniciativas ecológicas. Proporcionan información de contacto y enlaces a su sitio web para aquellos interesados en aprender más sobre su escuela y filosofía.
Este documento resume el tema 1 sobre el Hábeas Corpus Correctivo como mecanismo de control al ejercicio de los Poderes Públicos. El autor define el Hábeas Corpus como un mecanismo procesal que permite a las personas activar ante las autoridades jurisdiccionales para objetar restricciones a la libertad impuestas por autoridades u otras personas. Luego, analiza el Hábeas Corpus desde cuatro perspectivas: como recurso, como derecho, como garantía constitucional y como proceso. Finalmente, concluye que el Hábeas Corpus no es
This document provides an overview of stops and indexes that are commonly used in jigs and fixtures to control measurements and repeat operations accurately. It discusses how stops can be used to set lengths, depths, distances and positions. Indexing devices are specifically useful for consistently spacing repeated holes, cuts or shapes. The document provides examples of different types of stops and indexes and how they can aid in marking, cutting and routing operations.
Este documento describe la obra de arte "La Visitación" de Rafael Sanzio. Narra la escena bíblica de la visita de María a su prima Isabel. Incluye un análisis formal de la composición, figuras, luz y color, así como información sobre el tema, el autor Rafael y el contexto histórico del Renacimiento italiano.
The document summarizes a project to expand mobile banking and remittances in rural Georgia. Key achievements include establishing a regulatory framework, defining mobile finance services, creating an ecosystem with private sector investment, and facilitating affordable international money transfers. This is expected to increase financial inclusion, access to savings and loans including for agriculture, which can boost farm production. Success factors include funding from IFAD, a business-friendly regulatory environment, strong private sector partnerships, and available technology solutions. New products are emerging from financial institutions tailored for migrants and their families.
02 – Vectores y Cinemática en una dimensión docentes (1)oscarvelasco64
El documento describe conceptos básicos de cinemática, incluyendo: (1) la definición de partícula y sistema de referencia para describir el movimiento, (2) las cantidades vectoriales como posición, velocidad y aceleración, y (3) propiedades de vectores como suma vectorial, componentes rectangulares, y producto escalar. El documento provee una introducción general a estos temas fundamentales de la mecánica newtoniana.
The document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs), including common network topologies, components, and wireless LAN standards. It discusses LAN, WAN, CAN, and MAN network types and topologies like star, ring, and bus structures. Components like hubs, switches, routers, and access points are defined. Introduction to TCP/IP protocols includes definitions of IP and TCP. Finally, it covers IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standards including 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g.
Este documento resume diferentes figuras literarias y recursos retóricos utilizados en publicidad, incluyendo la metonimia, hipérbole, símil, paradoja, personificación, dilogía, metáfora y sinestesia. También describe cómo se pueden utilizar elementos morfológicos como la epanadiplosis, epífora y aliteración para crear efectos sonoros en los anuncios publicitarios. Finalmente, menciona el uso de prefijos, superlativos y palabras extranjeras para exagerar cualidades de los productos
Un potenciómetro es una resistencia variable cuya resistencia puede cambiarse mecánicamente moviendo una pata terminal o girando un eje, lo que permite variar la corriente y tensión en un circuito eléctrico. Existen potenciómetros lineales deslizantes y rotatorios más pequeños para circuitos electrónicos, los cuales tienen tres terminales y su resistencia puede ajustarse girando un tornillo o saliente.
This document provides qualifications and experience for Gisli Arnar Gudmundsson. It lists that he is Icelandic, born in 1972, and provides his contact information. It then outlines his qualifications, which include certifications in engineering, safety training, diving instruction, and non-destructive testing. The document describes his work experience in engineering roles on fishing vessels of various sizes from 1994 to 2000, as well as experience in refrigeration installation, ship surveying, and non-destructive testing. It lists recent projects and equipment he has access to.
EARTHWORKS Study: Gas Patch Routlette - How Shale Gas Development Risks Publi...Marcellus Drilling News
A so-called research study paid for and written by the anti-drilling, leftist "environmental" organization EARTHWORKS that purports to show (based on an extremely small sample) a connection between Marcellus Shale drilling activity and public health problems.
For the past 150 years, how humans generate food, water, and energy has involved wasting one to produce the other, and treating each as a negative externality or commodity with no marginal cost to make the economics work. Oil and gas is produced via fracking, but profitability depends on providing millions of gallons of water per well at no cost. Natural gas is used to produce NH3 (ammonia), which underpins the green revolution, but that same natural gas also leaks from wells far more than has been acknowledged and exacerbates global warming, causes droughts and killing crops in heat waves. Ethanol is produced from corn, but only by pretending that the loss of top soil is not an issue nor a wasting asset to be depreciated. The Network Society will bring with it not only quadruple revolutions in food, water, energy, and ecosystems, but also, more simply, more true and accurate accounting for all the natural resources, including species diversity.
