about the health sectors of pakistan

2. Presented by:
RABIA AMIN
IFFA BATOOL
Presented to:
Mam Farkhanda
Anjum

3. HEALTH SECTORS OF PAKISTAN

4. CONTENTS
 Overview
 Health System
 Problems of Health
 Major Diseases
 Treatment of Diseases
 Conclusion

5. DEFINITION
The World Health Organization(WHO)defines a
health system as “all the activates whose primary
purpose is to promote, restore or maintain health.

6. OVERVIEW OF HEALTH SYSTEM
In the entire span of human history, it is only
during last 40 years that life expectancy has
improved.
IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:
•Life
expectancy
was 40
years
1950
•Life
expectancy had
increased to 63
years
1990

7. CHILDREN DIED BEFORE THEIR 5TH BIRTHDAY
SMALL POX(1950)
•28 out
of 100
children
1950
•18 out
of 100
children
1990
Vaccines
 Killed more than 5 million
annually.
 Now eradicated.
 Reduced measles and polio
 Reduced economic burden (by unhealthy
workers and sick children.

8. Despite these remarkable improvements,
enormous health problem still exists.
In Developing
countries:
• Child mortality
rates are 10 times
higher then
developed
countries.
• Average Maternal
mortality ratios are
30 times higher
then developed
countries.
In Poor countries:
• 11 million fewer children
would die each year.
• Almost half of these
preventable deaths are a
result of diarrheal and
respiratory illness.
• In addition every year 7
million adults die of
conditions which could be
cured, T.B, alone causes 2
million of these deaths

9. NEW HEALTH CHALANGES
• In 2000 Acquired
immune
Deficiency
Syndrome(AIDS)
is rise to more
than 1.8 million
deaths annually,
which reduce
mortality.
• In November 2002,
severe Acute
Respiratory
Syndrome(SARS)
spread in China, but
fortunately Pakistan
remained safe.
• Pakistan helps
Chinese in
developing an anti-
SARS vaccine.

10. HEALTH SYSTEM
A health system consists of
all organizations,insitutions,
resources and people whose
primary purpose is to
improve health.

11. HEALTH SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN
Health
sector
Provincial
Govt
Provincial
Health
Dept.
Ministry
of Health
Federal
Govt
Responsible for planning
and formulating national
health policies.
Although the responsibility for
implementation rests largely
with the provincial government

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTH SYSTEM
 Complex Mixed Health System
 Publicly Financed Govt Health System
 Free-levying Public Health Sector

13. TYPES OF HEALTH SYSTEM
 Public
 Private

14. People Take Health Care
20% from
Public
80% from
Private
Expenditure on Health
0.5% on
Public
1.8% on
Private
2.5% of
GDP(2011)

15. FOUR TRIES OF PUBLIC SECTOR
1. Outreach and
community
based
services
Which focus on
immunization, sanitation,
malaria control, maternal
and child health and family
planning
2. Primary
care
facilities
Include Basic Health
Units(BHUs) and Rural
Health centers(RHCs)
mainly
preventive,outpaintent and
basic inpatient care.

16. FOUR TRIES OF PUBLIC SECTOR
3. Secondary
health care
facilities
Which include Tehsil
Headquarters Hospitals(THQH)
and District Headquarters
Hospitals(DHQH) for out
patient and inpatient and also
specialist.
4. Tertiary
care
facilities
Hospitals located in the
major cities for more
specialized inpatient care.

17. PRIVATE SECTOR
 The Private sector in Pakistan is varied with no defined
structure and weak regulation exists in this sector.
 The Private sector is primarily a fee-for-service system.

18. FACILITIES PROVIDED BY PRIVATE SECTOR
Modern, for-Profit
 Regular Hospitals
 Nursing Homes/Centers
 Clinics
 Informal Structure.
Modern, not-for-Profit
 NGO’s 1800
Tradational
 (Ayurvedic,Unani,Homeopathic)

19. FACILITIES PROVIDED BY PRIVATE SECTOR
Allopathic Service Provider
 Qualified MBBS, Specialists
 Semi-Qualified(LHV’s,LHW’s)
 Non-Qualified(Dispensers, peons)
Non-Allopathic Service Provider
 Homeopathic
 Hakeem's
 Pehlwans

20. Other public sector department involve in health sector
 Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal
 Fuji Foundation
 Armed force institutions

