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政治原理 佳蓝(Jalal Bazwan)
2016/11/22
黑格尔
(国家观研究)
黑格尔?
Who is Hegel?
• George Ilham Friedrich Hegel
• 德国(1770-1831):
– 西方现代最伟大的哲学家
– 亲睹法国大革命,拿破仑战争,1815年的维也纳会议
以及神圣同盟成立
– 黑格尔的国家至上性的思想就是源自于古希腊的政
治哲学家
– 黑格尔非常赞赏泊拉图和亚里士多德对公共生活的
强调,但是他也认识到古希腊政治思想中缺乏对个
人主体性,Subjectivity 相当于“个人主义”)的尊
重。
黑格尔和马克思
Hegel & Marx
• Marx was influenced by Hegel, because
Marx studied Hegel's Dialectics.
• Later, Marx invented Dialectical
Materialism (辩证唯物主义), which
“stood Hegel on his head,头足倒置”
because it was a materialistic approach,
instead of an idealistic (理想主义)one.
Hegel’s Views
on
State
• 个人只有加入到国家之中才能在现实中实现其精神价值。因此,
相对于个人来说, 国家就是“绝对自在自为的理性的东西”和
“绝对的最后的目的实现”。
• 什么是伦理理念?黑 格尔认为 ,伦理“ 是活的善”,“就是
成为现存世界和自我意识本性的那种自 的善和客观的、自在自
为的 善的统一就是伦理”。可见,黑格尔所说的国 家实际上
是一个伦理性的现实体,其根本目标指向 就是倡行社会之善,
达致自由的实现。
黑格尔认为, “国家是伦理理念的现
实———是作为显示出来的、自知
的实体性意志的伦理精神, 这种伦
理精神思考自身和知道自身,并完成
一切它所知道的, 而且只是完成它
所知道的。
从自由实现角度
对国家的伦理性
• 黑格尔从自由实现这一角度对国家的伦理性 进
行了阐发。在他看来,“善就是被实现了的自
由, 世界的绝对目的。”而“国家乃是‘自由’
的实 现,也就是绝对的最后目的的实现。”不
过,国家虽然“是自由的现实化”,但“‘自
由’在它的‘理想的’概念上并不以主观意志
和任意放纵为原则,而 是以普遍意志的承认为
原则;而且说‘自由’实现的过程,就是它的各
因素的自由发展。
• 法就是作为理念的自由。”在黑格尔看 来 ,
法的三大部门包括抽象法 、道德 、伦理 ,每
一个都是不同形式和阶段上自由的体现。
法、道德、伦理
• 法:法阶 段是抽象的形式的自由,抽象的形
式的自由通过外 物(财产、契约等)来实现自身,
表现为客观的自由
• 道德:道德居于较高的阶段,是对抽象的形
式的自由的扬弃 ,但道德只是“ 自为地存在
的自由 ”,它属于主观自由。
• 伦理:伦理阶段包括家庭、市民社会 和国家
三个环节。
在黑格尔看 来 ,法 的 三 大 部 门
包 括 抽 象 法 、道 德 、伦 理 ,
每 一 个 都是不同形式和阶段上自
由的体现
家庭 Family
市民社会 Civil
Society
国家 State
• 三个环节
家庭 Family:在第一环节,家庭只是直接伦理 实体,个人
缺乏独立性。家庭逐步扩大,分解出更多 的家庭,伦理阶段便
从第一环节过渡到第二环节。
市民社会 Civil Society: 在市民社会中,个体的独立性
得到了彰显,但是单 个个人利益的满足是唯一的目的,自由的
普遍性出 现了丧失。
国家 State: 国家这一环节,个人才实现了 完整意义上的
自由。国家一方面保证了个人的单一 性及其利益获得完全发展,
另一方面又把个人的特殊利益过渡到普遍利益,并把普遍物作
为最终目的 而精心活动,从而实现了个体独立性和普遍实体性
的统一。
 因此,“自由的理念只有作为国家才是真实 的。” 由此可见,
黑格尔实质上给国家赋予了 双重的内涵,“‘国家’是道德的
全体和‘自由’的‘现 实’,同时也就是这两个因素客观的统
一”。
国家的目的
• 国家 的目的就是普遍的利益本身,而这种普遍
利益又包 含着特殊的利益,它是特殊利益的实
体。” 在 他看来,国家这个“地上的神物”
实际上是一个统合 特殊利益与普遍利益的有机
体。一方面,国家是客 观精神发展的结果,
“个人本身只有成为国家成员 才具有客观性、
真理性和伦理性。”也就是说, 个人从属于国
家,要服从国家的整体意志,只有在 国家中,
个人才能实现其自身的价值。另一方面,“国
家是达到特殊目的和福利的唯一条件。
黑格尔把国家
看成是“地上
的神物?