Delivered at the Network Society World Congress in Turin, Italy, on October 15, 2015 - http://netsoc.org/congress
D. Miguel Fernández Gómez. Abogado
DERECHO CIVIL I
Profesor encargado:
D. Francisco Javier Colao Marín. Abogado
DERECHO CIVIL II
Profesor encargado:
D. Francisco Javier Colao Marín. Abogado
__________________________________________________________ 15
Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Centro Regional de la U.N.E.D. de
Cartagena Cartagena
DERECHO MERCANTIL
Profesor encargado:
D. Miguel Fernández Gómez. Abogado
DERECHO CON
Roundhouse, Ranžirna stanica - Nova kulturno-muzejska celina grada Novog SadaTanja Kalezic
Jana Kačar, stručni saradnik za arhitekturu Klastera kreativnih industrija Vojvodine
CRINSS 2013 Creative Inudstries Conference, Novi Sad, Serbia
Konferencija kreativnih industrija
Este documento resume los principales conceptos de la comunicación interna en organizaciones. Explica las teorías de la comunicación de la Escuela de Palo Alto y la pirámide de necesidades de Maslow. Detalla los objetivos, principios, tipos, problemas comunes y roles de la comunicación interna. Además, describe diversos instrumentos para la difusión de información interna como boletines, house organs, intranets y eventos.
Feelgood - Terveystaltioekosysteemi. Kirjoittajat Henri Hietala, Veikko Ikonen, Ilkka Korhonen, Jaakko Lähteenmäki, Anna Maksimainen, Vesa Pakarinen, Juha Pärkkä ja Niilo Saranummi
BIBLIA CATOLICA, ANTIGUO TESTAMENTO, REYES, PARTE 12 DE 47sifexol
Este documento presenta la historia de Israel desde la desaparición del reino de Israel hasta la destrucción de Judá en el 587 a.C. Describe los últimos años del reino de David y cómo Salomón fue designado como su sucesor en el trono, a pesar de los intentos de Adonías de proclamarse rey. También resume los cuatro siglos del período de los Reyes, que fueron importantes para la historia sagrada por la aparición de los profetas.
7. Proyecto - Valoro y convivo sanamenteMonicacpe2015
Este proyecto busca mejorar la convivencia en el Colegio Agustina Ferro mediante el fomento del respeto por el manual de convivencia. Se han presentado problemas como malos comportamientos y falta de respeto entre estudiantes. El proyecto tiene como objetivo general mejorar las prácticas de convivencia asumiendo la importancia del manual. Los objetivos específicos son fomentar el cumplimiento del manual, realizar seguimiento a casos de intolerancia o bullying, y fomentar el respeto entre compañeros.
El documento presenta una introducción a Atman Yoga, un grupo de amigos dedicados a enseñar yoga y ayurveda en Medellín, Colombia. Su visión es promover la paz en la ciudad y en el mundo a través de retiros, cursos y apoyando iniciativas ecológicas. Proporcionan información de contacto y enlaces a su sitio web para aquellos interesados en aprender más sobre su escuela y filosofía.
Este documento resume el tema 1 sobre el Hábeas Corpus Correctivo como mecanismo de control al ejercicio de los Poderes Públicos. El autor define el Hábeas Corpus como un mecanismo procesal que permite a las personas activar ante las autoridades jurisdiccionales para objetar restricciones a la libertad impuestas por autoridades u otras personas. Luego, analiza el Hábeas Corpus desde cuatro perspectivas: como recurso, como derecho, como garantía constitucional y como proceso. Finalmente, concluye que el Hábeas Corpus no es
This document provides an overview of stops and indexes that are commonly used in jigs and fixtures to control measurements and repeat operations accurately. It discusses how stops can be used to set lengths, depths, distances and positions. Indexing devices are specifically useful for consistently spacing repeated holes, cuts or shapes. The document provides examples of different types of stops and indexes and how they can aid in marking, cutting and routing operations.
Este documento describe la obra de arte "La Visitación" de Rafael Sanzio. Narra la escena bíblica de la visita de María a su prima Isabel. Incluye un análisis formal de la composición, figuras, luz y color, así como información sobre el tema, el autor Rafael y el contexto histórico del Renacimiento italiano.
