The document discusses the history and theories of clothing. It begins by classifying clothing into fixed types that vary by locality and modish types subject to fashion changes. It then outlines four main theories for the origins of clothing: modesty, immodesty, adornment, and protection from elements. The document continues by exploring the evolution of clothing from animal skins and furs used by early humans to more advanced sewing techniques developed by Cro-Magnon people. Examples are also given of traditional clothing styles among the Zulu, Maori, and Himba people and the materials and meanings behind certain garments.

4. PROTECTION

9. CLOTHING IS CLASSIFIED INTO TWO CLASSES:
 The fixed
 The modish
The fixed are substantially permanent and are not subject to
fashion changes but vary with each locality. The modish type
predominates in the western countries and changes rapidly in
point of time over all parts of the world, which are subject to
fashion changes.

11.  Modesty Theory :
It suggests that people first
wore clothing to cover or
conceal the 'private' parts of the
human body. The modesty
theory is based on the idea that
morality is dependent upon
modesty, as expressed through
the concealment of the human
body.

12.  Immodesty Theory :
Immodesty theory or sexual
attraction explain that
individuals may have
first worn clothing in order to
attract attention to, rather than
to conceal, the sexual organs.

13.  Adornment Theory :
This theory refers to the
decorative nature of clothes
and other forms
of appearances;
modifications for purposes
of display, attraction or
aesthetic expression.

14.  Projection Theory : This theory suggests that clothes
protect humans from the elements, animals or even
supernatural forces.

16.  “Dress" is used to indicate a category of garments such as
"holiday dress" or "military dress," or as a general reference
to an individual's overall appearance or various identity.
“Dress" indicates the process of using various items to cover,
adorn, and modify the body.
Dress ordinarily communicates aspects of a person's identity.

17.  “Costume" refers to the clothing items,
accessories, and makeup and dressing
up for special events such as
Halloween, masquerade balls, Carnival,
and Mardi Gras.
 The words "costume" and "custom" are
closely related, and the word "costume"
can also refer to ensembles of clothing
worn by members of a group for special
occasions that serve as an affirmation of
the group's traditions.

18.  The term clothing first appeared in the thirteenth century
and refers to garments in general.

19.  A popular or the latest style of clothing, hair, decoration,
or behavior.

21.  It is not known for sure when humans began wearing clothes but there is
evidence that suggest that we may have begun wearing clothing as far back
as 100,000 to 500,000 years ago.
 When early people realized they needed more than their own hair and skin to
protect them from the weather, they looked around to see what was available.
People lived in a cold climate, saw animals with skins that kept them warm.
They hunted these animals for food and used the fur to cover their body.
 The first known humans to make clothing, Neanderthal man, survived from
about 200,000 B.C.E. to about 30,000 B.C.E. During this time the earth’s
temperature rose and fell dramatically, creating a series of ice ages
throughout the northern areas of Europe and Asia where the Neanderthal man
lived.

22.  The first clothes were made from natural
elements: animal skin and furs, grasses and
leaves, and bones and shells.
 Neanderthals who, at some point in history,
learned how to use the hides of the animals
they hunted to keep themselves warm and
dry.
 It is thought that the first assembled piece of
clothing was the tunic.

25.  Archeologists found objects that look like handmade sewing
needles that have been dated to around 40,000 years ago.
 Cro-Magnon man considered the next stage in human
development, emerged around forty thousand years ago and made
advances in the clothing of the Neanderthals. The smarter Cro-
Magnon people learned how to make fire and cook food, and they
developed finer, more efficient tools. Sharp awls, or pointed
tools, were used to punch small holes in animal skins, which were
laced together with hiding string.

27.  One of the most important Cro-Magnon inventions was the
needle. Needles were made out of slivers of animal bone;
they were sharpened to a point at one end and had an eye at
the other end. With a needle, Cro-Magnon man could sew
carefully cut pieces of fur into better fitting garments.
 Only fragments of very early clothing have survived, so
archaeologists have relied on cave drawings, carved figures,
and such things as the imprint of stitched together skins in a
fossilized mud floor to develop their picture of early clothing.

28.  The discovery of the remains of a man who died 5,300 years ago
in the mountains of Austria, near the border with Italy, helped
confirm much of what these archaeologists had discovered. The
body of this male hunter had been preserved in ice for over five
thousand years, and many fragments of his clothing had survived.
 His clothing and equipment were made from hides, bones, antlers
and feathers of six different animal species and the leaves, wood
and fiber of 17 different trees.
 His upper clothing was tied with a belt. His legs were covered
with two separate leather stocking-like leggings which were made
of several pieces of goat hide and attached to his belt.

29.  Shoes that he had were made of animal skins
like brown bear hide, deer leather and calf
leather and filled with hay.
 Coat that he wore was made of strips of goat
skin that were sewed on the inside with thread
made of animal sinews.
 On his head was 20cm tall hat made of bear
fur which had leather chin straps.
 Cape that was on his back was made of long
stalks grass.

32.  The Zulus are the largest South African ethnic.
 Traditional male clothing is usually light, consisting of a two-part
apron used to cover their privates.
 The Amashoba are cow tails worn on the upper arms and below
the knees that make the body look bulky.
 Isinene is the front apron, consisting of circular skin patches the
size of coins, sewn together to cover the male genitals.
 Ibheshu is the rear apron made from calf skin (from stillborn or
dead calves).
 Married men wear a headband to indicate their marital status.

33.  The Injobo are long animal skins worn on the hips.
 An unmarried girl wears only a short grass skirt embellished with
beaded cotton strings whilst an engaged girl covers her breasts and
allows her hair to grow.
 A married woman covers her entire body to indicate her marital
status. She wears a thick cowhide skirt treated with animal fat and
charcoal. Over this skirt, she may wear a cloth in white, red or
black. The most striking addition to the look is the hat that is made
of grass and cotton that is sewn into the hair.

35.  Traditionally, Maori made their clothes and adornments from
native plants, and bird and animal skins. There was a great variety
of garments, including many kinds of cloaks. Clothing,
adornments and even hairstyles showed a lot about a person’s
status.
 As well as protecting against the rain and cold, traditional Maori
garments were used to protect modesty and to show the wearer’s
status.
 Rain capes were shorter than cloaks, and kept the wearer dry.
They were usually made from flax or cabbage-tree leaves.

36.  Maori generally walked barefoot, but sometimes made sandals
from flax, cabbage-tree leaves or mountain grass for crossing
rocky ground.

38.  Males wear loin cloths and sandals for footwear, with foot soles
often found made from old car tires, as the men and boys tend to
the cattle and herd their goats all day.
 The woman on the other hand tends to the village wearing goat
skinned skirts.
 Himba women especially, as well as Himba men rub their bodies
with red ochre and fat (Otjize) to protect themselves from the
scorching sun and arid climate of the Kaokoland.
 This also wards off mosquitos as individual woman mix the Otjize
with local plants and shrubs making a perfume of their own
scents.

39.  The different neck pieces and hair styles determines the
importance and status of the individual person.
 The main necklace has a shell or cone shell, which symbolizes
marriage and is strung with iron and ostrich egg beads. Their
ankles, the most private part of a woman’s body is covered with
iron bracelets.
 On their head they wear an ornate headpiece called the Erembe,
which resembles cattle horns. Their wrists are banded with coils
of iron and plastic etched bands. Their hair is braided with mixture
of animal hair, cow dung and Otjize.