• 翻译错了
• There is a famous sentence in Hegel's Lectures on the
Philosophy of History that has been badly translated into
English, so that it fits with the old prejudice that Hegel
identified the State with God. The bad translation is: "The
State is the march of God through history". The actual
correct translation, corresponding to the German text, is:
"That the State exists, is like the march of God through
history". From the surrounding text, it is clear that Hegel is
not affirming that the State is God. He is just using a
theological metaphor to explain that the State represents
the incarnation of human freedom in a set of institutions, just
like Christ represent the incarnation of God in our human
history.
• No!
There is a famous sentence in Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of History that has been badly translated into English, so that it fits
with the old prejudice that Hegel identified the State with God. The bad translation is: "The State is the march of God through
history". The actual correct translation, corresponding to the German text, is: "That the State exists, is like the march of God through
history". From the surrounding text, it is clear that Hegel is not affirming that the State is God. He is just using a theological metaphor
to explain that the State represents the incarnation of human freedom in a set of institutions, just like Christ represent the incarnation
of God in our human history.
It is true that Hegel attributes to the State an important function in his political philosophy. He considers the State to be the highest
incarnation of the "objective spirit", the highest form of institutionalised freedom ever reached by man. It is important to note that
Hegel considers a State to be rational, insofar it is also free: the more a particular State is free, the more it is closer to the concept of
State itself.
The fact that State is so important to Hegel does not diminish the crucial function of the previous moments of the objective spirit, i.e.
family and civil society. Hegel never proposes to "swallow" and annihilate them in the State. The existence of civil society as such is an
essential feature of modern times. As far as international politics is concerned, Hegel was well aware that any given State was limited
by its self-interests, and that those interests were at odds with those of other nations.
Finally, Hegel's system cannot be reduced to the section of the "objective spirit". There is a higher reality than the one represented by
the State, and it is constituted by the three moments of the "absolute spirit": Art, Religion and Philosophy. While creating the material
conditions that enable artists, theologians and philosophers to operate, the State can't impose itself on these crucial aspects of the
freedom of consciousness.
1.6. Didn't Hegel say that the State is Divine, or
even that the State is God?
黑格尔 (国家观)Hegel views on Sate

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黑格尔 (国家观)Hegel views on Sate

  • 2. 黑格尔? Who is Hegel? • George Ilham Friedrich Hegel • 德国(1770-1831): – 西方现代最伟大的哲学家 – 亲睹法国大革命,拿破仑战争,1815年的维也纳会议 以及神圣同盟成立 – 黑格尔的国家至上性的思想就是源自于古希腊的政 治哲学家 – 黑格尔非常赞赏泊拉图和亚里士多德对公共生活的 强调,但是他也认识到古希腊政治思想中缺乏对个 人主体性,Subjectivity 相当于“个人主义”)的尊 重。
  • 3. 黑格尔和马克思 Hegel & Marx • Marx was influenced by Hegel, because Marx studied Hegel's Dialectics. • Later, Marx invented Dialectical Materialism (辩证唯物主义), which “stood Hegel on his head,头足倒置” because it was a materialistic approach, instead of an idealistic (理想主义)one.