The document summarizes a project to expand mobile banking and remittances in rural Georgia. Key achievements include establishing a regulatory framework, defining mobile finance services, creating an ecosystem with private sector investment, and facilitating affordable international money transfers. This is expected to increase financial inclusion, access to savings and loans including for agriculture, which can boost farm production. Success factors include funding from IFAD, a business-friendly regulatory environment, strong private sector partnerships, and available technology solutions. New products are emerging from financial institutions tailored for migrants and their families.
02 – Vectores y Cinemática en una dimensión docentes (1)oscarvelasco64
El documento describe conceptos básicos de cinemática, incluyendo: (1) la definición de partícula y sistema de referencia para describir el movimiento, (2) las cantidades vectoriales como posición, velocidad y aceleración, y (3) propiedades de vectores como suma vectorial, componentes rectangulares, y producto escalar. El documento provee una introducción general a estos temas fundamentales de la mecánica newtoniana.
The document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs), including common network topologies, components, and wireless LAN standards. It discusses LAN, WAN, CAN, and MAN network types and topologies like star, ring, and bus structures. Components like hubs, switches, routers, and access points are defined. Introduction to TCP/IP protocols includes definitions of IP and TCP. Finally, it covers IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standards including 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g.
Este documento resume diferentes figuras literarias y recursos retóricos utilizados en publicidad, incluyendo la metonimia, hipérbole, símil, paradoja, personificación, dilogía, metáfora y sinestesia. También describe cómo se pueden utilizar elementos morfológicos como la epanadiplosis, epífora y aliteración para crear efectos sonoros en los anuncios publicitarios. Finalmente, menciona el uso de prefijos, superlativos y palabras extranjeras para exagerar cualidades de los productos
Un potenciómetro es una resistencia variable cuya resistencia puede cambiarse mecánicamente moviendo una pata terminal o girando un eje, lo que permite variar la corriente y tensión en un circuito eléctrico. Existen potenciómetros lineales deslizantes y rotatorios más pequeños para circuitos electrónicos, los cuales tienen tres terminales y su resistencia puede ajustarse girando un tornillo o saliente.
This document provides qualifications and experience for Gisli Arnar Gudmundsson. It lists that he is Icelandic, born in 1972, and provides his contact information. It then outlines his qualifications, which include certifications in engineering, safety training, diving instruction, and non-destructive testing. The document describes his work experience in engineering roles on fishing vessels of various sizes from 1994 to 2000, as well as experience in refrigeration installation, ship surveying, and non-destructive testing. It lists recent projects and equipment he has access to.
EARTHWORKS Study: Gas Patch Routlette - How Shale Gas Development Risks Publi...Marcellus Drilling News
A so-called research study paid for and written by the anti-drilling, leftist "environmental" organization EARTHWORKS that purports to show (based on an extremely small sample) a connection between Marcellus Shale drilling activity and public health problems.
For the past 150 years, how humans generate food, water, and energy has involved wasting one to produce the other, and treating each as a negative externality or commodity with no marginal cost to make the economics work. Oil and gas is produced via fracking, but profitability depends on providing millions of gallons of water per well at no cost. Natural gas is used to produce NH3 (ammonia), which underpins the green revolution, but that same natural gas also leaks from wells far more than has been acknowledged and exacerbates global warming, causes droughts and killing crops in heat waves. Ethanol is produced from corn, but only by pretending that the loss of top soil is not an issue nor a wasting asset to be depreciated. The Network Society will bring with it not only quadruple revolutions in food, water, energy, and ecosystems, but also, more simply, more true and accurate accounting for all the natural resources, including species diversity.
Delivered at the Network Society World Congress in Turin, Italy, on October 15, 2015 - http://netsoc.org/congress
Fact-Based Regulation for Environmental Protection in Shale Gas DevelopmentMarcellus Drilling News
Study released in Feb 2012 by the Energy Institute at the University of Texas which looks at the science of hydraulic fracturing and a potential link between fracking and groundwater contamination. The study's conclusion: there is no link. Fracking itself does not contaminate groundwater. There are legitimate concerns about drilling, but those issues exist in conventional drilling--they are not specific to fracking.
This document presents an introduction to adhesive dentistry. It discusses the history of dental adhesives beginning in 1949. A key development was Buonocore's 1955 finding that acids could alter enamel to make it more receptive to bonding with acrylic resins. The document defines important terms like adhesion, cohesion, adherend, and adherent. It also outlines the expected modes of adhesion including mechanical, chemical and electrostatic bonding. Finally, it notes the advantages of adhesive dentistry include improved aesthetics and strength of dental restorations.
