This document provides an overview of the health budget and services in Bihar, India. It details that in the 2011-12 budget, health received 21.15% of the state plan allocation of Rs. 24,000 crore or Rs. 5,075 crore. Major funding comes from the National Rural Health Mission, international organizations, and private foundations. The budget is expected to exceed projected needs. Key goals are to reduce infant mortality, maternal mortality, fertility rates, and increase institutional deliveries. Strategies to achieve these include improving access to prenatal care, increasing institutional deliveries, strengthening referral systems, immunization programs, and raising awareness about health and family planning issues.
The document summarizes India's national health policies from 1978 onwards. It discusses the key goals and principles of the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care, including health as a fundamental right and reducing inequality. It outlines India's 1983 National Health Policy which aimed to provide primary health care and integrate related sectors. While some goals were achieved by 2000, many were not, prompting the 2002 National Health Policy to revise strategies and accelerate public health goals.
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India - Year End Review 2014D Murali ☆
The document summarizes notable achievements of India's Ministry of Health & Family Welfare in 2014. Key achievements include:
1. India being certified polio-free by the WHO in 2014, marking a significant public health milestone.
2. Improvements in various health outcomes such as declines in infant mortality rate, total fertility rate, and maternal mortality ratio.
3. Increases in health service delivery with rises in outpatient visits, inpatient admissions, and numbers of procedures performed at public facilities.
4. Expansions of various health programs and initiatives targeting mothers, children, and communities.
This document outlines India's proposed new National Health Policy for 2017. The key points are:
1) It aims to replace the 2002 policy and address growing non-communicable diseases and India's large disease burden.
2) The goals are universal health coverage, improving access to quality care without financial hardship, and increasing investment in health to 2.5% of GDP.
3) It proposes reorienting public health services to provide comprehensive primary care and strategic purchasing of secondary and tertiary care from public and private providers.
Sanitation problems in india by navneetNavneet Singh
The document discusses sanitation problems in India. It notes that open defecation is still a major problem in rural areas, with an estimated 1 in 10 deaths in villages linked to poor sanitation. While urban areas have higher access to sanitation facilities, around 18% of the urban population still defecates in the open and 7% use unimproved toilets. To address these issues, the document recommends providing education to illiterate and poor communities, encouraging cleanliness initiatives, using media to promote behavior change, ensuring government accountability, and supporting entrepreneurs working in the sanitation sector.
The National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) aims to provide accessible and affordable health care to the urban poor population in India. It will focus on improving health indicators among slum populations and expanding coverage to all towns with a population over 50,000. Key strategies include establishing Urban Health Centers, promoting community-based groups like Mahila Arogya Samitees, implementing health insurance programs, and using information technology to strengthen surveillance. The NUHM will be implemented through municipal corporations and district health societies with the goal of synergizing with other health programs to comprehensively address urban health issues.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of the Indian health system. It discusses the evolution of medicine from ancient practices intertwined with religion and magic to the development of modern scientific medicine. It outlines the key systems of traditional Indian medicine including Ayurveda and Siddha. It also summarizes the current structure of healthcare delivery in India, which involves both public and private sectors, as well as traditional medicine. The government aims to improve health indicators through national health programs and policies while still facing issues with public health infrastructure and availability of staff.
Laadli, A campaign to help save the girl child and prevent gender selection a...Population First - Laadli
Laadli, A girl child campaign is Population First's campaign against sex selection and falling sex ratio.Join us by making your pledge against female feticide
http://laadli.org/
This document outlines several programs and initiatives under India's Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program. It discusses communicable and non-communicable disease control programs, national nutritional programs, and system strengthening programs. For RCH Phase I, it describes the approach and 4 main components, as well as services provided like essential obstetric care, emergency care, immunization, and prevention of vitamin A and iron deficiency. RCH Phase II aims to reduce maternal and child mortality through essential obstetric care, emergency obstetric care, and initiatives like making first referral units functional and training doctors.
The document summarizes India's national health policies from 1978 onwards. It discusses the key goals and principles of the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care, including health as a fundamental right and reducing inequality. It outlines India's 1983 National Health Policy which aimed to provide primary health care and integrate related sectors. While some goals were achieved by 2000, many were not, prompting the 2002 National Health Policy to revise strategies and accelerate public health goals.
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India - Year End Review 2014D Murali ☆
The document summarizes notable achievements of India's Ministry of Health & Family Welfare in 2014. Key achievements include:
1. India being certified polio-free by the WHO in 2014, marking a significant public health milestone.
2. Improvements in various health outcomes such as declines in infant mortality rate, total fertility rate, and maternal mortality ratio.
3. Increases in health service delivery with rises in outpatient visits, inpatient admissions, and numbers of procedures performed at public facilities.
4. Expansions of various health programs and initiatives targeting mothers, children, and communities.
This document outlines India's proposed new National Health Policy for 2017. The key points are:
1) It aims to replace the 2002 policy and address growing non-communicable diseases and India's large disease burden.
2) The goals are universal health coverage, improving access to quality care without financial hardship, and increasing investment in health to 2.5% of GDP.
3) It proposes reorienting public health services to provide comprehensive primary care and strategic purchasing of secondary and tertiary care from public and private providers.
Sanitation problems in india by navneetNavneet Singh
The document discusses sanitation problems in India. It notes that open defecation is still a major problem in rural areas, with an estimated 1 in 10 deaths in villages linked to poor sanitation. While urban areas have higher access to sanitation facilities, around 18% of the urban population still defecates in the open and 7% use unimproved toilets. To address these issues, the document recommends providing education to illiterate and poor communities, encouraging cleanliness initiatives, using media to promote behavior change, ensuring government accountability, and supporting entrepreneurs working in the sanitation sector.
The National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) aims to provide accessible and affordable health care to the urban poor population in India. It will focus on improving health indicators among slum populations and expanding coverage to all towns with a population over 50,000. Key strategies include establishing Urban Health Centers, promoting community-based groups like Mahila Arogya Samitees, implementing health insurance programs, and using information technology to strengthen surveillance. The NUHM will be implemented through municipal corporations and district health societies with the goal of synergizing with other health programs to comprehensively address urban health issues.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of the Indian health system. It discusses the evolution of medicine from ancient practices intertwined with religion and magic to the development of modern scientific medicine. It outlines the key systems of traditional Indian medicine including Ayurveda and Siddha. It also summarizes the current structure of healthcare delivery in India, which involves both public and private sectors, as well as traditional medicine. The government aims to improve health indicators through national health programs and policies while still facing issues with public health infrastructure and availability of staff.
