An overview of hiv drugs past, present and futuremisgana18
This document provides an overview of HIV drugs past, present, and future. It discusses the history and progression of HIV/AIDS and the development of antiretroviral drugs from zidovudine in the 1980s to the current classes of entry inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors. Combination drug therapies known as HAART have significantly improved treatment outcomes. The document also explores future treatment directions including integrase inhibitors, broader spectrum drugs, and combination pills to improve adherence. Vaccine research aims to prevent and potentially treat HIV infection.
Antiviral drugs act by inhibiting viral replication without severely affecting host cells. Current antivirals target viruses like herpes, hepatitis, HIV, influenza, and RSV. They work by inhibiting viral absorption, nucleic acid synthesis, or protein synthesis. Anti-herpes drugs like acyclovir are selectively activated within infected cells. Antiretrovirals include reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. Interferons stimulate antiviral defenses. Antivirals are used to treat associated viral infections and diseases while managing resistance.
Anti retroviral therapy for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromesiva subramanian
This presentation included goals of antiretroviral therapy, ART regiments, side effects of individual drugs, ART is special population such as children, IRIS, post exposure prophylaxis, WHO clinical staging of AIDS, treatment failure, AIDS is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Anti Retroviral therapy, People Living with HIV and AIDS
This document discusses various classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS. It describes 5 main classes: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors which include drugs like zidovudine and lamivudine; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like efavirenz and nevirapine; protease inhibitors such as saquinavir and ritonavir; nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors including tenofovir; and entry/fusion inhibitors like enfuvirtide. For each drug class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and common adverse effects. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HA
- The document discusses principles of HIV therapy, noting that simple regimens with fewer pills are better for patient adherence and treatment outcomes. It recommends initial treatment when CD4 is below 350 and viral load is above 55,000, with a regimen using 3 drugs.
- Clinical trials showed that simpler regimens with fewer pills resulted in better patient adherence compared to more complex regimens. Non-adherence is a major reason for HIV treatment failure.
- With appropriate treatment, HIV is controllable like a chronic disease, but missing doses regularly can lead to treatment failure and loss of viral suppression. Choosing simple, less demanding regimens can help patients stick to treatment.
An overview of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human deficiency virus (HIV) and the drugs used for its treatment, including a classification of the established drugs, the HAART regimen, and investigational approaches
1) The document discusses antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection, describing several classes of antiretroviral drugs including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), fusion inhibitors, and chemokine receptor antagonists.
2) It provides details on specific drugs within each class, including dosage forms, adult dosages, administration recommendations, and common adverse effects.
3) The document emphasizes that antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved survival for those with HIV/AIDS but that mortality remains higher than the general population, and that resistance
The document discusses different classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS. It describes nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) which work by incorporating themselves into viral DNA to stop its replication. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) bind to and inhibit the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Protease inhibitors (PIs) inhibit the HIV protease enzyme responsible for polyprotein cleavage. The document provides examples and mechanisms of specific drugs in each class, including zidovudine, lamivudine, efavirenz, and indinavir. It notes the importance of combination antiretroviral therapy to prevent drug resistance.
An overview of hiv drugs past, present and futuremisgana18
This document provides an overview of HIV drugs past, present, and future. It discusses the history and progression of HIV/AIDS and the development of antiretroviral drugs from zidovudine in the 1980s to the current classes of entry inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors. Combination drug therapies known as HAART have significantly improved treatment outcomes. The document also explores future treatment directions including integrase inhibitors, broader spectrum drugs, and combination pills to improve adherence. Vaccine research aims to prevent and potentially treat HIV infection.
Antiviral drugs act by inhibiting viral replication without severely affecting host cells. Current antivirals target viruses like herpes, hepatitis, HIV, influenza, and RSV. They work by inhibiting viral absorption, nucleic acid synthesis, or protein synthesis. Anti-herpes drugs like acyclovir are selectively activated within infected cells. Antiretrovirals include reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. Interferons stimulate antiviral defenses. Antivirals are used to treat associated viral infections and diseases while managing resistance.