My viewpoints on the structure of our seminars haven't changed. The style is spot on, not also short as well as not also long, with a focus on technical high quality in discussions and also posters, as well as a wide series of linked workshops. The physical emphasis around the exhibitors' hall-- having session breaks, lunches and also end-of-day beverages among the exhibitors-- considerably improves the capacity for interaction in between conference participants and also exhibitors. The broadened AEG Conference style continues to be an excellent ways for capturing up with fellow geoscientists, discovering out regarding the most recent advancements in geophysical strategies and doing service. And also as geophysicists, we take advantage of the visibility of geoscientists from other self-controls.
This document discusses the cutting of climate research programs at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia. Key points:
- CSIRO's CEO Larry Marshall announced that all climate change programs would be cut, with staff moved to other roles, claiming that "climate change is now settled science, and basic research is no longer needed."
- The cuts will eliminate around 110 of 140 positions in CSIRO's atmosphere and oceans division and 120 positions in its land and water program, significantly reducing Australia's climate research capabilities.
- Scientists criticize the decision as hindering Australia's ability to cope with climate change and leaving the global research community without important data from CSIRO's Earth monitoring and modeling programs
Climate Change - An Approach to a One-Australia PolicyRichard Hodge
Climate change is the world\'s biggest political problem, and there is no framework to deal with it.
This proposal examines how a \'systems\' approach can develop a framework for action based on inclusive (not divisive) consideration of all issues.
This document summarizes a doctoral thesis on developing strategic sustainability procedures for planning towards sustainability in the tourist accommodation sector of Grenada. The thesis examines how businesses can align sustainability and sustainable development through strategic sustainability to manage their materials, energy and waste flows. It proposes a framework involving 1) visioning and linking visions, 2) developing sector strategic actions, and 3) monitoring and evaluation. A key action is a proposed tourism symbiosis to reduce flows. The research aims to help policymakers and businesses operationalize sustainable development and achieve sustainability in Grenada's island context with its resource constraints.
This document discusses Germany's energy policy known as the "Energiewende" and the role of natural gas within it. It provides an overview of the development of Germany's energy and climate policies leading up to the Energiewende. It then examines what has occurred since, including scenarios for energy sources, grid expansion needs, costs and benefits, and the results of the 2013 election. It analyzes the recent and potential future role of natural gas, including in scenarios, the long run, as a transition fuel, and ways to improve its role in decarbonization. The document is a comprehensive review of Germany's energy transition and the place of gas within its policies and modeling.
The document introduces a speculative model of mind, brain, and matter that is consistent with quantum physics and offers mechanisms to explain paranormal phenomena like UFOs. The model is based on a new fourth law of logic proposed by the author and generates a solution to the nature of mind using a 7-dimensional model of a living system. This basic model is then expanded into an infinite-dimensional model of the physical universe that allows for emergence of unconscious levels including a collective human unconscious from crosstalk between dimensions of reality.
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1. An Analysis of Wind Energy and Danish Power Clusters
ANDERS LARSEN E03647
ALESSANDRO PAPELLO 627411
CHRISTIAN JØRGENSEN E03629
JONAS PETTERSSON E03685
MARIA D SANCHEZ HERRERO (LOLA) E03697
SIYUN SHEN 636471
1/1/2011
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CLASS: PROFESSOR J OHN A. MA THEWS
L U I S S G U I D O C A R L I U N I V E R S I T Y V I A L E R O MA N I A 3 2 0 0 1 9 7 R O MA I T A L Y T E L + 3 9 0 6 8 5 2 2 5 5 0 4
FAX +3906 8522 5985
2. CONTENTS
1. I N TR O D U C T I O N 2
2. HI S TO R Y & D Y N A M I C C O M P E TI T I V E F O R C E S - D I A M O N D A N A L Y S I S O F T H E D A N I S H
W I N D TU R B I N E I N D U S TR Y 3
2 . 1 . T HE F A C TO R C O N D I T I O N 3
2 . 2 . F I R M S TR A TE G Y , S TR U C TU R E A N D R I V A L R Y 3
2.3. DEMAND CONDITION 4
2 . 4 . R E L A TE D A N D S U P P O R T I N G I N D U S TR Y 4
2.5. GOVERNMENT 4
2 . 6 . C HA N C E 4
3. T HE R E A L E X A M P L E O F T HE F R A M E W O R K : A A R HU S . T HE C L U S T E R . 5
4. V E S TA S : W O R L D ’ S # 1 TU R B I N E M A N U F A C TU R E R 6
5. HO W D I D T HE A C T O R S I N C L U S T E R C O N TR I B U TE T O T HE I N D U S TR Y ? 7
6. DIFFERENCE IN WIND TURBINE PATH BETWEEN DENMARK AND USA 8
7. T HE N E W E U R O P E A N P O L I C Y : E N E R G Y 2 0 2 0 1 0
8. C O N C L U S I O N S A N D R E C O M M E N D A TI O N S 11
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 12
1
3. 1. INTRODUCTION
The document’s main purpose is to clarify and complement the presentation of Professor
Mathews 2010-2011, Master Course in International Business, about Denmark’s Wind Clusters.