Laadli, A campaign to help save the girl child and prevent gender selection a...Population First - Laadli
Laadli, A girl child campaign is Population First's campaign against sex selection and falling sex ratio.Join us by making your pledge against female feticide
http://laadli.org/
This document outlines several programs and initiatives under India's Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program. It discusses communicable and non-communicable disease control programs, national nutritional programs, and system strengthening programs. For RCH Phase I, it describes the approach and 4 main components, as well as services provided like essential obstetric care, emergency care, immunization, and prevention of vitamin A and iron deficiency. RCH Phase II aims to reduce maternal and child mortality through essential obstetric care, emergency obstetric care, and initiatives like making first referral units functional and training doctors.
The document outlines the National Rural Health Mission in India from 2005-2012. The mission aimed to improve healthcare access for rural populations by increasing public health spending, reducing regional disparities, and decentralizing healthcare administration. Key strategies included appointing a female community health worker in each village, preparing village-level health plans, strengthening primary healthcare centers, integrating vertical health programs, and promoting affordable access through public-private partnerships and health insurance. The goals were to reduce infant and maternal mortality and ensure universal access to primary healthcare services.
this ppt show about the national rural health mission and about the benefit of health program run by the govt. of India to improve the health facilities among the people to get the maximum benefit from the health policies.
The National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme aims to provide safe drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities to all urban and rural populations in India. It was initiated in 1954 and has expanded over the decades with various missions and programs to improve coverage, sustainability, and community participation in water supply and sanitation. The current programs, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban), were launched in 2014 with the goal of achieving an open defecation free India by 2019 through behavior change activities, infrastructure development, and capacity building of local authorities.
The document presents information on India's National Health Policies from 1983 to 2017. It discusses the goals and strategies of policies from 1983, 2002, and 2017. The key goals of policies included access to primary care for all, reducing mortality and disease prevalence, and achieving universal health coverage. The policies aimed to improve health infrastructure, personnel training, and integrate different medical systems to make progress toward health for all.
The Bhore Committee Report from 1946 made observations about India's high communicable disease rates and low life expectancy. It recommended establishing primary health centers and expanding healthcare access. The Mudaliar Committee from 1959 found basic facilities had not reached half the population and recommended strengthening district hospitals and primary healthcare. The Chadha Committee from 1963 addressed preparing for malaria maintenance and recommended basic health workers provide malaria and other services.
This document discusses primary health care and the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978. It provides the following key points:
- The Alma-Ata Declaration established "Health for All" as a goal and endorsed primary health care as the key approach. It defined primary health care as including health education, disease prevention and control, immunizations, maternal and child care, nutrition, treatment, and more.
- The Declaration recognized health as a fundamental human right and reducing inequality in health status between developed and developing nations. It emphasized social and economic development alongside health.
- Students will conduct community assessments, interviewing families using an assessment tool and reporting their findings. Their work aims to support primary health care goals
The document discusses the primary health care approach in India. It outlines the recommendations of various committees since 1946 on establishing primary health centers (PHCs) to provide preventive and curative services in rural areas. The key recommendations included one PHC per 10,000-40,000 population staffed by medical officers, nurses and other personnel. Community health was aimed to be provided by trained local health workers. The three-tier rural health care system of sub-centers, PHCs and community health centers is also summarized.
The document summarizes India's national health policies from before independence to the present. It discusses key committees that shaped health policies, including the Bhore Committee in 1946. The National Health Policies of 1983 and 2002 are analyzed in depth, outlining their goals of expanding healthcare access and improving health indicators like life expectancy and rates of immunization, maternal and child mortality. The policies aimed to achieve 'Health for All' through strengthening primary healthcare and increasing investment in the health sector.
School health service and school health recordAisha Shajahan
School health services aim to promote, protect, and maintain the health of students and staff. This includes early detection of health issues, treatment and follow up, health education, and providing a healthy environment. School health services are needed because students are a large segment of the population, are vulnerable due to their developmental stage, and come from diverse backgrounds with varying health statuses. The services focus on aspects like health screenings, preventative care, first aid, nutrition support, mental health, and health education to address common student health issues such as malnutrition, infections, and dental problems. Records are also kept to monitor students' health over time.
RBSK is a government initiative that aims to screen and manage children from birth to 18 years of age for Defects at Birth, Deficiencies, Diseases and Developmental Delays including disabilities.
The National Health Authority (NHA) is pursuing a two-pronged strategy to expand the scope and scale of Ayushman Bharat PMJAY. Beneficiary identification and hospital utilization are examples of these. The NHA is relaunching Aapke Dwar Ayushman with zeal.
Health Aspect of 12th five year plan in IndiaVikash Keshri
India's 12th Five year plan is widely believed to be Health Plan. Presentation summarizes the major highlights from Health chapter of 12th Plan of India.
India has made considerable progress in expanding its health infrastructure over the last two decades. As of 2019, there were over 160,000 sub-centers, 30,000 primary health centers (PHCs), and 5,600 community health centers (CHCs) across the country. However, the distribution of facilities remains uneven, with states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar lagging behind in development of infrastructure compared to the rest of India. The National Rural Health Mission aims to strengthen rural health infrastructure and provide effective healthcare access through measures such as establishing a female health activist in each village and upgrading facilities to meet standards. While basic healthcare access has increased overall, more attention is still needed in improving infrastructure in underdeveloped states.
This document discusses occupational health hazards and diseases. It defines occupational health as promoting worker well-being and preventing health issues caused by working conditions. Physical hazards from heat, cold, light, noise, vibration and radiation can cause injuries or indirect health effects. Chemical hazards include dusts, gases, metals and their compounds which can harm skin, be inhaled or ingested. Biological and psychosocial hazards are also discussed. Common occupational diseases are explained such as pneumoconiosis from dust inhalation and lead poisoning. Prevention strategies aim to eliminate hazards, use personal protective equipment and monitor worker health.
The document discusses the Malaysian healthcare system and its efforts to achieve better health for Malaysians. It outlines the current challenges facing the system, including issues like long wait times, inadequate integration between public and private sectors, and rising healthcare costs. It then describes the existing public healthcare structure provided by the Ministry of Health and examines usage and expenditure trends. The document proposes transforming the nation's health system to address the issues through a new integrated 1Care model.
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in healthcare aim to improve universal access, equity, and affordability of primary care through collaboration between government and private sectors. PPPs can help address India's shortage of healthcare professionals and facilities, which are disproportionately located in urban areas despite most of the population living rurally. Common forms of PPPs in India include contracting private providers for service delivery, outsourcing management of public facilities, health insurance schemes, and joint ventures. Successful PPPs require transparency, impartiality, value for money, integrated services, and financial viability to equitably meet public health goals through shared responsibilities between sectors.