Anti retroviral therapy for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromesiva subramanian
This presentation included goals of antiretroviral therapy, ART regiments, side effects of individual drugs, ART is special population such as children, IRIS, post exposure prophylaxis, WHO clinical staging of AIDS, treatment failure, AIDS is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Anti Retroviral therapy, People Living with HIV and AIDS
This document discusses various classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS. It describes 5 main classes: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors which include drugs like zidovudine and lamivudine; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like efavirenz and nevirapine; protease inhibitors such as saquinavir and ritonavir; nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors including tenofovir; and entry/fusion inhibitors like enfuvirtide. For each drug class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and common adverse effects. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HA
- The document discusses principles of HIV therapy, noting that simple regimens with fewer pills are better for patient adherence and treatment outcomes. It recommends initial treatment when CD4 is below 350 and viral load is above 55,000, with a regimen using 3 drugs.
- Clinical trials showed that simpler regimens with fewer pills resulted in better patient adherence compared to more complex regimens. Non-adherence is a major reason for HIV treatment failure.
- With appropriate treatment, HIV is controllable like a chronic disease, but missing doses regularly can lead to treatment failure and loss of viral suppression. Choosing simple, less demanding regimens can help patients stick to treatment.
An overview of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human deficiency virus (HIV) and the drugs used for its treatment, including a classification of the established drugs, the HAART regimen, and investigational approaches
1) The document discusses antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection, describing several classes of antiretroviral drugs including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), fusion inhibitors, and chemokine receptor antagonists.
2) It provides details on specific drugs within each class, including dosage forms, adult dosages, administration recommendations, and common adverse effects.
3) The document emphasizes that antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved survival for those with HIV/AIDS but that mortality remains higher than the general population, and that resistance
The document discusses different classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS. It describes nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) which work by incorporating themselves into viral DNA to stop its replication. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) bind to and inhibit the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Protease inhibitors (PIs) inhibit the HIV protease enzyme responsible for polyprotein cleavage. The document provides examples and mechanisms of specific drugs in each class, including zidovudine, lamivudine, efavirenz, and indinavir. It notes the importance of combination antiretroviral therapy to prevent drug resistance.
CURRENT NATIONAL GUIDELINE IN THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF HIV 2Shomuyiwa Rasheed
These guidelines bring in the most recent guidance on HIV testing strategies - the entry point for HIV prevention and treatment - and include comprehensive guidance on infant diagnosis. Key recommendations are presented on rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and the use of dolutegravir. Updated recommendations are included on the timing of ART for people with TB, and the use of point-of-care technologies for treatment monitoring.
Types of HIV Virus Anti-HIV drugs, classification, mechanism of action, pharmacological action, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, contraindications and therapeutic uses
This document provides information on antiviral drugs used to treat various viral infections. It begins by defining viruses and describing their structure. It then classifies antiviral drugs into categories including anti-herpes, anti-influenza, and anti-hepatitis drugs. Specific drugs are discussed including their mechanisms of action, side effects, and uses for treating viral diseases like herpes, influenza, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and others. Key points about viral replication and the sites of action for antiviral drugs are also summarized.
This document discusses various antiviral agents used to treat different viral infections. It describes drugs used against herpes viruses like acyclovir, valacyclovir and famciclovir. It also discusses antiretroviral agents used to treat HIV infection, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like zidovudine, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like nevirapine, and protease inhibitors like saquinavir. It also mentions anti-influenza agents amantadine and oseltamivir, as well as other antiviral drugs like interferons and ribavirin.
The document discusses anti-viral drugs used to treat various viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis, herpes and influenza. It describes the classification, mechanism of action, dosing and side effects of various nucleoside analogues, protease inhibitors and other drugs. The summary of treatment of HIV includes the goals of combination antiretroviral therapy to suppress viral replication and prevent drug resistance in order to prolong life and improve quality of life for patients.