Therefore, some introductory parts about the Danish land or the global wind industry will be
overlooked, in favor of a deeper analysis on the framework applied to the case, the real
application of it – the Aarhus cluster- as well as an intensive explanation of the theories and
industry analyzing techniques used in this example.
Keeping in mind, that no explanation can come without an informational context, we have
introduced the history of the cluster in the explanation of the Dynamic Competitive Forces
Framework applied to the Danish Wind Industry cluster.
Following, we will also take a look at United States’ evolution in this industry and how does it
compare to Denmark’s, using the “Bricolage vs. Breakthrough” approach from Garud, Raghu,
and Peter Karnøe.
We have also dedicated one of the closing points, to the new European policies and how this
may affect the cluster evolution in Denmark. We have considered this of special importance, due
to the effect of institutions and related official entities to the industry and to its competition.
This part is related to a more dynamic analysis of the competitive forces. Overlooked by Porter
in his static analysis, it was developed by Mathews as a revision of Porter’s framework, allowing
it to acquire a dynamic status, allowing us to comprehend better the evolution of competition.
For graphics, and more introductive data, please refer to the slides attached at the end.
We are not going to analyze why it happens, but also how it happened, where did it start, what
conditions took part, how do the theories apply and who are the main actors of this amazing
play:
THAT HAS TODAY CREATED, THE BIGGEST WIND INTERLINKED INDUSTRY OF THE WORLD,
DESPITE ALL PREDICTIONS.
2
4. 2. HISTORY & DYNAMIC
COMPETITIVE FORCES-DIAMOND
ANALYSIS OF THE DANISH WIND
TURBINE INDUSTRY
THE DIAMOND FRAMEWORK AND DYNAMIC COMPETITIVE FORCES FRAMEWORK CAN
EFFECTIVELY EXPLAIN THE SUCCESS OF DANISH WIND TURBINE INDUSTRY. THE FOUR MAIN
FACTORS, FACTOR CONDITIONS, STRATEGY, STRUCTURE AND RIVALRY, DEMAND AND RELATED
INDUSTRIES, ARE ALL INTERDEPENDENT AND TOGETHER FORM A PICTURE OF THE
ATTRACTIVENESS OF DANISH WIND TURBINE INDUSTRY. IN ADDITION TO THIS GOVERNMENT
AND CHANCE ALSO HAVE AN IMPACT ON ALL FACTORS IN THE DIAMOND AND THE
COMPETITIVENESS OF THE INDUSTRY.
2.1. THE FACTOR CONDITION
This part comprises nature resources, human resources and traditional culture. Natural
resource in Denmark is wind --- an abundant “raw material” in Denmark due to the nation’s long
shore and thus a requirement for the expansion.
Concerning the human resources, one of the most important factor conditions in Denmark was
the old blacksmith industry and tradition of building wind turbines, which started in the late
19th century. It all began as private/individual experiments, some of which were more
successful than others. These persons were mostly handicrafts workers and engineers with
previous experience from the machine industry. Together researchers and manufacturers
consequently utilized their existing capabilities and skills in the building of the wind turbines
and the competencies they did not have in-house were accessible from sub-contractors who
were on the lookout for new business areas to carry their businesses through the ups and
downs of the business cycle.
With reference to the traditional culture, in the old Danish industry, workers were keen on
sharing knowledge and skill, hence the culture that persists in today’s wind turbine clusters.1
2.2. FIRM STRATEGY, STRUCTURE AND RIVALRY
Danish wind power industry during the 1970s did not start from scratch, but was built on a
solid base of theories and practical know-hows in machinery sector. It leverages the machinery
practices to develop the three-blade turbine which works as a standard even today.
The industry adopted a “Learning by doing” approach, without scientific knowledge they used a
learning process which continually try and fail and try again to improve the quality of wind
turbine. The efficiency of one component supplier grew with the number of units which already
produced.
Danish wind turbine industry faced rivalry of alternative energy as fossil fuel, nuclear power so
that the R&D never stopped in 20th century.
1Jens Vestergaard (2004) Industry Formation and State Intervention: The Case of the Wind Turbine
Industry in Denmark and the United States. Aarhus School of Business.