This document discusses mainstreaming AYUSH systems (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) into public health in India. It outlines a vision for giving AYUSH equitable identity and parity with modern medicine systems while improving outreach, access, and coverage. Strategies proposed include: revising AYUSH curricula to include modern diagnostics; introducing AYUSH briefs in MBBS curricula; joint diagnosis and clinical postings between AYUSH and modern medicine practitioners; and prioritizing AYUSH intervention in areas like geriatric care, lifestyle disease management, and community health programs. Preconditions for success include according priority to mainstreaming efforts and alloc
This document provides an overview of district health planning in India. It defines district health planning and explains its purpose to improve health services and match limited resources to needs. A brief history is given of decentralized planning starting in India's first five-year plan. Key components of district health planning are identified, including situation analysis, priority setting, annual facility plans, and developing a district health action plan. The planning process involves different committees at village, block and district levels. The document provides an example of strengthening routine immunization for migratory populations in Gurgaon district.
This document summarizes the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 in India. The key points are:
1) It provides for uniform registration of births and deaths across India and mandates the compulsory reporting and registration of all births and deaths within 21 days.
2) State governments are responsible for implementing the Act according to model rules provided by the central government.
3) It aims to improve the civil registration system and make birth/death certificates available as legal proof for various purposes. Accurate vital statistics can also help plan health and development programs.
4) However, low priority, lack of coordination and awareness remain challenges to effective implementation of the registration system.
The document summarizes key aspects of India's 2012-2013 health budget. It allocates increased funding to programs like the National Rural Health Mission and introduces new initiatives like the National Urban Health Mission. Specific funding increases are provided for rural sanitation and vaccination programs. The budget also aims to strengthen existing healthcare infrastructure through programs like the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare published the first Annual Report to the People on Health in September 2010. The report’s objective was to examine critical macro-level issues related to health, in particular, the constraints faced by the government in providing universal healthcare, and the challenges in the organisation, financing and governance of health services.
The report provides information about key health indicators such as life expectancy at birth, infant mortality and maternal mortality, and explains the variation in their numbers in different states. It also provides an overview of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), which was launched in 2005 to revitalise and scale up basic health services in rural areas. Besides this, it discusses the non-availability of skilled healthcare providers and their uneven distribution across the country, and suggests remedies for this problem.
Lastly, the report lists key policy issues related to health that, according to the ministry, need to be debated widely and drafted into a new health policy. Some of these issues are increased public investment in healthcare, public-private partnerships in the health sector, access to safe drinking water and sanitation, good quality education for healthcare providers, use of modern technology and technological audits of the sector, rising out-of-pocket expenditure on drugs, reduced emphasis on preventive healthcare, limited participation of community organisations, and investment of the states in primary healthcare.
The document outlines the National Rural Health Mission in India from 2005-2012. The mission aimed to improve healthcare access for rural populations by increasing public health spending, reducing regional disparities, and decentralizing healthcare administration. Key strategies included appointing a female community health worker in each village, preparing village-level health plans, strengthening primary healthcare centers, integrating vertical health programs, and promoting affordable access through public-private partnerships and health insurance. The goals were to reduce infant and maternal mortality and ensure universal access to primary healthcare services.
this ppt show about the national rural health mission and about the benefit of health program run by the govt. of India to improve the health facilities among the people to get the maximum benefit from the health policies.
The National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme aims to provide safe drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities to all urban and rural populations in India. It was initiated in 1954 and has expanded over the decades with various missions and programs to improve coverage, sustainability, and community participation in water supply and sanitation. The current programs, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban), were launched in 2014 with the goal of achieving an open defecation free India by 2019 through behavior change activities, infrastructure development, and capacity building of local authorities.
The document presents information on India's National Health Policies from 1983 to 2017. It discusses the goals and strategies of policies from 1983, 2002, and 2017. The key goals of policies included access to primary care for all, reducing mortality and disease prevalence, and achieving universal health coverage. The policies aimed to improve health infrastructure, personnel training, and integrate different medical systems to make progress toward health for all.
The Bhore Committee Report from 1946 made observations about India's high communicable disease rates and low life expectancy. It recommended establishing primary health centers and expanding healthcare access. The Mudaliar Committee from 1959 found basic facilities had not reached half the population and recommended strengthening district hospitals and primary healthcare. The Chadha Committee from 1963 addressed preparing for malaria maintenance and recommended basic health workers provide malaria and other services.
This document discusses primary health care and the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978. It provides the following key points:
- The Alma-Ata Declaration established "Health for All" as a goal and endorsed primary health care as the key approach. It defined primary health care as including health education, disease prevention and control, immunizations, maternal and child care, nutrition, treatment, and more.
- The Declaration recognized health as a fundamental human right and reducing inequality in health status between developed and developing nations. It emphasized social and economic development alongside health.
- Students will conduct community assessments, interviewing families using an assessment tool and reporting their findings. Their work aims to support primary health care goals
The document discusses the primary health care approach in India. It outlines the recommendations of various committees since 1946 on establishing primary health centers (PHCs) to provide preventive and curative services in rural areas. The key recommendations included one PHC per 10,000-40,000 population staffed by medical officers, nurses and other personnel. Community health was aimed to be provided by trained local health workers. The three-tier rural health care system of sub-centers, PHCs and community health centers is also summarized.
The document summarizes India's national health policies from before independence to the present. It discusses key committees that shaped health policies, including the Bhore Committee in 1946. The National Health Policies of 1983 and 2002 are analyzed in depth, outlining their goals of expanding healthcare access and improving health indicators like life expectancy and rates of immunization, maternal and child mortality. The policies aimed to achieve 'Health for All' through strengthening primary healthcare and increasing investment in the health sector.
School health service and school health recordAisha Shajahan
School health services aim to promote, protect, and maintain the health of students and staff. This includes early detection of health issues, treatment and follow up, health education, and providing a healthy environment. School health services are needed because students are a large segment of the population, are vulnerable due to their developmental stage, and come from diverse backgrounds with varying health statuses. The services focus on aspects like health screenings, preventative care, first aid, nutrition support, mental health, and health education to address common student health issues such as malnutrition, infections, and dental problems. Records are also kept to monitor students' health over time.
RBSK is a government initiative that aims to screen and manage children from birth to 18 years of age for Defects at Birth, Deficiencies, Diseases and Developmental Delays including disabilities.