I have tried to provide an outline regarding the general antivirals available in our country..and discussed regarding MOA,indications and Therapeutic uses.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an RNA virus that attacks CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS. There are two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Anti-retroviral drugs target HIV reverse transcriptase and protease enzymes to prevent viral replication. Protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors are commonly used. Newer classes include fusion, integrase, and CCR5 inhibitors. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) uses combinations of multiple antiretroviral drugs to suppress HIV and prevent drug resistance from emerging.
This document discusses the management of AIDS. It provides an outline covering the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in India, the HIV life cycle, clinical staging of HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral drugs and their mechanisms of action, guidelines for antiretroviral therapy, and post exposure prophylaxis. It then goes on to provide more detailed information on these topics, including statistics on HIV prevalence in India, the stages of natural HIV infection, WHO clinical staging criteria, classes of antiretroviral drugs and their mechanisms of action and side effects, recommended first-line antiretroviral regimens, and principles of antiretroviral therapy.
anti virals -medication used against viral actionTeena42750
This document discusses antiviral drugs and classifies them based on their mechanism of action and target viruses. It describes several classes of antiviral drugs including anti-herpes drugs like acyclovir and famciclovir, anti-influenza drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir, and various classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV like nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and entry inhibitors. Each drug is discussed in terms of its mechanism of action, target virus, uses, and common side effects.
This document discusses various antiretroviral agents used to treat HIV infection. It describes the classes of antiretrovirals including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase inhibitors, CCR5 receptor inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors. It provides details on specific drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, dosages, side effects, and usage recommendations. The document also discusses treatment guidelines and regimens for both adults and children, as well as prophylaxis for preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission.
Current Indian Guidelines for Antiretriviral Therapy 2012Lakshya K Solanki
The document outlines current Indian guidelines for antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART involves the use of combination drug regimens to suppress the HIV virus and improve health outcomes. The guidelines recommend initiating ART early, with preferred first-line regimens including tenofovir/emtricitabine plus efavirenz or nevirapine. Patients on ART require monitoring of viral load and CD4 counts, and clinicians must watch out for potential complications and drug interactions. ART should be changed if the initial regimen fails or becomes suboptimal due to toxicity, interactions or other issues.
This document discusses iatrogenic disorders, which are adverse effects caused by medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Some key points:
- Diagnostic procedures like imaging with contrast dye and biopsies can cause side effects ranging from mild reactions to death.
- Therapeutic regimens, especially multiple drug prescriptions, increase the risk of adverse drug reactions in patients. When 15 or more drugs are prescribed, the risk of adverse reactions increases to over 20%.
- Adverse drug reactions can affect many body systems and organs. They include cutaneous issues, blood disorders, gastrointestinal problems, respiratory conditions, cardiovascular disease, and renal failure.
- The elderly are more susceptible to adverse drug reactions due to age
This presentation deals with important pathophysiological steps involved with HIV infection, the various classes of drugs used in treatment of this condition, along with WHO-guidelines for treatment regimen(depending on various ages & conditions).
Newer drugs have also been mentioned and emphasized upon.
HIV infection is a global pandemic that can present challenges for anesthesia. The virus is transmitted through bodily fluids and causes AIDS by depleting CD4+ cells. While treatment with HAART can suppress the virus, it interacts with many anesthetic drugs and may require adjustments. Anesthesiologists must take precautions like universal precautions and post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent infection. When providing anesthesia for HIV patients, it is important to consider potential organ manifestations of disease, interactions between antiretrovirals and anesthetics, and the patient's immune status.
Etiology, pathophysiology, Pharmacotherapy of AIDS .pptxdrsriram2001
Definition of AIDS:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a late stage of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. It is characterized by a severe depletion of the immune system, making the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
2. Etiology (HIV):
HIV Structure:
HIV is a retrovirus that primarily targets CD4+ T cells, a crucial component of the immune system.
The virus has two main types: HIV-1 and HIV-2, with HIV-1 being the most common and virulent worldwide.