3
5. 2.3. DEMAND CONDITION
Local demand came from the Danish educated consumers. The 1970s oil embargo, price
increases and the political measures had a huge impact on the public’s attitude towards energy
and energy consumption, which until then had not been a matter at all. People suddenly became
more aware of the environment problem, energy and eco-friendly policies became important
subjects and were intensely discussed in the mass media, in the offices as well as in private
households in Denmark. Progressively more people were supportive of renewable and non-
polluting energy sources and started to unite themselves in organizations and support groups.
2.4. RELATED AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRY
At the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s a well-functioning network of
subcontractors supplying wings (blades), control systems and gears was established. The
Danish wind turbine cluster includes not only the manufactures, components suppliers but also
research institutions, such as national laboratory and universities. Test center and users also
become a part of the cluster in which they provide input.
2.5. GOVERNMENT
Government played an important role in the development of Danish wind turbine industry.
First, it set up the Risø National Laboratory in 1978, which improved the research and testing
works. Second, it enacted the policy of energy package and energy plan, which permitted the
linking of wind power to the grid and set a base price for the wind power. The plan established a
market for wind turbine electricity and focused the market’s attention on the cost efficiency of
the turbines. Lacking these subsidies wind turbines as suppliers of energy would not have been
competitive compared to the traditional power plants and other energy sources. Finally, its
environment policy also supported the development of wind power industry.
2.6. CHANCE
The triumph of Danish wind turbine industry was due to some chances outside. First, two oil
embargoes of 1973 and 1979 and the awakening green movement in the Western societies gave
a real boost to the Danish wind turbine industry and set the stage for the present era of wind
power. Second, California wind rushes during 1980-1986 stimulated the international wind
energy industry to develop. In 1982 when an examination of the American market confirmed
that a basis for “something big” existed, all of the large wind turbine manufacturers immediately
rushed to the other continent and came home with orders in sizes that were not even possible
in the small domestic market but which made it possible for the manufacturers to start batch
production of wind turbines.
4
6. FIGURE 1 DYNAMIC FORCES FRAMEWORK ADAPTED TO CASE. ADAPTED FROM THEORY IN: MATHEWS,
STRATEGIZING, DISEQUILIBRIUM AND PROFITS (STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2006).
3. THE REAL EXAMPLE OF THE
FRAMEWORK: AARHUS. THE
CLUSTER.
“A CLOSER LOOK AT DENMARK’S WIND INDUSTRY REVEALS A LARGE CONCENTRATION OF
COMPANIES LOCATED IN THE CENTRAL DENMARK BELT FROM AARHUS IN THE EAST TO
RINGKØBING AND SKJERN IN THE WEST. “
More than a third of the 175 companies which, according to Denmark’s Central Business
Register are directly involved with the production of wind turbines are located in this region.
The largest and most globally significant companies reside in the area around Denmark’s
second largest city, Aarhus. The Greater Aarhus area and its surrounding municipalities are also
home to half of all Danish wind energy companies with five employees or more. Many global
companies have located their headquarters or development centers in the Aarhus area. This
includes the world’s largest wind turbine manufacturer, Vestas, which will be discussed in the
following point (see point 7 of the project).
Aarhus is the leading global knowledge center of wind energy. One of the keys to its success is
cross-sector cooperation. Aarhus has benefited enormously from the strong professional and
industrial environment in the region within energy and environmental technology. Many of the
wind industry suppliers are also suppliers to other energy sectors and major environmental and
energy-tech companies in the area. This turns competition to coopetition, allowing the dynamic
5
7. forces of supply and factor conditions to act on the industry and the firms, creating synergies
and maximizing the results.
FIGURE 2 AARHUS MAP WITH DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES. SOURCE:
HTTP://WWW.AARHUSKOMMUNE.DK (USE BIBLIOGRAPHY TO SEE IN HIGH RES.)
4. VESTAS: WORLD’S # 1 TURBINE
MANUFACTURER
AS VESTAS IS THE GLOBAL LEADER ON THE WORLD MARKET FOR WIND ENERGY AND BETWEEN
THE KEY DRIVERS OF THE DANISH WIND ENERGY CLUSTER.
Vestas was founded in 1898 by H.S. Hansen, a blacksmith, in Denmark. Father and son
manufactured steel windows for industrial buildings. In 1945, his son established the company
VEstjysk-STålteknik A/S, whose name was shortened to Vestas. In 1979, Vestas delivered the
first wind turbines.
Vestas has installed over 39,000 wind turbines in 63 countries on 5 continents. In 2008, Vestas
installed a new turbine every three hours worldwide, generating more than 60 million Mwah a
year. Being a pioneer in the industry, Vestas now counts with a staff of more than 20,000 people.