The National Health Authority (NHA) is pursuing a two-pronged strategy to expand the scope and scale of Ayushman Bharat PMJAY. Beneficiary identification and hospital utilization are examples of these. The NHA is relaunching Aapke Dwar Ayushman with zeal.
Health Aspect of 12th five year plan in IndiaVikash Keshri
India's 12th Five year plan is widely believed to be Health Plan. Presentation summarizes the major highlights from Health chapter of 12th Plan of India.
India has made considerable progress in expanding its health infrastructure over the last two decades. As of 2019, there were over 160,000 sub-centers, 30,000 primary health centers (PHCs), and 5,600 community health centers (CHCs) across the country. However, the distribution of facilities remains uneven, with states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar lagging behind in development of infrastructure compared to the rest of India. The National Rural Health Mission aims to strengthen rural health infrastructure and provide effective healthcare access through measures such as establishing a female health activist in each village and upgrading facilities to meet standards. While basic healthcare access has increased overall, more attention is still needed in improving infrastructure in underdeveloped states.
This document discusses occupational health hazards and diseases. It defines occupational health as promoting worker well-being and preventing health issues caused by working conditions. Physical hazards from heat, cold, light, noise, vibration and radiation can cause injuries or indirect health effects. Chemical hazards include dusts, gases, metals and their compounds which can harm skin, be inhaled or ingested. Biological and psychosocial hazards are also discussed. Common occupational diseases are explained such as pneumoconiosis from dust inhalation and lead poisoning. Prevention strategies aim to eliminate hazards, use personal protective equipment and monitor worker health.
The document discusses the Malaysian healthcare system and its efforts to achieve better health for Malaysians. It outlines the current challenges facing the system, including issues like long wait times, inadequate integration between public and private sectors, and rising healthcare costs. It then describes the existing public healthcare structure provided by the Ministry of Health and examines usage and expenditure trends. The document proposes transforming the nation's health system to address the issues through a new integrated 1Care model.
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in healthcare aim to improve universal access, equity, and affordability of primary care through collaboration between government and private sectors. PPPs can help address India's shortage of healthcare professionals and facilities, which are disproportionately located in urban areas despite most of the population living rurally. Common forms of PPPs in India include contracting private providers for service delivery, outsourcing management of public facilities, health insurance schemes, and joint ventures. Successful PPPs require transparency, impartiality, value for money, integrated services, and financial viability to equitably meet public health goals through shared responsibilities between sectors.
This document discusses mainstreaming AYUSH systems (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) into public health in India. It outlines a vision for giving AYUSH equitable identity and parity with modern medicine systems while improving outreach, access, and coverage. Strategies proposed include: revising AYUSH curricula to include modern diagnostics; introducing AYUSH briefs in MBBS curricula; joint diagnosis and clinical postings between AYUSH and modern medicine practitioners; and prioritizing AYUSH intervention in areas like geriatric care, lifestyle disease management, and community health programs. Preconditions for success include according priority to mainstreaming efforts and alloc
This document provides an overview of district health planning in India. It defines district health planning and explains its purpose to improve health services and match limited resources to needs. A brief history is given of decentralized planning starting in India's first five-year plan. Key components of district health planning are identified, including situation analysis, priority setting, annual facility plans, and developing a district health action plan. The planning process involves different committees at village, block and district levels. The document provides an example of strengthening routine immunization for migratory populations in Gurgaon district.
This document summarizes the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 in India. The key points are:
1) It provides for uniform registration of births and deaths across India and mandates the compulsory reporting and registration of all births and deaths within 21 days.
2) State governments are responsible for implementing the Act according to model rules provided by the central government.
3) It aims to improve the civil registration system and make birth/death certificates available as legal proof for various purposes. Accurate vital statistics can also help plan health and development programs.
4) However, low priority, lack of coordination and awareness remain challenges to effective implementation of the registration system.
The document summarizes key aspects of India's 2012-2013 health budget. It allocates increased funding to programs like the National Rural Health Mission and introduces new initiatives like the National Urban Health Mission. Specific funding increases are provided for rural sanitation and vaccination programs. The budget also aims to strengthen existing healthcare infrastructure through programs like the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare published the first Annual Report to the People on Health in September 2010. The report’s objective was to examine critical macro-level issues related to health, in particular, the constraints faced by the government in providing universal healthcare, and the challenges in the organisation, financing and governance of health services.
The report provides information about key health indicators such as life expectancy at birth, infant mortality and maternal mortality, and explains the variation in their numbers in different states. It also provides an overview of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), which was launched in 2005 to revitalise and scale up basic health services in rural areas. Besides this, it discusses the non-availability of skilled healthcare providers and their uneven distribution across the country, and suggests remedies for this problem.
Lastly, the report lists key policy issues related to health that, according to the ministry, need to be debated widely and drafted into a new health policy. Some of these issues are increased public investment in healthcare, public-private partnerships in the health sector, access to safe drinking water and sanitation, good quality education for healthcare providers, use of modern technology and technological audits of the sector, rising out-of-pocket expenditure on drugs, reduced emphasis on preventive healthcare, limited participation of community organisations, and investment of the states in primary healthcare.
This document provides an overview of oral healthcare delivery in India. It discusses the high burden of oral diseases in India such as oral cancer, periodontal disease, dental caries, and edentulism. It also notes the shortage of dental professionals in India, with a ratio of 1 dentist per 5,015 people. The document outlines India's health system administration and the different levels of oral healthcare delivery. It discusses India's National Oral Health Programme and strategies to improve oral health for children. Barriers to oral healthcare delivery in India include the shortage of dental professionals and resources in rural areas as well as insufficient public funding. The document also discusses the potential role of dental insurance, tele dentistry, and other reforms to expand
MDG is millineum development goals and 4/5 relate to women care and neonatal care..the deadline to achieve health targets is reset for 2015, but we in south east asia are still far away from these targets.....see who has done it and who will
The document summarizes key aspects of India's 2012-2013 health budget. It allocates more funding to programs like the National Rural Health Mission and ASHA workers. The budget also launches the National Urban Health Mission to address health challenges in cities. It increases funding for rural sanitation and vaccination programs while allowing tax deductions for preventative health spending. Overall, the health sector budget saw a 14% increase but some argue the allocation remains inadequate.
This presentation deals with advent of NRHM, backdrop of public health scenario prior to NRHM & discusses in details vision & core strategy of NRHM. It focuses on different schemes related to maternal & child health under NRHM with special reference to Maharashtra.