3. Transmission:
Modes of Transmission:
HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person.
It can also be transmitted through sharing of contaminated needles, from an infected mother to her child during childbirth or breastfeeding, and through blood transfusions with infected blood (though this is rare now due to blood screening).
4. Clinical Stages:
Acute HIV Infection:
Occurs within the first few weeks after exposure.
Presents with flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
Chronic HIV Infection (Asymptomatic Stage):
Can last for several years with few or no symptoms.
The virus is actively replicating, and the immune system is gradually compromised.
Symptomatic HIV Infection (Symptomatic Stage):
As the immune system weakens, symptoms such as persistent fever, weight loss, and diarrhea may occur.
AIDS:
Diagnosed when the immune system is severely compromised, typically when the CD4+ T cell count falls below a critical threshold.
Opportunistic infections (e.g., Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia) and certain cancers (e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma) become more common.
5. Preventive Measures:
Condom Use:
Consistent and correct use of condoms during sexual intercourse helps prevent the sexual transmission of HIV.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP):
Antiretroviral medications, when taken consistently by HIV-negative individuals at high risk, can prevent HIV infection.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):
Emergency treatment with antiretroviral drugs within 72 hours of potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.
Needle Exchange Programs:
Reducing the sharing of needles among injecting drug users helps prevent the transmission of HIV.
HIV/AIDS is a chronic condition caused by the HIV virus that compromises the immune system. It has become a global pandemic, infecting over 36 million people worldwide in 2017. HIV progresses through several stages as it damages the immune system, from initial infection to AIDS. Diagnosis involves testing for HIV antibodies and viral load. Treatment is with antiretroviral therapy (ART) using a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus and stop the progression of the disease. Management also includes treating opportunistic infections and providing nutritional and psychosocial support.
HIV/AIDS is a chronic condition caused by the HIV virus that compromises the immune system. It has become a global pandemic, infecting over 36 million people worldwide in 2017. The virus progresses through several stages - primary infection, asymptomatic infection, symptomatic infection, and finally AIDS. Treatment involves highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) using a combination of different classes of antiretroviral drugs to reduce viral load and increase CD4 cell count. Management also includes treating opportunistic infections and providing nutritional, psychological, and pain support.
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which is a retrovirus.
- As of 2016, there were approximately 36.7 million people living with HIV globally.
- HIV diagnosis involves ELISA and Western blot tests to detect HIV antibodies and viral proteins.
- HIV treatment involves the use of antiretroviral drugs from several classes including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, CCR5 co-receptor antagonists, and integrase inhibitors.
- Co-infections with tuberculosis require specialized treatment reg
This document discusses anti-HIV/AIDS drugs. It provides an overview of HIV infection and treatment, describing the virus structure, life cycle, and pathogenesis. AIDS is defined as acquired immune deficiency caused by HIV destroying CD4 cells. Various classes of antiretroviral drugs are classified including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Each drug class is explained with examples, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS and opportunistic infections. It begins by defining HIV and AIDS, describing how HIV damages the immune system over time leading to AIDS. It then covers the epidemiology, symptoms, pathophysiology and stages of HIV infection. It discusses transmission methods and treatment, focusing on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and classes of antiretroviral drugs. The document concludes by examining common opportunistic infections that take advantage of a weakened immune system in AIDS patients.
CURRENT NATIONAL GUIDELINE IN THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF HIV 2Shomuyiwa Rasheed
These guidelines bring in the most recent guidance on HIV testing strategies - the entry point for HIV prevention and treatment - and include comprehensive guidance on infant diagnosis. Key recommendations are presented on rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and the use of dolutegravir. Updated recommendations are included on the timing of ART for people with TB, and the use of point-of-care technologies for treatment monitoring.