  • 4. Hegel’s Views on State • 个人只有加入到国家之中才能在现实中实现其精神价值。因此, 相对于个人来说, 国家就是“绝对自在自为的理性的东西”和 “绝对的最后的目的实现”。 • 什么是伦理理念?黑 格尔认为 ,伦理“ 是活的善”,“就是 成为现存世界和自我意识本性的那种自 的善和客观的、自在自 为的 善的统一就是伦理”。可见,黑格尔所说的国 家实际上 是一个伦理性的现实体,其根本目标指向 就是倡行社会之善, 达致自由的实现。 黑格尔认为, “国家是伦理理念的现 实———是作为显示出来的、自知 的实体性意志的伦理精神, 这种伦 理精神思考自身和知道自身,并完成 一切它所知道的, 而且只是完成它 所知道的。
  • 5. 从自由实现角度 对国家的伦理性 • 黑格尔从自由实现这一角度对国家的伦理性 进 行了阐发。在他看来,“善就是被实现了的自 由, 世界的绝对目的。”而“国家乃是‘自由’ 的实 现,也就是绝对的最后目的的实现。”不 过,国家虽然“是自由的现实化”,但“‘自 由’在它的‘理想的’概念上并不以主观意志 和任意放纵为原则,而 是以普遍意志的承认为 原则;而且说‘自由’实现的过程,就是它的各 因素的自由发展。 • 法就是作为理念的自由。”在黑格尔看 来 , 法的三大部门包括抽象法 、道德 、伦理 ,每 一个都是不同形式和阶段上自由的体现。
  • 6. 法、道德、伦理 • 法:法阶 段是抽象的形式的自由,抽象的形 式的自由通过外 物(财产、契约等)来实现自身, 表现为客观的自由 • 道德:道德居于较高的阶段,是对抽象的形 式的自由的扬弃 ,但道德只是“ 自为地存在 的自由 ”,它属于主观自由。 • 伦理:伦理阶段包括家庭、市民社会 和国家 三个环节。 在黑格尔看 来 ,法 的 三 大 部 门 包 括 抽 象 法 、道 德 、伦 理 , 每 一 个 都是不同形式和阶段上自 由的体现
  • 7. 家庭 Family 市民社会 Civil Society 国家 State • 三个环节 家庭 Family:在第一环节,家庭只是直接伦理 实体,个人 缺乏独立性。家庭逐步扩大,分解出更多 的家庭,伦理阶段便 从第一环节过渡到第二环节。 市民社会 Civil Society: 在市民社会中,个体的独立性 得到了彰显,但是单 个个人利益的满足是唯一的目的,自由的 普遍性出 现了丧失。 国家 State: 国家这一环节,个人才实现了 完整意义上的 自由。国家一方面保证了个人的单一 性及其利益获得完全发展, 另一方面又把个人的特殊利益过渡到普遍利益,并把普遍物作 为最终目的 而精心活动,从而实现了个体独立性和普遍实体性 的统一。  因此,“自由的理念只有作为国家才是真实 的。” 由此可见, 黑格尔实质上给国家赋予了 双重的内涵,“‘国家’是道德的 全体和‘自由’的‘现 实’,同时也就是这两个因素客观的统 一”。
  • 8. 国家的目的 • 国家 的目的就是普遍的利益本身,而这种普遍 利益又包 含着特殊的利益,它是特殊利益的实 体。” 在 他看来,国家这个“地上的神物” 实际上是一个统合 特殊利益与普遍利益的有机 体。一方面,国家是客 观精神发展的结果, “个人本身只有成为国家成员 才具有客观性、 真理性和伦理性。”也就是说, 个人从属于国 家,要服从国家的整体意志,只有在 国家中, 个人才能实现其自身的价值。另一方面,“国 家是达到特殊目的和福利的唯一条件。
  • 9. 黑格尔把国家 看成是“地上 的神物? • 翻译错了 • There is a famous sentence in Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of History that has been badly translated into English, so that it fits with the old prejudice that Hegel identified the State with God. The bad translation is: "The State is the march of God through history". The actual correct translation, corresponding to the German text, is: "That the State exists, is like the march of God through history". From the surrounding text, it is clear that Hegel is not affirming that the State is God. He is just using a theological metaphor to explain that the State represents the incarnation of human freedom in a set of institutions, just like Christ represent the incarnation of God in our human history.
  • 10. • No! There is a famous sentence in Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of History that has been badly translated into English, so that it fits with the old prejudice that Hegel identified the State with God. The bad translation is: "The State is the march of God through history". The actual correct translation, corresponding to the German text, is: "That the State exists, is like the march of God through history". From the surrounding text, it is clear that Hegel is not affirming that the State is God. He is just using a theological metaphor to explain that the State represents the incarnation of human freedom in a set of institutions, just like Christ represent the incarnation of God in our human history. It is true that Hegel attributes to the State an important function in his political philosophy. He considers the State to be the highest incarnation of the "objective spirit", the highest form of institutionalised freedom ever reached by man. It is important to note that Hegel considers a State to be rational, insofar it is also free: the more a particular State is free, the more it is closer to the concept of State itself. The fact that State is so important to Hegel does not diminish the crucial function of the previous moments of the objective spirit, i.e. family and civil society. Hegel never proposes to "swallow" and annihilate them in the State. The existence of civil society as such is an essential feature of modern times. As far as international politics is concerned, Hegel was well aware that any given State was limited by its self-interests, and that those interests were at odds with those of other nations. Finally, Hegel's system cannot be reduced to the section of the "objective spirit". There is a higher reality than the one represented by the State, and it is constituted by the three moments of the "absolute spirit": Art, Religion and Philosophy. While creating the material conditions that enable artists, theologians and philosophers to operate, the State can't impose itself on these crucial aspects of the freedom of consciousness. 1.6. Didn't Hegel say that the State is Divine, or even that the State is God?