The document provides an overview of India's National Health Mission (NHM), which includes the National Rural Health Mission and National Urban Health Mission. The vision of NHM is universal access to equitable, affordable, and quality healthcare. Key goals include reducing maternal and infant mortality rates. The document outlines the governance structure of NHM at the national, state, and district levels. It also describes the major components and initiatives of NHM, including health systems strengthening, reproductive and child health programs, and national disease control programs. Implementation of NHM has increased healthcare infrastructure, utilization, and achieved several of its targets.
1. Nepal transitioned to a federal system of government, which created opportunities and challenges for decentralizing the national health system.
2. Key challenges include ensuring uninterrupted medical supplies during the transition and developing local government capacity for tasks like procurement, emergency response, and data collection.
3. Local governments now face dilemmas in managing health services under the new structure, such as conducting vaccination programs without separate budgets and addressing epidemics without technical skills. Coordination between levels of government and clarity of roles and responsibilities remain issues.
NHM Overview of Gov of Bharat. The presentation is very helpful.pritoshitconsultant
The National Health Mission (NHM) aims to provide universal access to equitable, affordable, and quality healthcare services. It seeks to strengthen primary healthcare through initiatives like Health and Wellness Centers and increasing public expenditure on healthcare. The NHM addresses issues such as low access to healthcare, fragmented programs, and shortages in human resources. It focuses on improving healthcare management through measures like community involvement, decentralization, and flexible financing. The ultimate goal is to support states in providing comprehensive and high-quality healthcare that meets people's needs.
This document summarizes the prospects and challenges of achieving universal health coverage in Bangladesh. It provides an overview of Bangladesh's health system infrastructure and outlines some of its strengths in expanding health services. However, it notes there are still inequities in coverage between regions, rural/urban areas, and income levels. Two successful interventions are described: 1) A study that improved child immunization in urban slums by modifying service schedules, training providers, and establishing support groups. This significantly increased valid vaccination coverage. 2) Efforts to improve coverage in rural hard-to-reach areas through collaborative programs, though details are not provided. The document analyzes progress made but still identifies regional disparities and access barriers as ongoing challenges.
Critical Review of NHSS-IP_Sagar Parajuli.pptxSagarParajuli9
This presentation is prepared as part of the Course assignment of “Public Health Service Management” for the Master's Degree of Public Health (MPH), Pokhara University and can be used as reference materials. The content and facts included in the presentation are as of information available till February 2023 and no conflict of interest is associated with the presentation. The presentation is prepared by Sagar Parajuli.
The document summarizes the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in India, which aimed to improve rural healthcare through decentralization, appointing community health workers, strengthening primary care, and partnering with private organizations. Key goals included reducing maternal and child mortality, expanding access to services, and controlling diseases. The mission created Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) to create health awareness and mobilize communities, and strengthened subcenters, primary health centers, and community health centers.
The document summarizes India's family planning program. It provides population figures for Indian states and shows that Uttar Pradesh has the largest population at 19.96 Cr. The national program aims to stabilize population growth by 2045 through addressing unmet need and lowering the total fertility rate (TFR) to replacement level. It highlights initiatives to increase modern contraceptive usage, address high-risk births, expand contraceptive choices, promote quality sterilization services, and generate demand for family planning. The family planning program provides various temporary and permanent contraceptive methods and aims to improve access through schemes like Mission Parivar Vikas.
Key elements of NHM, Important learnings, Challenges Desired InterventionsDr. Heera Lal IAS
This document provides an overview of the key elements, achievements, and challenges of the National Health Mission (NHM) in India. It discusses how NHM has strengthened India's public health system and led to important health improvements, but that challenges remain. Key interventions and priorities for the road ahead are also outlined.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: NepalHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
How can health accounts inform health sector investments? Lessons from countr...HFG Project
Countries must have a firm grasp on their health financing landscape in order to ensure sufficient and effective use of resources. Health Accounts—an internationally standardized methodology that allows a country to understand the source, magnitude, and flow of funds through its health sector—provide a wealth of information on past spending. When combined with macroeconomic, health utilization, and health indicator data, Health Accounts provide powerful insights for health financing policy.
USAID’s Health Finance and Governance (HFG) project supports countries to institutionalize their Health Accounts so that they are produced regularly and efficiently, and are a useful tool for policymakers. In this technical briefing webinar, held June 29, 2016, HFG experts used country examples to demonstrate how Health Accounts have been (and can be) used to inform national health financing decisions. The experts also provided perspectives on the future of Health Accounts.
Policy Landscape_Nutrition_RMNCH in Punjab by Laila Rubab Jaskani 20112014DUNYA NEWS
The document provides an overview of health and nutrition policies in Punjab, Pakistan. It discusses several key policies and recent developments, including the Integrated Reproductive Maternal Newborns and Child Health program, Essential Package of Health Services, Minimum Health Services Delivery Standards, and the Punjab Health Care Commission. For nutrition policies, it outlines the establishment of inter-sectoral committees and technical working groups, as well as the approval of the Multi-sectoral Nutrition Strategy. The document concludes there are gaps in implementing these policies due to a lack of integration, limited human and financial resources, and insufficient understanding of constitutional reforms devolving more power to provinces.
The National Rural Health Mission was launched in 2005 to provide effective and comprehensive healthcare services to rural India. It aims to reduce infant and maternal mortality rates and ensure universal access to public health services. The mission supports upgrading health infrastructure, providing healthcare workers, ensuring drug availability and monitoring health outcomes. Sikkim has implemented NRHM successfully, improving health indicators, ensuring service delivery and efficient resource utilization to guarantee quality healthcare for rural communities.
This policy paper proposes alternatives to improve India's oral health care system. The current system has high rates of oral diseases but lacks access in rural areas. Three alternatives are proposed: 1) Strengthen the dental workforce by training them to provide primary care in rural areas. 2) Develop epidemiological research to inform needs-based policies. 3) Maintain the status quo. The alternatives are evaluated based on improving health, cost-effectiveness, and cost of implementation. Strengthening the workforce and research score highest by improving health while research is most cost-effective.
The document summarizes India's family planning program. It provides population figures for Indian states and shows that Uttar Pradesh has the largest population at 19.96 Cr. The national program aims to stabilize population growth by 2045 through addressing unmet need and lowering the total fertility rate (TFR) to replacement level. It highlights initiatives to increase modern contraceptive usage, address high-risk births, expand contraceptive choices, and promote quality sterilization and IUCD services. The family planning program utilizes schemes like ASHA and compensation for acceptors and providers. It also establishes quality assurance structures like state and district indemnity subcommittees to address issues.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Health services bihar
1. A view on
(Health Services)
In Bihar
Head Office: Regional Office:
Inductus Consultants (P) Limited
Inductus Consultants (P) Limited
311, N. P. Centre,
C – 927, Dwarka Sector – 7, New Dak Bunglow Road
Palam Extension, Dwarka, Patna - 800 001,
New Delhi – 1100 045 (INDIA) Bihar, (INDIA)
Tel: 011 – 43686055
Phone No. 91-612-6450221
Helpline (24X7 Support): 92346 92346
www.Inductus.in
1
2. Table of Contents
Sl. No Particulars Page No.