Vestas reached revenues of EUR 6,035 million with operational margin of 11.1% in 2008 and
they got global market share of 19% (5,581 MW). Vestas’ core business comprises the
development, manufacture, sale and maintenance of wind turbines.
Their expertise in modern energy covers more than just wind turbines, specializing in planning,
installation, operation and maintenance. Their competencies cover everything from site studies
to service and maintenance. So we can detect a high degree of vertical integration. At the same
6
8. time, production and sourcing are carried out as close to the market as possible. In 2008, Vestas
opened the world’s largest research and development center for wind energy in Aarhus.
5. HOW DID THE ACTORS IN
CLUSTER CONTRIBUTE TO THE
INDUSTRY?
SHAPING THE DANISH WIND TURBINE DESIGN WAS AN ACT OF COLLABORATIVE NETWORK
CONSISTING OF MANY ACTORS INVOLVED IN WIND TURBINES LIKE DESIGNERS,
MANUFACTURERS, SUPPLIERS, INSTITUTIONS, TEST ORGANIZATIONS AND POLICY MAKERS. THE
ACTORS IN DENMARK PURSUED A PROCESS THAT DEPLOYED MODEST RESOURCES TO
PROGRESSIVELY BUILD UP A VIABLE WIND TURBINE PATH.
FIGURE 3 EXPLICATIVE GRAPHIC OF THE SYSTEM.
In the cluster a sectorial system of innovation played an important role. The firms do not
innovate in isolation rather innovations are product of various complementary processes. These
complementary processes involve both firms as well as non-firm organizations (such as
universities, research centers, government agencies, financial institutions and others). Thus the
sectorial system of innovation approach emphasizes actors, networks, knowledge and
institutions and the interactions between these elements. For instance, designers and producers
become involved based on their beliefs and experiences on the design and production of
technological artifacts. Users become involved based on the meanings that they attach to
products with respect to their forms, functions and values in use. Evaluators become involved
based on their understanding of the tests and standards required to compare and contrast
different products. Policy makers enact laws based on their beliefs on the efficacy of specific
policy instruments to shape the rate and direction of a technology’s development.
The momentum a technology generates as it accumulates inputs from actors shapes the
activities of distributed actors. These inputs are generated through learning and knowledge
7
9. accumulation processes that are activated as actors become involved with an emerging path.
From the supply side, producers learn by doing and by experimenting. Through these processes,
these actors generate capabilities that are critical for the systematic design, production and
distribution of goods and services. Users generate feedback when they use products and
services that emerge from the technology. Such learning by using generates knowledge of
customers’ emerging preferences. Institutional players generate other kinds of learning. For
instance, those in regulatory bodies develop institutional mechanisms and policies to “steer” the
technology development process. More proximally, test centers generate inputs by a process of
learning by testing. The testing criteria that they codify and the results of comparative tests
become valuable community level knowledge.2
6. DIFFERENCE IN WIND TURBINE
PATH BETWEEN DENMARK AND
USA
We use overall contrasting labels “Bricolage” and “breakthrough” to highlight the differences in
the processes associated with actor involvement in the two paths. Bricolage, named used to
label the processes of the Danish industry, was characterized by up-and-coming co-shaping. For
example, designers and producers progressively scaled up designs all the while incorporating
the inputs of the many companies involved. Users offered continual feedback while those in test
centers developed evaluation routines that co-evolved with experiences in the field. All the
while, policy makers “modulated” the rise of the market to keep the technological path alive.
A diverse logic of disseminated agency appeared in the development of the US wind turbine
route. Designers and producers tried to “leap-frog” Denmark with high-tech designs.
Researchers at the test center followed a “linear” engineering science based technology-push
model as their source for exchanges with industry participants. Regulators passed policies to
jump-start the technology, outgrowth the development of a vast market, and then brusquely
removed subsidies.
In terms of design and production, there were key differences in the traditions. Companies in
the US started with a advanced design, took large steps in design scale-up, and did not engage in
much product development in-between stages. In contrast, actors in Denmark started with a
low-tech design, took smaller steps in design scale-up, and engaged in product development in-
between stages. (Therefore from the figure below we can see there are more scale-ups in Danish
wind power.)
2Garud, R. and P. Karnøe (2003). "Bricolage versus breakthrough: distributed and embedded agency in
technology entrepreneurship." Research Policy 32(2): 277-300.
8
10. FIGURE 4 P., R. GARUD, ET AL. (1997). PATH CREATION AND DEPENDENCE IN
THE DANISH WIND TURBINE FIELD.