21. Total Health Facilities 13,937 103,708 beds
Hospitals 968 84,257 beds
Dispensaries 4,813 2,845 beds
Rural Health Center 572 9,612 beds
Tuberculosis Clinic 293 184 beds
Basic Health Units 5,345 6,555 beds
M.C.H. centers 906 256 beds

22. PROBLEMS IN PAKISTAN HEALTH SYSTEM
 Inadequate
 Underfunded
 Focused on urban areas

23. MAJOR PROBLEMS
 Inadequate Funding
 Lack of facilities in rural areas
 Acute shortage of doctors & trained medical personnel
 Brain drain of medical graduates
 Increasing prices of medicines
 Circulation of fake medicines

24. INADEQUATE FUNDING
 Pakistan spends less than 1% of its GDP on health sector which
is one of the lowest in the world.
 Resulting in limited allocations for personnel,equipement and
infrastructure in health system

25. LACK OF FACILITIES IN RURAL AREAS
 Most of health facilities and medical personnel e.g. (85%of practicing
doctors) are found in urban areas.
 Because of:
1- Discrimination against rural inhabitants.
2- Since dominant classes live in cities the best facilities also
located there.

26. INCREASING PRICES
 Those with money can afford the health facilities but the face
many hurdles.
 People living in poverty_62 million
 Households unable to meet health care expenses.

27. ACUTE SHORTAGE OF DOCTORS
 Around 5000 doctors coming every year in the field(PMDC)
 A sizeable number of women graduates are not practicing.
 Shortage of 182000 doctors.
 Ratio of doctors to nurses is 3:1
 In Governmental hospitals:
- Each doctor examines more than 100 patients daily.
- International standards are 25.

28. BRAIN DRAIN OF MEDICAL GRADUATES
 1700 physicians per year are lost from the pool of practicing physicians.
 Because of:
1- Lack of security
2- Poor Remuneration
3- limited sources of professional development.

29. CIRCULATION OF FAKE MEDICINE
 Fake medicines are available for cure of from Flu to cancer.
 Pakistan of:
1- 4000 registered pharmacists.
2- 25 times more merchants dispensing medicines illegally.
 A large amount of these false medicines are producing in
Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Multan.

30. MAJOR DISEASES IN PAKISTAN
 Heart Attack
 High Blood Pressure
 Kidney Diseases
 Depression
 Diabetes

31. HEART ATTACK
A heart attack is the damage of heart muscle from the sudden
blockage of coronary artery by a blood clot.
Causes:
Cholesterol plaques cause hardening of the arterial walls and
narrowing of the inner channel of the artery. Arteries that are
narrowed by arthrosclerosis cannot deliver enough blood to
maintain normal function of the parts of the body then supply.
Symptoms:
Chest pain, Heart Burn, Sweating, Arm Pain, Vomiting,
Shortness of Breath.

32. KIDNEY DISEASES
When the kidneys become damaged, waste products and
fluids can build up in the body, causing swelling in your
ankles , vomiting, weakness, poor sleep and shortness of
breath.
Causes:
 High Blood Pressure
 High Blood Sugar
 Kidney infection
 Long use of medicines.

33. HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
High Blood Pressure and Hypertension means high(tension)
in the arteries.
Causes:
 Diet
 Excessive Alcohol Consumption
 Lack of Exercise
 Stress
Symptoms:
Headache, Vision Problem, Dizziness, Shortness of Breath.

34. DEPRESSION
 Depression is one of the most common types of mental health conditions and
often develops alongside anxiety.
 Depression can be mild and short-lived or severe and long-lasting. Some people
are affected by depression only once, while others may experience it multiple
times.
Causes:
•Negative thoughts or feelings about themselves
•Changes in their bodies like the beginning of puberty
•The demands of school like exams and more homework as they get older
•Problems with friends at school and socializing
•Big changes like moving homes, changing schools or separation of parents
•Chronic illness, financial problems in the family or the death of a loved one
•Unsafe environments at home or in the neighborhood.

35. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Depression can feel different for different children. Here are some of the common signs and symptoms of depression:
Physical:
•Tiredness or low energy, even when rested
•Restlessness or difficulty concentrating
•Difficulty in carrying out daily activities
•Changes in appetite or sleep patterns
•Aches or pains that have no obvious cause

36. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Emotional and mental:
•Persistent sadness, anxiousness or irritability
•Loss of interest in friends and activities that they normally enjoy
•Withdrawal from others and loneliness
•Feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness or guilt
•Taking risks they wouldn’t normally take
•Self-harming or suicidal thoughts

37. DIABETES
Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food into
energy. Your body breaks down most of the food you eat into sugar (glucose) and releases it into
your bloodstream.
Causes:
•Urinate (pee) a lot, often at night
•Are very thirsty
•Lose weight without trying
•Are very hungry
•Have blurry vision
•Have numb or tingling hands or feet
•Feel very tired
•Have very dry skin
•Have sores that heal slowly
•Have more infections than usual

38. RISK OF HEALTH AND DEATH RATE
The National Diabetes Statistics Report provides information on the prevalence (existing cases) and incidence
(new cases) of diabetes and prediabetes, risk factors for health complications from diabetes, and diabetes-related
deaths and costs.
Key findings include:
•37.3 million Americans—about 1 in 10—have diabetes.
• About 1 in 5 people with diabetes don’t know they have it.
•96 million American adults—more than 1 in 3—have prediabetes.
• More than 8 in 10 adults with prediabetes don’t know they have it.
•In 2019, about 1.4 million new cases of diabetes were diagnosed.
•For adults with diagnosed diabetes:
• 69% had high blood pressure, and 44% had high cholesterol.
• 39% had chronic kidney disease, and 12% reported having vision impairment or blindness.
• Diabetes was highest among Black and Hispanic/Latino adults, in both men and women.

39. TREATMENTS OF HEART DISEASES
Treatment of heart diseases through surgey:
 Heart Transplant
 Heart Bypass Surgery
 Angioplasty and Stents.
Treatment of heart diseases through medications:
 Aspirin Therapy
 Beta-Blocker Therapy
 Calcium Channel Blocker Drugs
Treatment of heart diseases through care:
 Plant-based Diet for Heart Health
 Finding Strength During Tough Times
 Recovery After Heart Surgery

40. TREATMENTS OF KIDNEY DISEASES
First, your doctor will work to find out what caused the kidney
disease. For instance, it can happen if you have diabetes or high blood
pressure. You may work with a nephrologist, a doctor who specializes
in kidney disease. You'll take medicines and may need to change your
diet. If you have diabetes, it needs to be managed. If
your kidneys don’t work anymore, you might need dialysis (in which a
machine filters your blood) and you could talk with your doctor about
whether a kidney transplant would help.
Medications:
High blood pressure makes chronic kidney disease more likely. And
kidney disease can affect your blood pressure. So your doctor may
prescribe one of these types of blood-pressure medicines:
 Captopril (Capoten)
 Enalapril (Vasotec)

41. TOP 5 WAYS TO REDUCE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
 Lose weight
 Drink in Moderation
 Eat Plenty of Fruits and Vegetables
 Hold the salt
 Eat Plenty of Whole Grains.
 Reduce Stress
 Exercise Regularly

42. WAY TO HELP AND COPE THE DEPRESSION
Others what do for depression patients:
 Find out what happenings
 Spend time with them
 Encourage positive habitats
 Let them express themselves
 Protect them from stressful surroundings.
What patient do to cope depression:
 Find workable goals that give you a sense of accomplishment.
 Stay in the present.
 Try to keep a regular sleep schedule.

43. BEST TIPS TO BEAT DIABETES
1.Choose healthier carbohydrates. All carbs affect blood glucose levels so it's important to know
which foods contain carbohydrates
2.Eat less salt
3.Eat less red and processed meat
4.Eat more fruit and veg
5.Choose healthier fats
6.Cut down on added sugar
7.Be smart with snacks

44. CONCLUSION
 Although the government has made effort to improve the health
facilities , there is still more to be done.
 According to Pakistan Economic Survey , the infant mortality
rate per 1000 live birth was 82.
 The life expectancy at birth was only 64 year.
 The care health system in Pakistan comprises the public as well
as private health facilities.
 In Pakistan vast majority of doctors resides in urban area and
attract the educated class towards private sector.
 According to economic survey of Pakistan, the government spent
1 percent of GDP on health sector in order to make its population
more healthy.

45. CONCLUSION
TO OVERCOME THE PROBLEMS:
 Government officials should pay attention to make it more
convenient for general public.
 Poverty Reduction Strategy should be make.
 Widespread prevalence of communicable diseases should be reduced.
 Private Sector should be regulated.
 Make National Health Policy.
 By correcting urban bias in health sector
 By creating Mass Awareness in Public Health.
 By effecting improvements in the Drug Sector.
 Access to Health Care Services should be easy.
 Resources should reallocate and health strategy should reformulate.