1. Bihar State Health Budget : Overview 3-6
2. Bihar : Current Health Scenario 7
3. Diseases : overview 8-10
4. Bihar Areas of Focus 11-13
5. Conclusion 14
2
3. Bihar State Health Budget: Overview
Bihar Deputy Chief Minister, Sushil Kumar Modi presented Rs 65,325.87-crore annual budget for 2011-12 in the
th
Assembly on 25 February 2011, with road construction, human resources development, Health and water
resources cornering major part of the expenditure.
The road construction, human resources development; Health, water resources will continue to be the thrust
areas in 2011-12 too and announced an allocation of Rs 5,075 crore, about 21.15 per cent of the state plan of Rs
24000 crore.
The major Funding is coming from NRHM (National Rural Health Mission), Besides NRHM, DFID (Department of
International Funding) and BMGF (Bill and Melinda gates Foundation).
The total financial requirement projected in the project implementation plan is around Rs. 1975.37 crore. So we
have an excess of budget as per the projection for fiscal year 2011-12.
State’s Vision, Goal and Strategy For 2011-12
The State’s vision for the overall development, in general, and accomplishment of the desired set of goals in health
sector under NRHM for the current year is as mentioned below:
• Universal Access to Primary Health Care
• Provide affordable Health Care Services
• Decentralized Health Services
• Community Participation in Health Care
• Enhanced performance of Public Health System by improving quality and ensuring client satisfaction
• Strengthen Health Management Information System
• Encourage participation of Civil Society Partners in health service delivery
• Private Sector Participation in Tertiary Health Care
• Promotion of AYUSH Services and their mainstreaming
• Mobile Medical Services for difficult areas to improve access
• Environment conservation (Bio-Medical Waste Management)
Bihar State has set targets and goals of reducing IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) from 52 to less than 45,
MMR(Maternity Mortality Rate) from 312 to 200, TFR(Total Fertility Rate) to 3.7 from 4.0 and improves the rate of
Institutional delivery to 70% by the end of FY 2011-12. In addition, it is aimed to reduce Birth Rate from 28.5 to 27,
Death Rate to 6.7 from 7 and increase CPR from 28.8 to 45.
These goals clearly indicate that the State is planning to drastically upscale availability, accessibility and utilization
of RCH (Reproductive and child health) services. These goals will be attained by a set of processes that empower
local communities to take decisions, plan and implement strategies that provide equitable access to quality
3
4. affordable health care services, that are gender sensitive and that are directly or indirectly contributing to
improved health indicators for the state.
The Project Implementation Plan for the year 2011-12 has the following components and consists of following
sections-:
• Reproductive and Child Health priority areas under RCH-II flexible pool (Sub-Components – Maternal
Health, Child Health, Family Planning, ARSH, Urban RCH, Vulnerable Groups, Innovations/PPP/NGO,
Infrastructure and Human Resources, Institutional Strengthening (HMIS, M&E), Training, Procurement,
Programme Management).
• Additionalities under NRHM (ASHA, Infrastructure, Contractual Manpower, PPP-Referral & Emergency
Transport, Diagnostics, Data Centers, Procurement, Planning)
• Routine Immunization
• National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP)
• Integrated Disease Surveillance project (IDSP)
• National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) (Malaria, Kalazar, JE, Dengue, Chikungunya,
Filaria)
• National Leprosy Elimination Programme (NLEP)
• National Programme for Control of Blindness (NPCB)
• Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)
• Inter-Sectoral Convergence
• National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP)
• Non Communicable Diseases (NCD)
Main Strategies proposed to be adopted
The strategies will be rolled out by the vast network of health care institutions and its staff under National Rural
Health Mission and its yearly implementation plan.
Maternal Health:
• Focus on quality antenatal care to all pregnant women by increasing the access through existing Govt.
facilities.
• Quality improvement of the ANC through reorientation.
• To increase awareness amongst mothers and communities about the need of ANC.
• Focus on 24-hour institutional delivery with basic emergency care in all PHCs and referral of obstetric
emergencies.
• Social mobilization for institutional deliveries by involvement of Mahila Mandals, PRIs through orientation
to motivate pregnant women and their families for institutional delivery.
• Focus on operationalisation of CHCs (across the state) in order to help them become venues for
comprehensive emergency obstetric care.
• Strengthening and upscaling transport and referral systems.
• Identification and involvement of Pvt. Sector hospitals to deliver basic & comprehensive EmOC.
• Ensuring clean home deliveries by skilled birth attendants in difficult and inaccessible areas.
• To reduce unsafe abortion by increasing access to safe abortion in Govt. & Pvt. Facilities and promoting
awareness about harmful effects of unsafe abortion amongst women.
4
5. • Community, PRIs.
• To increase institutional delivery by continuing with the JBSY Scheme.
Child Health
• To provide routine immunization including the booster dose to all children by strengthening sub-centre
level services and increasing access through Govt. and Pvt. facilities.
• Prompt and ensure appropriate community level care for all sick children and neonates and prompt
referral where indicated.
• To increase awareness amongst mothers on benefits of immediate breast feeding and need and
importance of exclusive breast feeding for 6 months and supplementary feeding from 6 month onwards.
• Adequate referral arrangement and strengthening health facilities for treating a sick child or neonate
when it requires hospitalization.
• To standardize case management of sick newborn and children under IMNCI.
Family Planning:
• To raise awareness amongst couples, communities and PRIs about contraceptives and advantage of small
family.
• Increase the number of service delivery points and to promote contraceptive use through social
marketing.
• Focus on quality male & female sterilization and conduction of sterilization camps in uncovered areas.
• To improve the number and skill of service providers by training of doctors on lap sterilization and NSV,
training of GNMs to assist lap sterilization and ANMs on IUD insertion.
• Public Pvt. Partnership for increasing contraceptive use and sterilization. Bihar NRHM PIP 2011-12
Adolescent Health:
• To educate and raise awareness amongst the adolescent boys and girls about human physiology, RTI, STI,
HIV/AIDS and safe sex.
• To open adolescent health clinic at block level.