Types of HIV Virus Anti-HIV drugs, classification, mechanism of action, pharmacological action, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, contraindications and therapeutic uses
This document provides information on antiviral drugs used to treat various viral infections. It begins by defining viruses and describing their structure. It then classifies antiviral drugs into categories including anti-herpes, anti-influenza, and anti-hepatitis drugs. Specific drugs are discussed including their mechanisms of action, side effects, and uses for treating viral diseases like herpes, influenza, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and others. Key points about viral replication and the sites of action for antiviral drugs are also summarized.
This document discusses various antiviral agents used to treat different viral infections. It describes drugs used against herpes viruses like acyclovir, valacyclovir and famciclovir. It also discusses antiretroviral agents used to treat HIV infection, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like zidovudine, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like nevirapine, and protease inhibitors like saquinavir. It also mentions anti-influenza agents amantadine and oseltamivir, as well as other antiviral drugs like interferons and ribavirin.
The document discusses anti-viral drugs used to treat various viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis, herpes and influenza. It describes the classification, mechanism of action, dosing and side effects of various nucleoside analogues, protease inhibitors and other drugs. The summary of treatment of HIV includes the goals of combination antiretroviral therapy to suppress viral replication and prevent drug resistance in order to prolong life and improve quality of life for patients.
I have tried to provide an outline regarding the general antivirals available in our country..and discussed regarding MOA,indications and Therapeutic uses.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an RNA virus that attacks CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS. There are two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Anti-retroviral drugs target HIV reverse transcriptase and protease enzymes to prevent viral replication. Protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors are commonly used. Newer classes include fusion, integrase, and CCR5 inhibitors. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) uses combinations of multiple antiretroviral drugs to suppress HIV and prevent drug resistance from emerging.
This document discusses the management of AIDS. It provides an outline covering the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in India, the HIV life cycle, clinical staging of HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral drugs and their mechanisms of action, guidelines for antiretroviral therapy, and post exposure prophylaxis. It then goes on to provide more detailed information on these topics, including statistics on HIV prevalence in India, the stages of natural HIV infection, WHO clinical staging criteria, classes of antiretroviral drugs and their mechanisms of action and side effects, recommended first-line antiretroviral regimens, and principles of antiretroviral therapy.
anti virals -medication used against viral actionTeena42750
This document discusses antiviral drugs and classifies them based on their mechanism of action and target viruses. It describes several classes of antiviral drugs including anti-herpes drugs like acyclovir and famciclovir, anti-influenza drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir, and various classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV like nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and entry inhibitors. Each drug is discussed in terms of its mechanism of action, target virus, uses, and common side effects.
This document discusses various antiretroviral agents used to treat HIV infection. It describes the classes of antiretrovirals including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase inhibitors, CCR5 receptor inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors. It provides details on specific drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, dosages, side effects, and usage recommendations. The document also discusses treatment guidelines and regimens for both adults and children, as well as prophylaxis for preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission.
Current Indian Guidelines for Antiretriviral Therapy 2012Lakshya K Solanki
The document outlines current Indian guidelines for antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART involves the use of combination drug regimens to suppress the HIV virus and improve health outcomes. The guidelines recommend initiating ART early, with preferred first-line regimens including tenofovir/emtricitabine plus efavirenz or nevirapine. Patients on ART require monitoring of viral load and CD4 counts, and clinicians must watch out for potential complications and drug interactions. ART should be changed if the initial regimen fails or becomes suboptimal due to toxicity, interactions or other issues.
This document discusses iatrogenic disorders, which are adverse effects caused by medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Some key points:
- Diagnostic procedures like imaging with contrast dye and biopsies can cause side effects ranging from mild reactions to death.
- Therapeutic regimens, especially multiple drug prescriptions, increase the risk of adverse drug reactions in patients. When 15 or more drugs are prescribed, the risk of adverse reactions increases to over 20%.
- Adverse drug reactions can affect many body systems and organs. They include cutaneous issues, blood disorders, gastrointestinal problems, respiratory conditions, cardiovascular disease, and renal failure.