The firms in Denmark possessed a core group of skilled workers, technicians and a few practical
engineers. Such a mix was representative of the “mechanical skill” base that had emerged as a
result of a “practical engineer” education typical of the Danish machine industry. These firms
began developing wind turbines without an appreciation of the complexities involved. The
people involved saw the wind turbine as presenting a set of problems similar to those they had
confronted in the construction of agricultural machinery. (The table below shows five typical
component firms in Denmark.)
On the other side, experts in the US approached design from an engineering science knowledge
base, conceptualizing problems in terms of the formal, academic language of aerodynamics and
structural dynamics. The goal of many engineers was to create a design that had drastically
changed features compared to existing technology.
9
11. FIGURE 5 FIVE TYPICAL COMPONENT FIRMS IN DENMARK
7. THE NEW EUROPEAN POLICY:
ENERGY 2020
IN 2007 THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL ADOPTED AMBITIOUS ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE
OBJECTIVES FOR 2020; THESE WERE REFERRED TO AS THE "20-20-20" TARGETS.
They can be summarized in three main points, first being to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
by 20% compared to 1990 levels (or by 30% if the conditions are right); second being achieving
20% of total energy consumption to be from renewable energy and increasing energy efficiency
by 20%; and third: that the 3% of the EU's GDP was to be invested in research and development.
EU2020 seems to have forgotten to attach a feasible strategy to the policy. Of course, due to the
momentum’s excitement, nobody seemed to realize the vacant. Recently, studies have shown
that the existing strategy is currently unlikely to achieve all the 2020 targets, for general
disappointment and global shame.
The main issue, concerning our research, is that –as said by the Dynamic Competitive Forces
Framework- what happens in the Institutions, affects the industry. This is proved by the fact
that if governments do not get behind the proposal for a European grid (i.e. a new strategy for
the current objectives), we will “face an absurd situation in which renewable energy capacity is
being built, but no adequate grid exists to deliver the 34% of renewable electricity needed by 2020
to reach the EU’s binding renewable energy targets3”. Consequently, blocking Denmark’s wind
cluster growing capacity, since there will be no point in continuing to build stock and turbines, if
they cannot be used.
3Christian Kjaer, EWEA chief executive officer. (2010) http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/eu-says-
200bn-needed-energy-grids-2020-news-499806
10
12. The consequences are far more than serious, since the whole industry interconnection is deeply
linked to the demand pull and supply pull innovation and evolution. Thus, we cannot limit our
concerns to environmental issues and energy costs, furthermore we need to take into account
the impact of such a mistake on the global energy industry, keeping in mind that its value
depends on its interconnections and no part of it has value itself. Comprising in union, a mega-
web of synergies and linkages, basic to develop leverage, learning and in sum: Growth.
Hence, the European Council has lately come up with a solution, which is still being revised due
to its controversial measures. One of which is to make, over the next ten years, energy
investments in the order of 1 € trillion. Indeed, 200€ billion are needed to upgrade Europe's gas
and electricity grids over the coming decade.
The new Europe 2020 strategy 4will drive major efforts in: Energy market regulation, grid
management and the security of energy systems; Technical innovation and investments;
Education and incentives for domestic and business consumers to save energy, reduce Wastage
and switch to low-carbon technologies and fuels.
8. CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Denmark is now the leading center within the field of wind power. However during the
recent years a significant change in technology and markets has taken place. Denmark is faced
with the challenge to maintain its leading position in spite of growing competition from firms
operating in lower cost countries, especially China and India. The wind energy cluster and the
political system must assume a proactive position towards this change to ensure that Denmark
will strengthen its position as unique value creator.
The industrial environment is built on a foundation which consists of a significant effort in
research and education as well as innovative development focused on environmentally
sustainability. This field of wind power is influenced by cooperation and knowledge-sharing to
find technological development tracks.
The Danish research-environment has a leading position within a number of areas, but great
challenges in step with the rapid development of international markets put a lot of pressure of
the Danish knowledge center to hold on the talented researchers and students. In order to
maintain the unique Danish position, an extraordinary effort must be put in.
The strategic issues are focusing on both, development of the wind power industry by
improving wind turbines and effectiveness of wind power, and the improvement of the
knowledge center regarding research and education.
Creating one strategy for the whole value chain with sub-strategies for each of the dimensions
of the industry would strengthen the integration and the competitiveness of the wind power
industry. This could be provided through common guidelines for the frames of cooperation.
Following these recommendations, Denmark will be prepared to face the current challenges.
4ENERGY 2020: A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy. Citizens’ Summary.
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2010/doc/2010_11_10_energy_2020_citizens_summary.pdf
11
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