8. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Traces the changes in
Design of various building types &
functions
Structure
Construction methods, and
Other architectural elements
(Doors, Windows, Materials etc)
THROUGH
16. EARLY BEGINNINGS
Caves are the earliest forms of
known winter shelters.
The need to survive the harsh
summer climates may have
lead to the earliest form of
tents made from large tree
leaves, stones and tree
branches.
Later periods are marked by
the evolution of such
temporary structures into
relatively permanent and
more reliable forms like
formations of small stones
attached with mud mortar.
THE NEED FOR SHELTER
17. Jericho ( Jordan ) is quoted to be the
earliest known town. A small settlement
here evolves in about 8000 BC into a town
covering 10 acres. And the builders of
Jericho have a new technology - bricks,
shaped from mud and baked hard in the
sun.
EVOLUTION - THE FIRST SETTLEMENT
EARLY BEGINNINGS
Some Successive
settlements of
Jericho are
Mehrgarh , Catal
huyuk, and
Harappa. All dated
8000-4000 BC.
18. THE ADVENT OF CIVILIZATIONS
• Mesopotamia (5000 BC)
• Egypt (3500 BC)
• India (2400 BC)
• China (2205 BC)
19. MESOPOTAMIA
Ancient Mesopotamia saw
the rise of the first
civilization in world
history. Here, the earliest
cities in world history
appeared along the banks of
Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
The materials used to build
were the same as those
used today: sun-baked brick
made of mud mixed with
straw, mud plaster and
wooden doors.
The era characterizes
monumental architecture
like huge palaces and
temples called ziggurats.
(5000 BC)
20.
21. MESOPOTAMIA
The ziggurats were brick-built
temple-mounds, taking the
form of a layered platform. They
resembled step pyramids with a
flat roof, on which a shrine
would be built. Access to this
shrine was by a broad staircase
or ramp.
These would form the focal
point of a town around which
the rest of the town was built.
Constructing these great
buildings demanded high level
design and engineering skills.
(5000 BC)
22. EGYPT
This civilization thrived at the
banks of river Nile.
The architecture of ancient
Egypt includes some of the
most famous structures in the
world, including tombs and
temples.
It too is characterized by large
stone monumental structures
while the domestic dwellings
were made up of mud bricks
and wood.
(3500 BC)
23. EGYPT
• The pyramids are astounding
creations but they bear little
relation to anything in
subsequent human history. By
contrast the temples of
ancient Egypt, almost as
impressive in their scale, stand
at the start of a lasting
tradition in architecture.
• Early pyramids (Mastabas)
were built of brick while later
were built of stone.
• Post and lintel system was
employed exclusively and
produced the earliest stone
columnar buildings.
(3500 BC)
25. ARCHITECTURAL SIMILARITIES
MESOPOTAMIA & EGYPT
Both are characterized by
monumental constructions.
Sun-dried mud brick is the
building block of man's first
monumental buildings - the
ziggurats (or temples) of
Mesopotamia and the
Mastabas (or early tombs) of
Egypt.
26. ANCIENT GREECE
After generations of experimentations with buildings of limited variety
the Greeks gave to the simple post and lintel system the purest, most
perfect expression it was to attain.
Slimming the fat pillars of Egyptian architecture, formalizing the
decoration, introducing better balance and proportion.
The pillar, with a decorated top or 'capital', supporting a horizontal cross
beam was taken from Egypt.
(7th-5th CENTURY BC )
THE FIVE GREEK ORDERS
27. THE POST AND LINTEL SYSTEM
FIVE GREEK CLASSICAL ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE
BASE
SHAFT
CAPITAL
28. PARTHENON-THE TEMPLE
447-438 BC
Parthenon is a temple of pre
dominantly Doric order with
elements of ionic order being
used in the centre of the
building.
A temple built for the Goddess
Athena the Parthenon was part
of the acropolis complex.
It comprised of huge limestone
foundations with marble stone
columns used for the first time
in history.
Parthenon was conceived as a
theatrical event with the
movements of the viewer in
mind as they move around and
through.
Temple to Athena at the Acropolis -The Parthenon
30. THE GREEK THEATRE
An exclusively Greek contribution to
architectural history is the raked
auditorium for watching theatrical
performances.
It comprised of a circular stage with
tiers of seats separated by aisles, all
built initially in stone.
THE THEATRE OF DIONYSUS
31. ANCIENT ROME
It combined the Greek and Asian
elements like columns and arches.
Invented concrete, hence the
construction of arch, vaults and large
domes like the pantheon.
A vault is a deep arch, while dome is
a collection of arches all sharing the
same centre.
It has far greater capabilities than the
lintel, for it can combine many
smaller units (of stone or brick) to
make a greater whole.