- The elderly are more susceptible to adverse drug reactions due to age
This presentation deals with important pathophysiological steps involved with HIV infection, the various classes of drugs used in treatment of this condition, along with WHO-guidelines for treatment regimen(depending on various ages & conditions).
Newer drugs have also been mentioned and emphasized upon.
HIV infection is a global pandemic that can present challenges for anesthesia. The virus is transmitted through bodily fluids and causes AIDS by depleting CD4+ cells. While treatment with HAART can suppress the virus, it interacts with many anesthetic drugs and may require adjustments. Anesthesiologists must take precautions like universal precautions and post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent infection. When providing anesthesia for HIV patients, it is important to consider potential organ manifestations of disease, interactions between antiretrovirals and anesthetics, and the patient's immune status.
Etiology, pathophysiology, Pharmacotherapy of AIDS .pptxdrsriram2001
Definition of AIDS:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a late stage of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. It is characterized by a severe depletion of the immune system, making the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
2. Etiology (HIV):
HIV Structure:
HIV is a retrovirus that primarily targets CD4+ T cells, a crucial component of the immune system.
The virus has two main types: HIV-1 and HIV-2, with HIV-1 being the most common and virulent worldwide.
3. Transmission:
Modes of Transmission:
HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person.
It can also be transmitted through sharing of contaminated needles, from an infected mother to her child during childbirth or breastfeeding, and through blood transfusions with infected blood (though this is rare now due to blood screening).
4. Clinical Stages:
Acute HIV Infection:
Occurs within the first few weeks after exposure.
Presents with flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
Chronic HIV Infection (Asymptomatic Stage):
Can last for several years with few or no symptoms.
The virus is actively replicating, and the immune system is gradually compromised.
Symptomatic HIV Infection (Symptomatic Stage):
As the immune system weakens, symptoms such as persistent fever, weight loss, and diarrhea may occur.
AIDS:
Diagnosed when the immune system is severely compromised, typically when the CD4+ T cell count falls below a critical threshold.
Opportunistic infections (e.g., Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia) and certain cancers (e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma) become more common.
5. Preventive Measures:
Condom Use:
Consistent and correct use of condoms during sexual intercourse helps prevent the sexual transmission of HIV.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP):
Antiretroviral medications, when taken consistently by HIV-negative individuals at high risk, can prevent HIV infection.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):
Emergency treatment with antiretroviral drugs within 72 hours of potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.
Needle Exchange Programs:
Reducing the sharing of needles among injecting drug users helps prevent the transmission of HIV.
HIV/AIDS is a chronic condition caused by the HIV virus that compromises the immune system. It has become a global pandemic, infecting over 36 million people worldwide in 2017. HIV progresses through several stages as it damages the immune system, from initial infection to AIDS. Diagnosis involves testing for HIV antibodies and viral load. Treatment is with antiretroviral therapy (ART) using a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus and stop the progression of the disease. Management also includes treating opportunistic infections and providing nutritional and psychosocial support.
HIV/AIDS is a chronic condition caused by the HIV virus that compromises the immune system. It has become a global pandemic, infecting over 36 million people worldwide in 2017. The virus progresses through several stages - primary infection, asymptomatic infection, symptomatic infection, and finally AIDS. Treatment involves highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) using a combination of different classes of antiretroviral drugs to reduce viral load and increase CD4 cell count. Management also includes treating opportunistic infections and providing nutritional, psychological, and pain support.
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which is a retrovirus.
- As of 2016, there were approximately 36.7 million people living with HIV globally.
- HIV diagnosis involves ELISA and Western blot tests to detect HIV antibodies and viral proteins.
- HIV treatment involves the use of antiretroviral drugs from several classes including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, CCR5 co-receptor antagonists, and integrase inhibitors.