5
6. Assigned Budget: RS. (In Crore)
Budget % Budget % Budget % Budget % Budget % Budget %
2006- change 2007- change 2008- change 2009- change 2010- change 2011- change
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
346.94 N/A 849.25 145% 692.26 -18% 1508.34 118% 2104.5 40% 2704.82 29%
Source: Summary Bihar Budget Document
Percentage of Health Budget Vis-à-vis State Budget
2009 – 2010 (Actual) 2010 – 2011 (BE) 2011 – 2012 (BE)
The Current percentage Health budget holds in the Entire budget is 4.14%
6
7. Bihar: Current Health Scenario
The improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in
infrastructure, better health care facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a reduction in crime and
corruption. Indian and global business and economic leaders feel that Bihar now has good opportunity to sustain
its growth, economic development and as such have shown interest in investing in the state. A BBC article titled
"Where 'backward' Bihar leads India" talked about how the state has made strides in the areas of women's
empowerment, judiciary reforms, tax reforms, and public safety.
Despite efforts in the last few decades to stabilize population growth, the state’s population continues to grow at a
much faster rate than the national population. The ratio of the rural and urban population is approx. 84:16. The
population of Scheduled Caste households as per NFHS 3 is 18.7% and of Other Backward Class is 58.6%
respectively of the state’s total population. BPL population is 56.48% (Source: Deptt. of Rural Development, GOB-
2007). 44% of the population in Bihar is under age 15; only 5% is aged 65 or above Outcome Analysis of PIP of
2009-10 and 2010-11
NRHM under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, (MOHFW), Govt of India has recently (2008) brought out a
document entitled “India Guaranteeing Quality Primary Health Care for All: An Agenda for Action”. In this book,
key public health challenges have been identified state wise and have been furnished in a tabular form. For Bihar
the indicators where there has been higher incidence or the performance has been low and requires greater thrust
are-
• Infant Mortality
• Maternal Mortality
• Very high out of pocket expenditures in Government hospitals
• High TB Cases/suspected cases, chest symptoms
• High TFR
• Full immunization
• Tobacco and alcohol
• Age at marriage
• Spousal physical or sexual violence
Some of the major Diseases in Bihar are:
• AIDS • Filaria • Pneumonia/Fever
• Anaemia • Guineaworm Diseases • Polio
• Blindness • Hepatitis • Rabies
• Cancer • Kala Azar • Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Dengue • Leprosy • Tuberculosis
• Diarrhoea • Malaria
• Diptheria • Measles
• Encephalitis • Plague
As per a recent sample study, nearly 31% of population in Bihar is suffering from Blood related disorder.
7
8. Diseases: Overview
Some of the Diseases for which GIOSTAR provides treatment are:
• Diabetes type I • Parkinson's
• Lupus • Cancer
• Multiple Sclerosis • Heart and Retinal degeneration
• Crohn’s • Neuropathy
• Vasculitis • Osteoarthritis
• Scleroderma • Paralysis
• Myasthenia Gravis • Strokes
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis • Spinal Cord Injuries
• Sickle cell anaemia • Skin Burns
• Leukaemia • Spinal Muscular Atrophy
• Lymphoma • Autism
• Thalassemia • Anti-Aging Treatments
• Alzheimer's
Diabetes Type I
There is an increase in concern over the rise of diabetic patients in Bihar. Though no state-specific data is available
with regard to actual number of diabetic patients in Bihar, around 10 percent of total 50.8 million diabetes patients
in the country are from Bihar, the health department sources said.
As per the sources in Patna Medical College and Hospital (PMCH), "Lately, there has been spurt in diabetic cases in
the state especially the Type 1.
Bihar government has recently taken several initiatives to check diabetes which involves signing of a MoU for an
innovative project under diabetes management programme, 'Changing Diabetes Barometer Project' with the Novo
Nordisk Education Foundation (NNEF) founded by Noble laureate Novo Nordisk.
The total estimated cost of the project stands at Rs 2.5 crore which aims to undertake massive diabetes control
programmes in Bihar by creating mass awareness, screening, education and treatment of common man along with
helping those suffering from diabetes to lead a healthy and hassle-free life.
The project was initially launched in three districts: Patna, Nalanda and Bhagalpur, and will cover the entire state
gradually. The state government has set a target to cover around 50 lakh people under the initiative. Nearly,
23,000 people have been screened till date with 13 percent prevalence of diabetes detected.
8
9. The state government under the Government of India (GOI) scheme, to check non-contagious diseases, had also
launched a programme on pilot basis in two districts: Vaishali and Rohtas."
Bihar, meanwhile, has become the third state in the country after Tamil Nadu and Delhi where pregnant women
are being tested for diabetes and treated free of cost.
The Bihar Foundation UK is also working to create awareness through Medical Camps and free medical support.
Source: PMCH
Vasculitis
Retinal Vasculitis
As per a sample study for Retinal vasculitis nearly 78.6% patients belonged to the state of West Bengal, 10%
patients are from Bihar and 5.7% were from Jharkhand and Orissa each. 85.7% patients were male and 10 14.3%
were female. Range of age of the patients was 12-62 years and mean age was 32.9±11.4 years. Mean age of male
and female cases were 33±11.1 and 32.4±13.6 years respectively. Among males, 38.3% cases of retinal vasculitis
were noted in third decade of life while among females, 50% cases were seen in fourth decade of life.Retinal
vasculitis was bilateral in 61.4% and unilateral in 38.6% cases. 60% males had bilateral retinal vasculitis and 40%
had unilateral disease; whereas in female group, 70% and 30% subjects had bilateral and unilateral disease,
respectively.
Source: NCBI
Sickle cell Anaemia
th
Bihar is the 4 state with most cases of sickle cell Anaemia preceded by Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
and to be followed by Tamil Nadu.
Anaemia has been included in the list of major disease in Bihar by the state government and is being taken as an
area of major concern.
Cancer
Bihar has recorded the third highest number of cancer deaths in the country, after Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra
in the year 2011.
The figure of National Cancer Registry Programme of the Indian Council of Medical Research, said that 43,864
people in the state have died of the disease till November 2011.
Health department officials said over 40,000 new cancer cases have been diagnosed in the state in the first 11
months of the year.
At Mahavir Cancer Sansthan (MCS), the largest cancer hospital in Bihar, 26,000 new cases have been recorded this
year, the second highest from any hospital in the country.
9
10. Like elsewhere in the country oral cancer is the most common form of the disease among men. About 62 per cent
of patients here are women who suffer from cervical and breast cancer.