A Roman brick arch can span 50
yards as compared to a Greek lintel
which could span only 7 yards.
( 200 BC )
REPETITION OF ARCHES FORMING VAULTS
32. An arch reduces the need for additional vertical supports and
thus can attain maximum span as compared to a simple
beam structure.
33. • Maximum span is due to
unique flow of internal
forces and force the arch
exerts on the
ground/abutment called
the arch thrust.
Arch’s flow of internal forces
34. FIVE TYPE OF ARCHES
Semi Circular
Pointed Segmental Bucket Corbelled
38. ANCIENT ROME
Roman bridges
Roman aqueducts
ALCANTARA BRIDGE SPAIN
THE ROMAN AQUEDUCT
39. THE CHRISTIAN ERA-EVOLUTION OF STYLES
Inspired by Roman
architecture, having rounded
arches and columns.
Romanesque buildings were
monumental, supported by
massive walls, and had very
small windows.
Wooden roofs were replaced
by ceilings which were
constructed with barrel and
cross vaulting.
(ROMANESQUE )
( 11th- 13th CENTURY)
1. Barrel vault
2. Cross vault
40. THE CHRISTIAN ERA-EVOLUTION OF STYLES
Examples are Rotunda and
Basilica and French monastery
in Cluny.
(ROMANESQUE )
( 11th- 13th CENTURY)
The French monastery
41. THE CHRISTIAN ERA-EVOLUTION OF STYLES
Gothic architecture began
mainly in France, where
architects were inspired by
Romanesque architecture and
the pointed arches of Spanish
Moorish architecture. It's easy
to recognise Gothic buildings
because of their arches,
ribbed vaulting, flying
buttresses , elaborate
sculptures (like gargoyles) and
stained glass windows.
They marked it as “Gothic” to
suggest it was the crude work
of German barbarians (Goths)
as it was out of fashion.
(GOTHIC)
(12th-15th CENTURY)
St Patrick’s cathedral
43. THE CHRISTIAN ERA-EVOLUTION OF STYLES
Age of awakening.
The symmetrical and well-
balanced buildings of Greece
and Rome were copied.
The buildings lost the Gothic
vertical dimension but gained
range. Other features were
columns, arches and domes as
well as harmonious
arrangements of doors and
windows.
St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican and
the Louvre museum in Paris are
examples of Renaissance
architecture.
(RENAISSANCE)
(15th-17th CENTURY)
44. THE CHRISTIAN ERA-EVOLUTION OF STYLES
Used Renaissance terms in more artistic fashion.
Complicated decorations, paintings and contrasts between light and
shadow.
Baroque looks different in different countries.
Irregular shapes, huge domes, and extravagant ornamentations inside
out.
Trevi Fountain in Rome and St. Paul's Cathedral in London are examples
of baroque architecture.
(BAROQUE)
(17th-19th CENTURY)
45. THE CHRISTIAN ERA-EVOLUTION OF STYLES
A mix-up of various styles.
Encompass a bewildering range
of other historical styles -
Egyptian, Byzantine,
Romanesque, Venetian Gothic
and Muslim Indian.
Only one feature of 19th-
century architecture is entirely
new in the west - the use of cast
iron which formed the basis for
the modular steel frame
tradition of the later 20th
century construction.
(THE 19TH CENTURY ECLECTICISM )
Eifel tower France
46. NEW WORLD-MODERN ARCHITECTURE
THE EARLY 2OTH CENTURY
LESS IS MORE
A theory by Mies van der Rohe, it proposes “less is more”
aesthetic, strict geometry, a lack of ornamentation and
exposed functionality.
47. MODERN ARCHITECTURE
A world reshaped by science,
industry and speed
Characterized by simplicity of
form and absence of applied
decoration.
The norm of “Form follows
function – Modernistic ethic”
was given
Truth to materials, meaning
that the natural appearance of
a material should not be
concealed.
Use of industry made
materials.
Falling Water by Frank Lloyd
Wright
48. NEW WORLD- POST MODERNISM
THE LATER 2OTH CENTURY
LESS IS BORE
A theory by Robert Venture that emphasized “less is a bore”
and hence called for more richness and ambiguity.
49. NEW WORLD-POST MODERNISM
THE LATER 2OTH CENTURY
It was a movement started in
response to the simplicity of
modernist architecture.
More richness of the past
combined with modern
functionalism.
Complexity and contradiction
of form.
Un expected touches to the
building that go against
convention but look
appealing.
50. TODAY
THE 21st CENTURY
• Today is an era of contemporary architecture. Contemporary
means something which is happening at the present.
• It is spread globally and no single approach is dominant as work
is being in process in multiple styles.
• It’s a revolutionary age regarding research and inventions of
best possible materials functionally , aesthetically and the ones
that suits the respective regions