- Co-infections with tuberculosis require specialized treatment reg
This document discusses anti-HIV/AIDS drugs. It provides an overview of HIV infection and treatment, describing the virus structure, life cycle, and pathogenesis. AIDS is defined as acquired immune deficiency caused by HIV destroying CD4 cells. Various classes of antiretroviral drugs are classified including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Each drug class is explained with examples, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS and opportunistic infections. It begins by defining HIV and AIDS, describing how HIV damages the immune system over time leading to AIDS. It then covers the epidemiology, symptoms, pathophysiology and stages of HIV infection. It discusses transmission methods and treatment, focusing on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and classes of antiretroviral drugs. The document concludes by examining common opportunistic infections that take advantage of a weakened immune system in AIDS patients.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. ETHIOLOGY:
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) is caused by Human Immuno
Deficiency Virus (HIV).
• HIV is a member of genus Lentivirus & it is a
single stranded RNA retrovirus
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY:
• In 1981 - 30 million people have died as a result
of HIV infection.
• In 2009 - HIV infected approximately 33
million people worldwide (East Asia, Central
Asia, and Eastern Europe).
• In 2009 - approximately 1.8 million people died
from AIDS and 2.6 million people were newly
infected with HIV.
6. • HIV-1, the most prevalent worldwide, and
• HIV-2, the most common in western Africa.
• HIV-1 subtype B is primarily responsible for
the North American and Western European
epidemic.
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
7. Mode Of Transmission:
• HIV infection occurs through three primary
modes of transmission: sexual,
parenteral, and
perinatal.
9. DIAGNOSIS:
• HIV diagnosis is made either
• Initial Screening Tests:
ELISA
HIV RNA assay
• Confirmatory Tests:
Western blot (WB)
Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA)
• CD4+ cell count
• Viral Load
10. CLINICAL PRESENTATION:
• Patients with acute HIV infection may display
symptoms described as “acute retroviral syndrome.”
• Patients with chronic HIV infection may present with
these same nonspecific symptoms and/or opportunistic
infections.
Acute Retroviral Syndrome
The majority of patients may present with fever,
lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, and/or rash.
11. Other symptoms include:
• Myalgia or arthralgia
• Diarrhea
• Headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Hepatosplenomegaly
• Weight loss
• Thrush
• Neurologic symptoms (meningoencephalitis, aseptic
meningitis, peripheral neuropathy, facial palsy, or
cognitive impairment or psychosis)
CLINICAL PRESENTATION:
12. TREATMENT
Goals of treatment are
• To maximally and durably suppress viral
replication,
• Avoid the development of drug resistance,
• Restore and preserve immune function,
• Prevent opportunistic infections, and
• Minimize drug adverse effects.
13. HAART – Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy
• Six classes of drugs are available to treat HIV infection:
(a) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NRTIs): Zidovudine (AZT),
Didanosine,
Stavudine,
Lamivudine,
Abacavir,
Emtricitabine,
Tenofovir (Nt RTI)
(b) Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NNRTIs): Nevirapine,
Efavirenz,
Delavirdine
18. DRUG DOSAGE FORMS ADVERSE EFFECTS
Nelfinavir
(Viracept)
250–625-mg tablets,
50 mg/g oral powder
Diarrhea; hyperlipidemia; hyperglycemia; fat
maldistribution; increased bleeding in
hemophiliacs; LFT elevation
Ritonavir (Norvir) 100-mg tablet, 600
mg/7.5-mL solution
GI intolerance, nausea, diarrhea;
paresthesias; hyperlipidemia; hepatitis;
asthenia; taste perversion; hyperglycemia; fat
maldistribution; increased bleeding in
hemophiliacs
IV) Fusion Inhibitors
Enfuvirtide
(Fuzeon)
Injectable, in
lyophilized powder.
Each single use vial
contains 108 mg of
enfuvirtide to be
reconstituted with 1.1
mL of sterile water for
injection for delivery
of Approx. 90mg/1mL
Local injection site reaction (pain, erythema,
induration, nodules and cysts,pruritus,
eachymosis) in most patients; increased rate
of bacterial pneumonia; less than 1%
Hypersensitivity reaction (rash,fever, nausea,
vomiting, chills, rigors, hypotension, or
elevated serum transaminases); do not
rechallenge