At Patna Medical College and Hospital (PMCH) and Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (IGIMS) the influx of
patients is very high.
IGIMS, which has a cancer unit, runs with only three oncologists even as around 75,000 patients come to its OPD
for screening every year. A plan to upgrade the centre at an estimated cost of Rs 21 crore has been in limbo for the
past one year because of government apathy.
So this could be an area of opportunity as the current system does not have the capacity to hold so many patients.
"On the occasion of World Lymphoma Awareness Day on September 15 it is shocking that at any given point of
time there are more than 46,000 NHL (Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma) patients in India. Bihar accounts for 5 per cent of
these patients.
Apart from that the other diseases are less prevalent in the region and have been given less focus by the Bihar
health department.
10
11. Bihar Areas of Focus
Kala-Azar
Kala-azar has been occurring in India for more than a century and a half in various forms. As a collateral benefit of
malaria eradication programme, Kala-azar prevalence was almost zero in 1965. Currently Bihar accounts for more
than 76.3% of kala-azar cases and 90.3% of deaths in the country. In the 1977 epidemic of kala-azar about one lakh
people died. The epidemic recurred in 1992 due to lack of surveillance and harvested a death toll of almost
2,50,000. The control measures put in place then were subsequently slackened from 1994 because DDT spray and
surveillance were discontinued. In 2000 the numbers were low but started rising from 2003. It is a matter of
concern that the incidence of the disease has increased in 2005 and further in 2006. According to the Annual
Report of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, 32 districts of Bihar are kala-azar
endemic. The district of Muzaffarpur has the highest number of cases, followed by Vaishali, Saharsa, Samastipur,
Purnia and East Champaran. The task force believes that continuous spraying of insecticides for at least five years
in a phased manner and supervised administration of Amphotericin B could eliminate the disease. Experts say that
poor living standards and unhygienic conditions make members of the Mushahar community in Bihar an easy prey
to the disease.
It has been included as the major thrust area by Dept of Health in its annual Health Budget
Malaria
Malaria used to be the leading vector-borne disease of the country as well as Bihar at the time of independence.
Initial efforts at malaria reduction brought down the caseload from an estimated 75 million to a record 1,00,000
cases in the 1960s. But subsequently, due to various financial, technical and logistical constraints the momentum
was slackened. This led to resurgence of malaria in 1976, taking the caseload to 6.4 million. A modified plan of
action helped reduce malaria cases by 1984. Efforts towards a further reduction were not successful due to vector
and parasite resistance to conventional insecticides and drugs, respectively, in some high endemic areas, as well as
continuing financial and management constraints. Malaria resurfaced in 1994, which also included increase in
cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, the most dangerous strain of malaria, between 1995 and 1999. Some of
the high endemic states are Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh. The
national programme focuses on reduction of the reservoir of infection in humans by early detection and prompt
radical treatment, reduction in vector population through vector control measures, anti-larval measures and
enhancement of community based action. This strategy is being implemented across the country along with the
Enhanced Malaria Control Project (EMCP), which focuses on the high endemic districts in the high focus states. The
malaria control programme today is known as National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, which includes
malaria, dengue, filarial, Japanese encephalitis and kala-azar. Some of the high prevalence districts of malaria in
the state are Gaya, Aurangabad, Rohtas, Munger and Jamui.
11
12. Tuberculosis (TB)
TB has re-emerged as a major public health problem in India and often as an associated illness of HIV/AIDS. In India
it continues to be a serious health threat even in the absence of HIV/AIDS due to poverty, high illiteracy and poor
sanitation. For the first time, TB prevalence has been reported in health report. Bihar ranks third in TB prevalence
in the country (735 per 1,00,000 persons) after Arunachal Pradesh (9096) and Manipur (804). In Bihar 96.1% of
men have heard about TB, of which 58.5% have misconceptions about its transmission. The disease still carries a
high level of stigma in the state, with 17.2% of those surveyed still wanting the fact of a family member’s TB kept
secret from neighbors.
Japanese Encephalitis
This vector-borne disease is prevalent in about 65 districts in ten endemic states; the annual caseload is about
2500 cases and 500 deaths, mostly of children below the age of five. Nearly 90% of cases are reported from
Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and West Bengal. But this disease has spread to non-traditional areas as
well such as in Kerala. Control strategies continue to focus on early diagnosis, case management, vector control
(two rounds of residual insecticidal spraying), fogging by Malathion insecticide, and segregation of pigs and
promotion of personal prophylaxis. While high costs limit the use of vaccination, no curative drugs exist. The
country as a whole also experienced more number of Japanese encephalitis cases. The no of cases started to rise in
2005. The number of deaths were the highest 64 in 2005 in Bihar.
Leprosy
Leprosy is endemic mainly in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa and
Madhya Pradesh. Of the total 2.66 lakh recorded leprosy cases as on 31 March 2004, 75% cases have been
contributed by seven states: Orissa (5%), Chhattisgarh (5%), Jharkhand (4%), Uttar Pradesh (23%), Bihar (17%),
Maharashtra (11%), West Bengal (10%). India recorded a prevalence of 57.6 leprosy cases per 10,000 populations
in 1981.
Lymphatic Filariasis
Filariaris declined in the late 1980s in India, but increased from 1989 to 2000. The National Filaria Control
Programme provides assistance to all eighteen endemic states, the most endemic being Andhra Pradesh, Orissa,
Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Bihar.
HIV/AIDS
According to the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), there were around 120,000 people living with
HIV/AIDS in Bihar but only around 40,000 had been identified by the end of 2009, Bihar is in urgent need of
expanding HIV testing facilities in the state.
A Part of the vulnerability of the state lies in a population where illiteracy is still widespread despite improving
educational levels. The state is also a major crossroads for commercial traffic, which is one way HIV is known to
spread. Bihar is India’s most rural state with 89% of its population living in rural areas, so that reaching people with
essential HIV information is especially difficult. A low level of HIV prevalence presents both an opportunity and a
danger. The opportunity to arrest its spread is here today. The danger is that its quiet nature will expand its
devastation tomorrow. While HIV prevalence is low at present, the state is considered highly vulnerable by the
National AIDS Control Organization (NACO).
12
13. Malnutrition
Malnutrition continues to be a predominant problem of the state and its manifestation and consequences are
diverse and alarming. The level of malnourishment is quite high. Of all segments of the population children and
women appear to be more at risk than are others. Malnutrition is seen to be a major contributing factor in over
50% of child mortality; states with high mortality are also generally those with high levels of malnutrition.
Nutritional deficiencies have been observed to affect physical and mental development of children adversely,
impairing health and productivity of work.
13